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Inverted Bowl, The: Introductory Accounts Of The Universe And Its Life [Kõva köide]

(Univ Of Hull, Uk)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 362 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Apr-2010
  • Kirjastus: Imperial College Press
  • ISBN-10: 184816503X
  • ISBN-13: 9781848165038
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Hardback, 362 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Apr-2010
  • Kirjastus: Imperial College Press
  • ISBN-10: 184816503X
  • ISBN-13: 9781848165038
Teised raamatud teemal:
The present well-established study of planets orbiting stars other than our Sun, the exoplanets, was reviewed by the author in his earlier book Wandering Stars. This new and exciting field of study has expanded quickly, particularly due to technological advances in both Earth-based telescopes and, more recently, in the application of automatic space vehicles. Well over 300 exoplanets have now been catalogued, each of mass comparable to or greater than those of the major planets of the Solar System. Earth-sized bodies remain out of reach for the present. The data obtained so far show that the distribution of major planets in our Solar System is the exception rather than the rule, contrary to earlier expectations. A few exoplanet systems do, nevertheless, give the promise of broadly Solar System conditions with the possibility of Earth-like components in appropriate orbits. This immediately raises the age-old question of whether there can be life elsewhere in the Universe and whether this might involve advanced technologically-capable beings like ourselves. The topic is explored in this workbook. To gain a balanced perspective on these matters, the arguments are set against the broad panorama of the Universe on the one hand and on the evolution of life on Earth leading to Homo sapiens on the other. More than this, the apparatus for achieving technological excellence, such as the development of appropriate energy sources and the invention of the required mathematical skills, is also included. This wide range of arguments is unusual.This notebook-cum-workbook provides a firm and comprehensive introduction to these studies. It is written by an expert in the field for readers beginning to ponder these questions seriously. It is hoped that the reader will extend the arguments further as the subject develops. A special feature is an extensive compendium to act as the beginnings of a personal inventory. The Inverted Bowl is in a very real sense a companion to Wandering Stars.
Preface vii
Chapter 1 Planets Orbiting the Sun and Other Stars
1(38)
1.1 General Features of the Solar System
2(6)
1.1.1 The planets
2(2)
1.1.2 The satellites
4(1)
1.1.3 The asteroids
4(2)
1.1.4 The Kuiper belt and Oort cloud
6(2)
1.2 The Terrestrial Planetary Bodies
8(5)
1.2.1 Different molecular groups
9(2)
1.2.2 Some Venusian data
11(2)
1.2.3 Comments on Mars
13(1)
1.3 The Characteristics of a Planetary Body
13(5)
1.4 Maximum and Minimum Conditions
18(2)
1.5 Planetary Bodies: Cold Bodies
20(1)
1.6 Methods Used to Detect Bodies of Planetary Mass
21(9)
1.6.1 Motion of the central star
22(4)
1.6.2 Direct transit
26(1)
1.6.3 Gravitational micro-lensing
27(1)
1.6.4 Direct imaging
28(2)
1.7 Observed Exo-planets
30(4)
1.8 Relevance for the Occurrence of Advanced Life
34(1)
1.9 Summary
35(4)
Chapter 2 The Dynamic Earth
39(45)
2.1 The Geological Divisions
41(2)
2.2 The Formation and Isothermal Structure of the Earth
43(5)
2.2.1 The early earth
44(3)
2.2.2 Internal differentiation
47(1)
2.3 Internal Thermal Balance
48(5)
2.3.1 Thermal forces
50(1)
2.3.2 Dimensionless numbers
51(1)
2.3.3 Models
52(1)
2.4 Geochronology: Measurement of Rock Radioactivity
53(2)
2.5 Measurement of Remanent Magnetisation
55(2)
2.6 The Land Surfaces---the Development of Continents
57(7)
2.6.1 Plates and plate tectonics
57(4)
2.6.2 Ancient continents
61(3)
2.7 The Surface Temperature
64(3)
2.8 The Climate
67(3)
2.9 The Atmosphere
70(2)
2.10 Energy Absorbed from Solar Radiation
72(1)
2.11 Astronomical Factors Affecting the Atmosphere
73(3)
2.11.1 Milankovic cycles
74(2)
2.12 Effects of Volcanoes
76(2)
2.13 Ice Ages
78(3)
2.14 External Impacts
81(1)
2.15 Summary
81(3)
Chapter 3 Life in Water: The Precambrian
84(27)
3.1 Constructing the Very Early Times
86(2)
A Single Cell Organisms
3.2 Life Begins
88(3)
3.3 Life Develops
91(1)
3.4 ATP: A Biological Battery
92(3)
3.5 Life Expands
95(1)
3.6 Oxygen and Internally Differentiated Cells
96(1)
3.7 Complex Cells
97(1)
3.8 Sex Arrives---Genetic Diversity and Stability
98(1)
B Multicell Life
3.9 Primitive Senses
99(5)
3.9.1 The amazing Cambrian explosion
100(1)
3.9.2 Questions about the Cambrian explosion
101(3)
3.10 Some Images from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale
104(3)
3.11 Summary
107(4)
Chapter 4 Life Develops in the Phanerozoic
111(36)
4.1 Invasion of the Land
113(6)
4.2 The Seed and the Amniotic Egg
119(2)
4.3 Creatures Come and Go: Some Fly Away
121(12)
4.3.1 Dinosaurs appear
123(2)
4.3.2 Flight
125(4)
4.3.3 Mammals appear
129(1)
4.3.4 Developments apace
130(3)
4.4 The Role of Extinctions
133(5)
4.4.1 The Cambrian extinctions
134(1)
4.4.2 The Devonian extinction
135(1)
4.4.3 The Permian extinction
135(2)
4.4.4 The end of Triassic extinction
137(1)
4.4.5 The Quaternary-Tertiary extinction
137(1)
4.5 Evolution of Eyes
138(5)
4.6 Brief Comment on Climate
143(1)
4.7 Summary
144(3)
Chapter 5 Hominids---Homo Sapiens
147(22)
5.1 Nomenclature
148(1)
5.2 Development of More Modern Forms
149(1)
5.3 Hominids Diversify
150(6)
5.3.1 7-4.5 Mya
151(1)
5.3.2 4.5-3.0 Mya
152(2)
5.3.3 3.0-2.0 Mya
154(1)
5.3.4 2.0-1.0 Mya
155(1)
5.4 The Line Homo Sapiens
156(2)
5.4.1 1.0 Mya to the present
158(7)
5.5 The Future of Homo Sapiens Sapiens?
165(1)
5.6 Summary
166(3)
Chapter 6 A Universe of Exo-Life?
169(32)
6.1 Preliminary Information
169(2)
6.2 A Stellar Time Scale
171(1)
6.3 Abiogenisis---How did Life Form?
172(2)
6.4 Where Did Life Form---In situ or Panspermia?
174(2)
6.5 Where Can Life Live?
176(2)
6.6 Suitable Exo-planetary Systems
178(2)
6.7 Isolation of the Systems
180(2)
6.8 The Fermi Paradox and Drake Equation
182(2)
6.9 Contacting Other Civilisations: SETI and METI
184(2)
6.10 Space Travel
186(2)
6.11 General Validity of Evolutionary Processes
188(4)
6.12 The Role of Information
192(2)
6.13 Role of Automata
194(2)
6.14 Summary
196(3)
Epilogue
199(2)
Appendices
Appendix 1 Discovering the Cosmos
201(33)
A1.1 Comments on the Early Solar System
201(6)
A1.2 Disquiet in the Heavens: Large Measured Distances
207(4)
Al.3 A Larger Universe in Motion
211(2)
Al.4 Basis of Theoretical Descriptions
213(2)
Al.5 An Important Cosmic Constant
215(1)
Al.6 Possible Universes
216(2)
A1.7 The Galaxies
218(6)
Al.7.1 Radio galaxies
224(1)
Al.7.2 Clusters of galaxies
225(1)
A1.8 Visible Gravity Is Not Enough: Dark Matter
226(3)
A1.9 Dark Energy
229(2)
A1.10 Summary
231(3)
Appendix 2 Further Comments
234(13)
A2.1 An Overall Cosmic Abundance of the Elements
234(1)
A2.2 Forming Condensed Bodies
234(2)
A2.3 The Detailed Constitution of the Sun
236(1)
A2.4 Stellar Constitutions in General
237(1)
A2.4.1 Hierarchy of stars
237(1)
A2.4.2 Expressing stellar evolution
238(1)
A2.4.3 Comments on solar-type stars
239(1)
A2.5 Brown Dwarf Stars
240(1)
A2.6 Ice as a Planetary Material
241(1)
A2.7 Icy Bodies
242(2)
A2.8 Comments on the Composition of Animate Matter
244(1)
A2.9 Conclusions
245(1)
A2.10 Summary
245(2)
Appendix 3 The Strange World of the Atom
247(17)
A3.1 Early Thoughts about Atoms
247(1)
A3.2 Atomic Structure of Gases
248(2)
A3.3 Statistics and Thermodynamics: Entropy
250(2)
A3.4 Entropy and Information
252(1)
A3.5 Atoms and the Brownian Motion: Irreversibility
253(3)
A3.6 Understanding Atoms
256(2)
A3.7 The Limits to Certainty
258(3)
A3.8 A World View
261(1)
A3.9 Summary
262(2)
Appendix 4 Sources of Energy
264(32)
A4.1 Conditions Inside a Star
264(4)
A4.2 Actual Stellar Energy Sources
268(1)
A4.2.1 Solar-type stars
269(1)
A4.2.2 Details of the fusion process
270(2)
A4.3 The Death of the Star: The White Dwarf
272(1)
A4.4 Energy Sources for Heavier Stars
273(1)
A4.4.1 Binding energy
274(1)
A4.4.2 The extended reactions
275(2)
A4.5 Death of a Heavier Star
277(1)
A4.6 The Production of the Chemical Elements: Nuclear Synthesis
277(4)
A4.7 Brown Dwarf: Deuterium Burning
281(1)
A4.8 Gamma Ray Energies
282(2)
A4.9 Energy for Space Travel
284(1)
A4.9.1 The required speeds
285(1)
A4.9.2 Achieving an escape
286(1)
A4.9.3 Fuels
287(1)
A4.10 Domestic Energy
288(1)
A4.10.1 Direct stellar energy
289(1)
A4.10.2 Wind power
290(1)
A4.10.3 Palaeo-matter: Coal
290(1)
A4.10.4 Palaeo-matter: Oil/natural gas
290(1)
A4.10.5 Nuclear fission power
291(1)
A4.10.6 Nuclear fusion power
292(2)
A4.11 Summary
294(2)
Appendix 5 The Language of Science: Developing Mathematics
296(19)
Compendium
315(24)
Name Index 339(2)
Subject Index 341