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Ionizing Radiation Detectors For Medical Imaging [Kõva köide]

(Univ Of Pisa, Italy)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 524 pages, Illustrations
  • Ilmumisaeg: 27-Sep-2004
  • Kirjastus: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 9812386742
  • ISBN-13: 9789812386748
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 524 pages, Illustrations
  • Ilmumisaeg: 27-Sep-2004
  • Kirjastus: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 9812386742
  • ISBN-13: 9789812386748
Teised raamatud teemal:
Ionizing Radiation Detectors for Medical Imaging contains ten technical chapters, half of which are devoted to radiology and the other half to nuclear medicine. The last chapter describes the detectors for radiotherapy and portal imaging. Each chapter addresses completely a specific application. The emphasis is always on detector fundamentals and detector properties. Where necessary, software and specific applications are described in depth.This book is intended for graduate and undergraduate students in physics and engineering who want to study medical imaging. In addition, scientists who are working in a specific sub-field of medical imaging can acquire from the book an up-to-date description of the state of the art in related sub-fields, within the scope of ionizing radiation detectors. Other scientists, as well as physicians, can use the book as a reference for medical imaging.
Foreword 1(2)
List of Contributors
3(5)
Acknowledgments 8(1)
Introduction
9(8)
Medical Imaging
9(2)
Ionizing Radiation Detectors Development: High Energy Physics versus Medical Physics
11(3)
Ionizing Radiation Detectors for Medical Imaging
14(1)
Conclusion
15(2)
Conventional Radiology
17(36)
Introduction
17(1)
Physical Properties of X-Ray Screens
17(8)
Screen Efficiency
20(3)
Swank Noise
23(2)
Physical Properties of Radiographic Films
25(6)
Film Characteristic Curve
26(1)
Film Contrast
27(2)
Contrast vs Latitude
29(1)
Film Speed
29(1)
Reciprocity-Law Failure
30(1)
Radiographic Noise
31(1)
Definition of Image-Quality
32(8)
MTF
34(1)
NPS
35(3)
DQE
38(2)
Image Contrast
40(4)
The Concept of Sampling Aperture
40(1)
Noise Contrast
41(1)
Contrast-Detail Analysis
42(2)
Image-Quality of Screen-Film Combinations
44(9)
MTF, NPS and DQE Measurement
45(2)
Quality Indices
47(1)
References
48(5)
Detectors for Digital Radiography
53(72)
Introduction
53(5)
Characteristics of X-Ray Imaging Systems
58(6)
Figure of Merit for Image Quality: Detective Quantum Efficiency
58(3)
Integrating vs Photon Counting Systems
61(3)
Semiconductor materials for X-Ray Digital Detectors
64(5)
X-Ray Imaging Technologies
69(46)
Photo-Stimulable Storage Phosphor Imaging Plate
70(8)
Scintillators/Phosphor + Semiconductor Material (e.g. a-Si:H) + TFT Flat Panels
78(12)
Semiconductor Material (e.g. a-Se) + Readout Matrix Array of Thin Film Transistors (TFT)
90(3)
Scintillation Material (e.g. Csl) + CCD
93(3)
2D microstrip Array on Semiconductor Crystal + Integrated Front-End and Readout
96(4)
Matrix Array of Pixels on Crystals + VLSI Integrated Front-End and Readout
100(12)
X-Ray-to-Light Converter Plates (AlGaAs)
112(3)
Conclusions
115(10)
Acknowledgments
117(1)
References
117(8)
Detectors for CT Scanners
125(24)
Introduction
125(1)
Basic Principle of CT Measurement and Standard Scanner Configuration
126(2)
Mechanical Design
128(3)
X-Ray Components
131(2)
Collimators and Filtration
133(4)
Detector Systems
137(6)
Concepts for Multi-Row Detectors
143(2)
Outlook
145(4)
Acknowledgment
147(1)
References
147(2)
Special Applications in Radiology
149(44)
Introduction
149(1)
Special Applications
150(28)
Mammography
150(5)
Digital Mammography with Synchrotron Radiation
155(3)
Subtraction Techniques at the k-Edge of Contrast Agents
158(8)
Detectors and Detector Requirements for Dichromography
166(3)
Phase Effects
169(6)
Detectors for Phase Imaging
175(3)
Conclusion and Outlook
178(15)
Acknowledgment
179(1)
Appendix
Image formation and Detector Characterization
179(8)
Digital Subtraction Technique
187(2)
References
189(4)
Autoradiography
193(42)
Autoradiographic Methods
193(5)
Traditional Autoradiography: Methods
195(2)
Traditional Autoradiography: Limits
197(1)
New Detectors for Autoradiography
198(1)
Imaging Plates
198(5)
Principles
198(1)
Commercial Systems and Performance
199(4)
Gaseous Detectors
203(6)
Principles
203(1)
Research Fields
203(3)
Commercial Systems
206(3)
Semiconductor Detectors
209(10)
Principles
209(1)
Silicon Strip Detectors
210(1)
Strip Architecture
210(1)
Research Fields
210(2)
Commercial Systems
212(2)
Pixel Detectors
214(1)
Pixel Architecture
214(1)
Research Systems
215(4)
Amorphous Materials
219(2)
Principles
219(1)
Research and Commercial Systems
220(1)
CCD Based Systems
221(3)
Principles
221(1)
System Description and Performance
222(2)
Avalanche Photodiodes
224(1)
Principles
224(1)
System Description and Performance
225(1)
Microchannel Plates
225(10)
Principles
225(1)
System Description and Performance
226(5)
References
231(4)
Spect and Planar Imaging in Nuclear Medicine
235(52)
Introduction
235(2)
Collimators
237(15)
Multi-Hole Theory
240(8)
Single-Hole Theory
248(1)
Penetration Effects
248(4)
Detectors
252(6)
Scintillators
253(1)
YalO3:Ce
254(2)
Gd2SiO5:Ce
256(1)
Lu2SiO5:Ce
256(2)
Semiconductors
258(6)
Materials
262(1)
Nuclear Medicine Applications
263(1)
Reconstruction Algorithms
264(14)
Inverse Problems
265(1)
Ill-Posed Problems
265(1)
Ill-Conditioning and Regularization
266(2)
The Radon Transform
268(1)
Analytical Methods: Filtered Back-Projection
269(3)
Iterative Algorithms
272(6)
Clinical Imaging
278(9)
High-Resolution SPECT Imaging
279(1)
Planar Imaging from Semiconductor Detectors
279(1)
Attenuation Corrected Imaging
280(3)
References
283(4)
Positron Emission Tomography
287(72)
Introduction to Emission Imaging
287(5)
Tomography Procedures and Terminologies
289(3)
Physics of Positron Emission Tomography
292(11)
Positron Emission and Radionuclides
292(4)
Annihilation of Positron
296(6)
Interaction of Gamma Rays in Biological Tissue
302(1)
Detection of Annihilation Photon
303(15)
Photon Detection with Inorganic Scintillator Crystals
304(7)
Inorganic Scintillator Readout
311(5)
Parallax Error, Radial Distortion and Depth of Interaction
316(2)
Image Reconstruction
318(19)
The Filtered Backprojection
320(10)
The Expectation Maximisation Algorithm
330(6)
The OSEM Algorithm
336(1)
Correction and Normalization Procedures
337(16)
Attenuation
337(4)
Scattering
341(7)
Random Coincidences
348(2)
Partial Volume Effect
350(1)
Normalization
351(2)
Commercial Camera Overview
353(6)
References
355(4)
Nuclear Medicine: Special Applications in Functional Imaging
359(26)
Introduction
359(2)
Position Sensitive Photo Multiplier Tube
361(5)
Hamamatsu First PSPMT Generation
361(2)
Hamamatsu Second PSPMT Generation
363(1)
Hamamatsu 3rd Generation PSPMT
364(2)
Signal Read Out Methods and Scintillation Crystals
366(6)
The Role of Compact Imagers in Clinical Application
372(13)
References
380(5)
Small Animal Scanners
385(80)
Introduction
385(1)
Position Sensitive Detectors
386(11)
Gamma-Ray Detection
386(7)
Scintillator Based Position Sensitive Detectors
393(1)
Continuous Scintillators
394(1)
Matrix Crystals
395(2)
Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT)
397(18)
The Detector
399(1)
Intrinsic Spatial Resolution in SPECT
399(1)
Energy Resolution
400(2)
Rate of Acquisition and Detector Speed
402(1)
Collimator Geometries
402(1)
Pinhole Collimator
402(3)
Parallel Hole Collimator
405(1)
Small Animal SPECT Scanners Examples
406(1)
Pinhole Collimator Scanners
406(2)
Parallel Hole Collimator Scanners
408(4)
Converging Hole Collimator Scanner
412(3)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
415(20)
Physical Limitations to Spatial Resolution
415(1)
Electron Fermi Motion
416(2)
Scattering in the Source
418(1)
Positron Range
419(3)
Efficiency and Coincidence Detection of 511 keV gamma rays
422(1)
Intrinsic Detector Efficiency
422(1)
Detector Scatter Fraction
423(3)
Intrinsic Spatial Resolution
426(1)
Detector intrinsic spatial resolution
426(1)
System intrinsic spatial resolution
427(1)
Random Coincidences and Pile Up Events
428(2)
Energy Resolution
430(1)
Small Animal PET Scanner Geometries
431(1)
Planar Geometry
431(2)
Ring Geometry
433(2)
Small Animal PET Scanner Examples
435(25)
First Generation Animal Scanners
435(1)
Hamamatsu SHR-2000 and SHR-7700 Scanners
435(1)
CTI-PET Systems ECAT-713
436(1)
Dedicated Rodent Ring Scanners
437(1)
Hammersmith RatPET
437(3)
MicroPET
440(5)
Sherbrooke PET and the Munich MADPET
445(2)
The NIH Atlas Scanner
447(1)
Scanner of the Brussels Group: The VUB-PET
448(2)
Dedicated Rodent Rotating Planar Scanners
450(1)
YAP-(S)PET and TierPET
450(6)
HIDAC
456(4)
Conclusions
460(5)
References
461(4)
Detectors for Radiotherapy
465(36)
Introduction
465(1)
Introduction to Radiotherapy
466(3)
External Beam Radiation Delivery
466(2)
Requirements for Standards and Reporting
468(1)
The Physics of Detection for Radiotherapy
469(9)
Photon Interaction Mechanisms
469(2)
Electron Interaction Mechanisms
471(2)
Units
473(1)
Charged Particle Equilibrium and Cavity Theory
474(1)
Effects of Measurement Depth
475(1)
Quality Assurance and Verification Measurements
476(2)
Point Detectors
478(11)
Ionisation Chambers
478(4)
Thermoluminiscent Detectors
482(2)
Diode Detectors
484(3)
Diamond Detectors
487(2)
Film
489(3)
Electronic Portal Imaging
492(5)
Camera-Based Systems
494(1)
Liquid Ionisation Chamber Based Systems
495(1)
Amorphous Silicon Flat-Panel Systems
496(1)
Radio-Sensitive Chemical Detectors
497(4)
Fricke Dosimetry
497(1)
Polymer Gels
498(1)
References
499(2)
Analytical Index 501