| Preface and Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
| New to This Edition |
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xviii | |
| About the Author |
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xxi | |
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1 | (20) |
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Chapter 1 Gendering Criminology Through an Intersectional Lens |
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2 | (19) |
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Diversity Among Women and Girls |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (3) |
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Women and Girls' Invisibility |
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8 | (4) |
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Women and Girls as Offenders |
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9 | (1) |
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Women and Girls as Victims |
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10 | (1) |
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Women as Professionals in the Criminal Legal System |
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11 | (1) |
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Blurring of Boundaries of Women's Experiences in Crime |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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What Are Feminist Methods? |
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14 | (2) |
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The Effect of Societal Images on Women Regarding Crime |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (3) |
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PART II WOMEN AND GIRLS' OFFENDING |
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21 | (172) |
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Chapter 2 Theories Part I: Positivist, Evolutionary, Strain, Differential Association, Social Control, and Women's Emancipation Theories |
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22 | (32) |
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The Original and Positivist Studies |
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23 | (5) |
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Cesare Lombroso (1835--1909) |
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24 | (2) |
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W. I. Thomas (1863--1947). Sigmund Freud (1856--1939), and Otto Pollak (1908--1998) |
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26 | (1) |
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The Legacies of the Positivist Theorists From the 1960s and 1970s |
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27 | (1) |
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Biosocial and Evolutionary (Psychological) Theories (BSETs) |
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28 | (6) |
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BSET as an Explanation of Sexual Abuse |
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29 | (2) |
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BSET as an Explanation of Intimate Partner Abuse (IPA) |
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31 | (1) |
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Feminist and Other Responses to the Application of BSET to Gender-Based Abuses |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (6) |
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Traditional Strain Theory (TST) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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General Strain Theory (GST) |
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36 | (4) |
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Differential Association Theory (DAT) and Social Learning Theory (SLT) |
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40 | (2) |
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Differential Association Theory (DAT) |
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40 | (2) |
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Social Learning Theory (SLT) |
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42 | (1) |
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Social Control Theories (SCTs) |
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42 | (9) |
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Social Bond Theory (SBT): Conventional Ties |
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43 | (2) |
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A General Theory of Crime (GTC): Self-Control |
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45 | (1) |
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Power-Control Theory (PCT): Gendered Practices of Parents and Parenting |
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46 | (5) |
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Women's Liberation/Emancipation Hypothesis (WLEH) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Theories Part II: Critical, Labeling, Cycle of Violence, Life Course, Pathways, and Masculinity Theories |
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54 | (24) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (4) |
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Critical Criminology Theory (CCT) |
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56 | (1) |
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Critical Race Theory (CRT) |
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57 | (1) |
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Critical Race Feminist Theory (CRFT) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (3) |
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61 | (1) |
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Gender Applications of LT |
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62 | (1) |
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Developmental and Adverse Life Events Theories |
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63 | (12) |
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Cycle of Violence Theory (CVT) |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (2) |
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Studies Consistent With PT That Preceded the Naming of PT |
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71 | (2) |
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Patterns and Advancement of PT |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Accounting for Gender-Crime Patterns |
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78 | (18) |
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80 | (8) |
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2009--2018 Arrest Rates From the UCR |
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80 | (3) |
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Documenting and Assessing Gender Patterns in Offending Over Time |
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83 | (5) |
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The Roles of Gender Regarding Co-Offenders, Age, Race, Class, Sexuality, and Mental Illness |
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88 | (6) |
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88 | (1) |
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Age and Juvenile Delinquency |
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89 | (1) |
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Intersections With Race/Ethnicity and Class |
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90 | (3) |
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Sexuality and Gender Identity |
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93 | (1) |
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Serious Mental Illness (SMI) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 The Context of Women and Girls' Offending for Specific Crimes |
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96 | (24) |
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Drugs and Alcohol: Substance Use, Abuse, and Selling (SUAS) |
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97 | (6) |
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Acquiring and Reasons for Trying and Using Substances |
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98 | (5) |
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Theft, Burglary, and Robbery |
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103 | (3) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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White-Collar Crimes (WCCs) |
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106 | (2) |
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Sex Work and Prostitution |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Child Abductions/Kidnappings |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (3) |
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Intimate Partner Homicides (IPHs) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (5) |
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A Brief History of Feminist Gang Scholarship |
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115 | (1) |
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Gangs and Criminal Behavior |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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How Boys in Gangs Treat Girls in Gangs |
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118 | (1) |
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Bargaining With Patriarchy |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 Processing Women and Girls in the Criminal Legal System |
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120 | (31) |
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Hypotheses of Gender Discrimination in the CLS |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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The Legacy of Racism and Confounding Measures of Race/Ethnicity |
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123 | (2) |
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Criminal Laws and Gender Discrimination |
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125 | (3) |
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Three Means of Gender Discrimination in Criminal Laws |
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125 | (2) |
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The Muncy Act and Legacy in Indeterminate Criminal Sentencing Laws |
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127 | (1) |
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Processing Youthful Defendants/Offenders |
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128 | (6) |
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Reforms in the Processing of Youthful Defendants as Status Offenders |
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128 | (2) |
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Non-Status Offense Delinquency |
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130 | (4) |
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Empirical Findings on Gender Differences in Adult Crime Processing |
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134 | (11) |
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The Presence of Gender Bias in the Various Stages of the Adult CLS |
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134 | (8) |
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Gender Differences in Crime Processing Based on the Type of Offense |
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142 | (3) |
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Chivalry Remains Complicated |
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145 | (5) |
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Extralegal and Cultural Variables and Support for the Chivalrous Corollary Selectivity Hypothesis |
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145 | (5) |
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150 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Incarcerating, Punishing, and "Treating" Offending Women and Girls |
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151 | (42) |
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The History of Incarcerating Women and Girls |
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153 | (8) |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (4) |
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Sex-Segregated Custodial Prisons |
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159 | (1) |
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Racist Segregation and Treatment in Institutions for Girls and Women |
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159 | (1) |
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Women's Prisons Since the 1960s |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (6) |
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Gender Comparisons in Incarceration Rates Over Time |
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161 | (3) |
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Gender Comparisons in Incarceration Offenses |
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164 | (2) |
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The Significance yet Invisibility in U.S. Incarceration Data on the Intersections of Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Class |
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166 | (1) |
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The Women's Prison Regime |
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167 | (8) |
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Parenthood: A Gender Difference Among Prisoners |
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170 | (1) |
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Impacts on the Children of Incarcerated Mothers |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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Educational, Vocational, and Recreational Programs |
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175 | (2) |
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Health Needs and Access to Services |
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177 | (8) |
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178 | (1) |
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Breast, Gynecological, Prenatal, Pregnancy, and Postpartum Health Care |
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179 | (3) |
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The "Window on the Body" and Dental Health |
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182 | (1) |
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Incarcerated Women and Girls With Disabilities |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (5) |
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Sexual Abuse of Women and Girls While Incarcerated |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (1) |
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PART III GENDER-BASED ABUSE |
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193 | (106) |
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Chapter 8 Gender-Based Abuse (GBA) |
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194 | (24) |
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Defining Gender-Based Abuse (GBA) |
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195 | (4) |
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The Development of GBA as a Social Problem and Its Relationship to Depression |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (2) |
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Culture, Gender Inequality, and GBA |
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199 | (5) |
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The Significance of a Sexist Culture |
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199 | (1) |
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The Culture of Victim-Blaming and GBA |
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200 | (2) |
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The Relationship Between Gender Inequality and GBA |
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202 | (2) |
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Rates of GBA and the Fear of Crime |
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204 | (3) |
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Focusing on Intersectional GBA: The History and Its Legacy |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (2) |
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Corporate and Environmental GBA |
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211 | (4) |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (1) |
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Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) |
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215 | (1) |
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What Does Feminist Reform Look Like? |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Focusing on Sexual Abuse |
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218 | (39) |
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219 | (5) |
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Consent, Coercion, and Force |
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220 | (2) |
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Drug and Alcohol Facilitated Sexual Abuse IDAFSA) |
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222 | (2) |
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Historical Developments in Defining Rape and Other Sexual Abuses |
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224 | (1) |
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Another Look at Rape Myths and a Rape Culture |
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225 | (2) |
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Statistics on Sexual Abuse |
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227 | (4) |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (3) |
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Marital/Spousal/Partner Rape |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (4) |
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239 | (1) |
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From Professor Anita Hill to Hollywood |
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240 | (1) |
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Sexual Harassment Victim-Offender Relationships |
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241 | (1) |
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Impacts of Sexual Harassment |
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242 | (1) |
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Sexual Abuse and the Criminal Legal System (CLS) |
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242 | (13) |
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Police, Prosecutor, and Court Obsessions With Survivors' Characteristics and Behaviors |
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243 | (1) |
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Survivors' Participation With the CLS |
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244 | (1) |
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Sexual Assault Kits (SAKs) |
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245 | (1) |
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Survivors' Wishes and Rights |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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The Myths Surrounding False Rape Charges |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (4) |
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The Court Process, or Whose Trial Is It Anyway? |
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252 | (3) |
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Nonprofit Agencies Designed to Assist Sexual Abuse Survivors |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Intimate Partner Abuse (IPA) and Stalking |
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257 | (42) |
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Defining Intimate Partner Abuse (IPA) and Stalking |
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257 | (2) |
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Defining Intimate Partner Abuse (IPA) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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The Significance of Coercion/Coercive Control |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (8) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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Psychological/Emotional Abuse |
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264 | (3) |
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The Additional IPA Tactics Based on Further Marginality |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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The Historical Identification of IPA and Stalking as Social Problems |
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269 | (2) |
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The Frequency of IPA and Stalking |
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271 | (4) |
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271 | (3) |
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274 | (1) |
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Walker's Cycle Theory of Violence |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (3) |
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Who Are the Intimate Partner Abusers? |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (1) |
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IPA and Stalking Victims/Survivors |
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279 | (2) |
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Inhibitors to Leaving/Returning to an Abusive Relationship and What Helps Survivors Leave |
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281 | (5) |
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Risk Factors for Staying With and Leaving IP Abusers |
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281 | (4) |
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Characteristics Related to IPA Survivors' Staying/Leaving Decisions |
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285 | (1) |
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IPA and Stalking and the Criminal Legal System (CLS) |
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286 | (11) |
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287 | (5) |
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Protection/Restraining Orders (POs) |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (2) |
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Nonprofit Agencies and Laws Designed to Assist IPA and Stalking Survivors |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (2) |
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PART IV WOMEN WORKING IN THE CRIMINAL LEGAL SYSTEM |
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299 | (92) |
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Chapter 11 Women Working in Prisons and Jails |
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300 | (27) |
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A Brief History of Sex/Gender Discrimination in the Paid Labor Force |
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302 | (2) |
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Comparing Racial and Gender Workplace Discrimination |
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304 | (1) |
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The Matron Role: Women's Breaking Into CLS Jobs Through Sexist Stereotypical Positions |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (3) |
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The Significant Role of Legislative and Court Rulings on Women's Work in the CLS |
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310 | (3) |
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Prisoner Privacy and Prison Safety: Legal Resistance to Women Guards |
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313 | (4) |
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Women Guards' Assumed Threat to Prison Security/Safety |
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313 | (2) |
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(Men) Prisoners' Rights to Privacy |
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315 | (2) |
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Gender Similarities and Differences in Guards' Job Performance and Attitudes |
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317 | (8) |
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Resistance to Women Guards and Guards' Views of Gender and the Job |
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318 | (2) |
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Job Performance and Attitudes |
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320 | (3) |
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Job Satisfaction and Stress |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Women Working in Policing and Law Enforcement |
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327 | (33) |
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328 | (1) |
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Women Breaking Into Police Work |
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329 | (8) |
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Comparisons Between Women Breaking Into Policing With Women Breaking Into Prison/Jail Work |
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329 | (1) |
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Phases and Stages of Women's Entry Into Policing |
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330 | (4) |
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The First Women Police in the United States and Globally |
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334 | (3) |
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Police Officer Identities |
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337 | (1) |
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Title VII and Other Legislation and Policies |
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338 | (1) |
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Resistance to Women in Policing |
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339 | (2) |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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Gender Differences in Job Performance |
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343 | (4) |
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Classifications of Women Police Officers |
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347 | (2) |
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Women's Representation in Policing |
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349 | (5) |
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Recruitment and Retention |
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350 | (3) |
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353 | (1) |
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The Intersection of Racism and Sexual Identity With Gender and Sexism |
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354 | (4) |
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354 | (2) |
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Heterosexism/Homophobia/Transphobia |
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356 | (2) |
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358 | (2) |
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Chapter 13 Women Working in the Courts |
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360 | (31) |
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The History of Women on Juries |
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361 | (2) |
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The History of Women's Access to Legal Education and Training |
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363 | (5) |
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(Mostly White) Women's Entry Into Legal Education and Practice |
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363 | (3) |
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Women of Color's Entry Into Legal Education and Practice |
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366 | (2) |
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Women in Law Schools Since the 1950s |
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368 | (2) |
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370 | (11) |
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The Number of Women Attorneys |
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370 | (1) |
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The Experiences of Women Attorneys |
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371 | (1) |
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Gender Differences in Job Performance |
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371 | (2) |
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Hiring, Job Placements, Retention, and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings |
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373 | (4) |
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The Gendered Implications of Marital and Family Status for Lawyers |
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377 | (2) |
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379 | (1) |
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Mentoring and Job Satisfaction |
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380 | (1) |
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The Gendered Nature of Sanctions Against Lawyers |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (4) |
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Looking for Gender Differences in Judges' Decision-Making |
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385 | (3) |
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388 | (2) |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (27) |
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Chapter 14 Effecting Change |
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392 | (26) |
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Improving Theoretical Approaches |
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396 | (2) |
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Transformative Critical Feminist Criminology |
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396 | (1) |
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Combining Feminist-Friendly Theories in the Same Study |
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396 | (2) |
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Improving Research Methods |
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398 | (3) |
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Two Strategies Cutting Across Offending, Victimization, and CLS Workers |
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401 | (5) |
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Community-Coordinated Responses (CCRs) and Restorative Justice (RJ) Models |
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401 | (4) |
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Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) |
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405 | (1) |
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Changing the Risks for and Responses to Girls and Women's Offending |
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406 | (4) |
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Changing Responses to Gender-Based Abuse (GBA) |
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410 | (6) |
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Responding to Sexual Abuse |
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411 | (2) |
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Responding to Intimate Partner Abuse (IPA) |
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413 | (1) |
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Resistance and Fighting Back |
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414 | (2) |
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Changes for Women Working in the Criminal Legal System (CLS) |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
| References |
|
418 | (109) |
| Index |
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527 | |
