Acknowledgements |
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ix | |
Abbreviations used in the interlinear gloss |
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xi | |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (7) |
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1.2 Discourse Markers and `interactive markers' |
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8 | (6) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (2) |
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1.5 Data and presentation |
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18 | (2) |
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1.6 Organisation of the study |
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20 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Approaches to interactive markers |
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23 | (26) |
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24 | (3) |
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27 | (10) |
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2.2.1 Information-state-based account |
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27 | (4) |
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2.2.2 Discourse-management-based account |
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31 | (3) |
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2.2.3 Dialogue-coordination-based account |
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34 | (3) |
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37 | (5) |
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2.3.1 Insistence-compliance-based account |
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38 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Authority-based account |
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40 | (2) |
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2.4 Interactional approach |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (3) |
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2.5.1 Indexicality-based account |
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44 | (2) |
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2.5.2 Politeness-based account |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Involvement, formality and gender in language use |
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49 | (18) |
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49 | (4) |
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53 | (4) |
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57 | (8) |
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65 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Involvement and the speaker's attitudes |
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67 | (20) |
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4.1 Involvement and the speaker's attitudes |
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67 | (5) |
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4.2 Incorporative attitude and monopolistic attitude |
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72 | (6) |
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4.3 Incorporative {ne, na} vs. monopolistic {yo, sa, wa, zo, ze} |
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78 | (6) |
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84 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Incorporate markers ne and na |
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87 | (38) |
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87 | (12) |
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5.1.1 Previous studies okn ne |
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88 | (2) |
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5.1.2 The function of ne: Aligning with the hearer |
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90 | (1) |
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5.1.2.1 The crucial use of ne |
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90 | (4) |
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5.1.2.2 The optional use of ne |
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94 | (2) |
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5.1.2.3 The non-sentence-final use of ne |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (5) |
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5.2.1 Previous studies on na |
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99 | (1) |
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5.2.2 The function of na: Aligning with the hearer |
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99 | (1) |
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5.2.2.1 The crucial use of na |
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99 | (2) |
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5.2.2.2 The optional use of na |
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101 | (2) |
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5.2.2.3 The non-sentence-final use of na |
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103 | (1) |
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5.3 The impossible use of ne and na |
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104 | (4) |
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5.4 The common expressive effects of ne and na and their use in social contexts |
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108 | (6) |
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5.4.1 Softening vs. strengthening |
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108 | (3) |
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5.4.2 More frequent use in casual conversation |
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111 | (3) |
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5.5 The difference between ne and na |
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114 | (9) |
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5.5.1 Special property of na: Camaraderie |
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114 | (2) |
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5.5.2 Plain form da/ru and na |
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116 | (2) |
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5.5.3 Polite form desu/masu and na |
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118 | (3) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Monopolistic markers yo and sa |
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125 | (28) |
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125 | (13) |
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6.1.1 Previous studies on yo |
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125 | (2) |
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6.1.2 The function of yo: Ensuring the hearer's understanding |
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127 | (5) |
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6.1.3 The expressive effects of yo and its use in social contexts |
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132 | (6) |
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138 | (12) |
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138 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Previous studies on sa |
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140 | (1) |
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6.2.3 The function of sa: Presenting the utterance as a matter of course for the speaker |
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141 | (6) |
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6.2.4 The expressive effects of sa and its use in social contexts |
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147 | (3) |
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150 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Monopolistic markers wa, zo and ze |
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153 | (44) |
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7.1 Modal expression daroo/deshoo `suppose' |
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154 | (4) |
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158 | (13) |
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158 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Previous studies on wa |
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160 | (1) |
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7.2.3 The function of wa: Delivering the utterance in a firm manner |
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161 | (5) |
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7.2.4 The expressive effects of wa and its use in social contexts |
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166 | (5) |
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171 | (12) |
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171 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Previous studies on zo |
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173 | (3) |
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7.3.3 The function of zo: Urging the hearer's understanding of an implied message |
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176 | (5) |
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7.3.4 The expressive effects of zo and its use in social contexts |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (11) |
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184 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Previous studies on ze |
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185 | (2) |
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7.4.3 The function of ze: Enhancing the hearer's understanding of the speaker's belief in sharing |
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187 | (5) |
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7.4.4 The expressive effects of ze and its use in social contexts |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (3) |
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197 | (8) |
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8.1 Function of each marker |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Involvement in spoken discourse |
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199 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Interface between language and culture |
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200 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Sociocultural understanding in the second/foreign language education |
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201 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Japanese and the expressions of formality and gender |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
References |
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205 | (18) |
Data sources |
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223 | (2) |
Author Index |
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225 | (4) |
Subject Index |
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229 | |