| Preface |
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vii | |
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Chapter 1 Planets Orbiting the Sun and Other Stars |
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1 | (38) |
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1.1 General Features of the Solar System |
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2 | (6) |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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1.1.4 The Kuiper belt and Oort cloud |
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6 | (2) |
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1.2 The Terrestrial Planetary Bodies |
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8 | (5) |
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1.2.1 Different molecular groups |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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1.3 The Characteristics of a Planetary Body |
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13 | (5) |
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1.4 Maximum and Minimum Conditions |
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18 | (2) |
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1.5 Planetary Bodies: Cold Bodies |
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20 | (1) |
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1.6 Methods Used to Detect Bodies of Planetary Mass |
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21 | (9) |
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1.6.1 Motion of the central star |
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22 | (4) |
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26 | (1) |
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1.6.3 Gravitational micro-lensing |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (4) |
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1.8 Relevance for the Occurrence of Advanced Life |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (4) |
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Chapter 2 The Dynamic Earth |
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39 | (45) |
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2.1 The Geological Divisions |
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41 | (2) |
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2.2 The Formation and Isothermal Structure of the Earth |
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43 | (5) |
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44 | (3) |
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2.2.2 Internal differentiation |
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47 | (1) |
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2.3 Internal Thermal Balance |
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48 | (5) |
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50 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Dimensionless numbers |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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2.4 Geochronology: Measurement of Rock Radioactivity |
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53 | (2) |
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2.5 Measurement of Remanent Magnetisation |
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55 | (2) |
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2.6 The Land Surfaces---the Development of Continents |
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57 | (7) |
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2.6.1 Plates and plate tectonics |
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57 | (4) |
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61 | (3) |
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2.7 The Surface Temperature |
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64 | (3) |
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67 | (3) |
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70 | (2) |
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2.10 Energy Absorbed from Solar Radiation |
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72 | (1) |
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2.11 Astronomical Factors Affecting the Atmosphere |
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73 | (3) |
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74 | (2) |
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2.12 Effects of Volcanoes |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (3) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 Life in Water: The Precambrian |
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84 | (27) |
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3.1 Constructing the Very Early Times |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (3) |
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91 | (1) |
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3.4 ATP: A Biological Battery |
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92 | (3) |
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95 | (1) |
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3.6 Oxygen and Internally Differentiated Cells |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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3.8 Sex Arrives---Genetic Diversity and Stability |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (5) |
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3.9.1 The amazing Cambrian explosion |
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100 | (1) |
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3.9.2 Questions about the Cambrian explosion |
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101 | (3) |
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3.10 Some Images from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale |
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104 | (3) |
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107 | (4) |
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Chapter 4 Life Develops in the Phanerozoic |
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111 | (36) |
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113 | (6) |
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4.2 The Seed and the Amniotic Egg |
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119 | (2) |
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4.3 Creatures Come and Go: Some Fly Away |
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121 | (12) |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (4) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (3) |
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4.4 The Role of Extinctions |
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133 | (5) |
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4.4.1 The Cambrian extinctions |
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134 | (1) |
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4.4.2 The Devonian extinction |
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135 | (1) |
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4.4.3 The Permian extinction |
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135 | (2) |
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4.4.4 The end of Triassic extinction |
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137 | (1) |
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4.4.5 The Quaternary-Tertiary extinction |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (5) |
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4.6 Brief Comment on Climate |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Hominids---Homo Sapiens |
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147 | (22) |
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148 | (1) |
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5.2 Development of More Modern Forms |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (6) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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5.4 The Line Homo Sapiens |
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156 | (2) |
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5.4.1 1.0 Mya to the present |
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158 | (7) |
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5.5 The Future of Homo Sapiens Sapiens? |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 A Universe of Exo-Life? |
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169 | (32) |
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6.1 Preliminary Information |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (1) |
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6.3 Abiogenisis---How did Life Form? |
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172 | (2) |
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6.4 Where Did Life Form---In situ or Panspermia? |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (2) |
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6.6 Suitable Exo-planetary Systems |
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178 | (2) |
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6.7 Isolation of the Systems |
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180 | (2) |
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6.8 The Fermi Paradox and Drake Equation |
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182 | (2) |
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6.9 Contacting Other Civilisations: SETI and METI |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (2) |
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6.11 General Validity of Evolutionary Processes |
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188 | (4) |
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6.12 The Role of Information |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (3) |
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199 | (2) |
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Appendix 1 Discovering the Cosmos |
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201 | (33) |
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A1.1 Comments on the Early Solar System |
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201 | (6) |
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A1.2 Disquiet in the Heavens: Large Measured Distances |
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207 | (4) |
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Al.3 A Larger Universe in Motion |
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211 | (2) |
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Al.4 Basis of Theoretical Descriptions |
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213 | (2) |
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Al.5 An Important Cosmic Constant |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (2) |
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218 | (6) |
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224 | (1) |
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Al.7.2 Clusters of galaxies |
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225 | (1) |
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A1.8 Visible Gravity Is Not Enough: Dark Matter |
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226 | (3) |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (3) |
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Appendix 2 Further Comments |
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234 | (13) |
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A2.1 An Overall Cosmic Abundance of the Elements |
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234 | (1) |
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A2.2 Forming Condensed Bodies |
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234 | (2) |
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A2.3 The Detailed Constitution of the Sun |
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236 | (1) |
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A2.4 Stellar Constitutions in General |
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237 | (1) |
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A2.4.1 Hierarchy of stars |
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237 | (1) |
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A2.4.2 Expressing stellar evolution |
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238 | (1) |
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A2.4.3 Comments on solar-type stars |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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A2.6 Ice as a Planetary Material |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (2) |
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A2.8 Comments on the Composition of Animate Matter |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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Appendix 3 The Strange World of the Atom |
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247 | (17) |
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A3.1 Early Thoughts about Atoms |
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247 | (1) |
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A3.2 Atomic Structure of Gases |
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248 | (2) |
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A3.3 Statistics and Thermodynamics: Entropy |
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250 | (2) |
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A3.4 Entropy and Information |
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252 | (1) |
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A3.5 Atoms and the Brownian Motion: Irreversibility |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (2) |
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A3.7 The Limits to Certainty |
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258 | (3) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (2) |
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Appendix 4 Sources of Energy |
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264 | (32) |
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A4.1 Conditions Inside a Star |
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264 | (4) |
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A4.2 Actual Stellar Energy Sources |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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A4.2.2 Details of the fusion process |
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270 | (2) |
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A4.3 The Death of the Star: The White Dwarf |
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272 | (1) |
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A4.4 Energy Sources for Heavier Stars |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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A4.4.2 The extended reactions |
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275 | (2) |
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A4.5 Death of a Heavier Star |
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277 | (1) |
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A4.6 The Production of the Chemical Elements: Nuclear Synthesis |
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277 | (4) |
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A4.7 Brown Dwarf: Deuterium Burning |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (2) |
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A4.9 Energy for Space Travel |
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284 | (1) |
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A4.9.1 The required speeds |
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285 | (1) |
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A4.9.2 Achieving an escape |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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A4.10.1 Direct stellar energy |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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A4.10.3 Palaeo-matter: Coal |
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290 | (1) |
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A4.10.4 Palaeo-matter: Oil/natural gas |
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290 | (1) |
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A4.10.5 Nuclear fission power |
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291 | (1) |
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A4.10.6 Nuclear fusion power |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (2) |
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Appendix 5 The Language of Science: Developing Mathematics |
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296 | (19) |
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315 | (24) |
| Name Index |
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339 | (2) |
| Subject Index |
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341 | |