| 1 Introduction |
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1 | (18) |
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History of Irrigation and Subsurface Drainage |
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1 | (5) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (8) |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (1) |
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Agricultural Drip Irrigation |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Hydroponic Drip Irrigation Systems |
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15 | (1) |
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Low-Head Bubbler Irrigation |
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15 | (1) |
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Below the Surface of the Soil |
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15 | (2) |
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Contaminants and Waste Application to Soils |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Subsurface Drainage Systems |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
| 2 Irrigation Economics |
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19 | (14) |
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Crop Water Production Function |
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19 | (4) |
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21 | (1) |
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Transferring a CWPF from One Climatic Zone to Another |
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22 | (1) |
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Combined Estimation of Crop Yield |
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23 | (1) |
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Irrigation Uniformity and Economics |
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23 | (1) |
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Engineering Economic Analysis |
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23 | (6) |
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29 | (1) |
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Customer Relations and Sales |
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29 | (3) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
| 3 Soil Physics |
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33 | (18) |
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Soil Development and Layering |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (7) |
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Characterization of Soil Layers |
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42 | (3) |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
| 4 Water and Salinity Stress |
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51 | (16) |
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51 | (1) |
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Osmotic Potential Energy in Soils |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (4) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Irrigation Application Depth and Leaching Fraction |
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61 | (1) |
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Project Planning and Salinity |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
| 5 Evapotranspiration |
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67 | (22) |
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Mass and Energy Transfer from Canopy to Atmosphere |
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67 | (3) |
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70 | (2) |
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The Penman Model of Evapotranspiration |
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72 | (2) |
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Reference ET Calculation with Weather Station Data |
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74 | (7) |
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Hargreaves-Samani Reference ET Calculation Method |
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81 | (1) |
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Evaporation Pan Estimate of Reference Evapotranspiration |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Fourier Series Simulation of Weather Data |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (2) |
| 6 Crop Evapotranspiration |
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89 | (16) |
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89 | (5) |
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Heat Unit Crop Coefficient |
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94 | (1) |
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Fourier Series Heat Unit Crop Coefficient |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (2) |
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High Frequency Irrigation Systems |
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98 | (2) |
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Remote Sensing of Plant Stress |
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100 | (3) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
| 7 Irrigation Lateral Design |
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105 | (18) |
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105 | (4) |
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109 | (1) |
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Optimization of Irrigation Design and Management |
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110 | (1) |
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Simulation of Hydraulic and Statistical Variation |
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111 | (5) |
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116 | (1) |
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Simulation of Environmental Parameters |
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116 | (4) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
| 8 Mainline Design |
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123 | (24) |
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Pipe Size Classifications |
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123 | (1) |
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Pipeline Energy Calculations |
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123 | (10) |
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133 | (1) |
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Transient Flow, Surge Pressure, and Air |
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133 | (4) |
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137 | (3) |
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Trenching, Installation, Pipe Strength, and Corrosion |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Economics of Pipe Sizing: Energy Cost Versus Capital Cost |
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141 | (3) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
| 9 Pumps |
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147 | (22) |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (3) |
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Finding the Intersection of the System Curve and Pump Curve |
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152 | (1) |
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Variable Speed Pump Controllers |
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153 | (2) |
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Centrifugal Pump Installation |
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155 | (2) |
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Turbine Pumps (Well Pumps) |
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157 | (1) |
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Pump Station Power and Cost |
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157 | (1) |
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Pump Station Friction Loss and Head Requirement |
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158 | (5) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (2) |
| 10 Groundwater |
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169 | (16) |
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169 | (4) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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Steady State Models of Well Flow Rate |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
| 11 Open Channel Flow |
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185 | (24) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (7) |
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Pipes and Siphons in Canal Systems |
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192 | (1) |
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Canal Hydraulics: Steady-State, Uniform Flow |
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193 | (2) |
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Canal Hydraulics: Energy Dissipation |
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195 | (6) |
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Canal Hydraulics: Gradually Varied Flow |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (5) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
| 12 Center Pivot Irrigation Systems |
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209 | (20) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (4) |
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Center Pivot Pipeline Flow Rate |
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214 | (1) |
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Infiltration Rate and Application Rate |
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214 | (6) |
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Center Pivot Sprinkler Spacing and Flow Rate |
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220 | (2) |
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Center Pivot Pipeline Design |
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222 | (1) |
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Center Pivot Simulation in Uneven Landscapes |
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222 | (4) |
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Center Pivot Pump and Pipe Network Design |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (2) |
| 13 Turf Sprinkler Irrigation Systems |
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229 | (14) |
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229 | (1) |
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Sprinkler System Evaluation, Efficiency, and Uniformity |
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229 | (4) |
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233 | (7) |
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Subsurface Drip Irrigation |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (3) |
| 14 Agricultural Sprinkler Irrigation |
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243 | (16) |
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243 | (8) |
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Orchard Irrigation with Undertree Sprinklers |
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251 | (3) |
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Orchard Irrigation with Microsprinklers |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (3) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
| 15 Landscape Irrigation Systems |
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259 | (12) |
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Status of Landscape Irrigation Systems |
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259 | (1) |
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Landscape Irrigation Control Zones |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (4) |
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Bubbler/Water Harvesting Irrigation Systems |
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265 | (2) |
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Maintenance and Economics |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
| 16 Landscape Irrigation Design and Management |
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271 | (18) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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Determining Maximum Flow Rate and Working Pressure |
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271 | (3) |
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274 | (8) |
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282 | (5) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
| 17 Agricultural Drip Irrigation |
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289 | (16) |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (1) |
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Subsurface Drip Tape Installation |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (3) |
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Prefiltration: Stainless Steel Screen Filters |
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292 | (1) |
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Prefiltration: Settling Basins |
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292 | (1) |
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Prefiltration-Centrifugal Sand Separation |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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Design of Drip Emitter Spacing, Flow Rate, and Schedule |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (7) |
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Connecting Drip Irrigation Laterals to PVC Submains |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
| 18 Drip Irrigation System Design |
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305 | (22) |
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305 | (8) |
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Design of Submains for Design 1 |
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306 | (4) |
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Design of Mainlines for Design 1 |
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310 | (2) |
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Pump Requirement for Design 1 |
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312 | (1) |
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Cost of Tubing and Pipe for Design 1 |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (2) |
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314 | (1) |
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Pump Requirement for Design 2 |
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314 | (1) |
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Economic Comparison of Designs 1 and 2 |
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315 | (1) |
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An Economic Rationale for Selecting Between Drip Lateral Types |
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316 | (8) |
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324 | (3) |
| 19 Chemigation |
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327 | (16) |
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Preventing Calcium Carbonate Deposition with Acid Injection |
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327 | (5) |
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Biological Control with Chlorine |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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Calculation of Plant Nutrient Requirements |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (5) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Fertigation and Pestigation |
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334 | (1) |
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Fertilization Requirements |
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334 | (1) |
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Fertilizer Selection and Calculation of Injection Rates |
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335 | (4) |
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Chemigation of Non-Fertilizer Materials |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (2) |
| 20 Surface Irrigation |
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343 | (26) |
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Surface Irrigation Infiltration |
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343 | (4) |
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Graded Furrow Infiltration |
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347 | (2) |
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The Two-Point Volume Balance Method |
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349 | (4) |
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Furrow Irrigation Scheduling and Evaluation |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (8) |
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362 | (3) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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Level Basin and Level Border Irrigation |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
| 21 Hydroponic Irrigation Systems |
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369 | (18) |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (3) |
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Friction Loss in Drip Irrigation Laterals |
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372 | (2) |
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Hydroponic Irrigation System Maintenance |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (3) |
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The Pump Station and Nutrient Delivery System |
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379 | (6) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
| 22 Low-Head Gravity Bubbler Irrigation System |
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387 | (26) |
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387 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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Development of Low-Head Gravity Bubbler System |
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388 | (2) |
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Hydraulics Considerations |
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390 | (3) |
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Christiansen Reduction Coefficient |
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393 | (1) |
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System Design Considerations |
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394 | (1) |
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Steps in the Design Process |
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395 | (8) |
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Determination of Field Layout |
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395 | (1) |
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Design a Constant Head Device |
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396 | (1) |
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Selection of Design Criteria |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (2) |
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Lateral Burial Depth and Delivery Hose Elevations |
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398 | (1) |
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Delivery Hose Design Flow |
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398 | (1) |
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Determination of Length and Number of Pipes |
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398 | (1) |
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Calculation of Pipe Design Flows |
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399 | (1) |
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Selection of Pipe Diameters |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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Sizing Laterals and Delivery Hoses |
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400 | (1) |
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Calculation of Delivery Hose Elevations |
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401 | (2) |
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403 | (7) |
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403 | (1) |
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Gradual Slope Design Example |
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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405 | (5) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (3) |
| 23 Wastewater Contaminants and Treatment |
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413 | (14) |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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Removal of Pathogens by Biological Treatment and Oxidation |
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414 | (2) |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) |
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418 | (7) |
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Nutrients and Waste in Soils and Wetlands |
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419 | (4) |
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423 | (2) |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
| 24 Waste Treatment in Wetlands and Agriculture |
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427 | (16) |
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427 | (3) |
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Biological and Hydraulic Loading Rates |
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429 | (1) |
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Alternation of Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatment Zones for Nitrification and Denitrification |
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429 | (1) |
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Water Balance in Wetlands |
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430 | (1) |
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Waste Application to Crops |
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430 | (11) |
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430 | (9) |
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Calculation of Salinity Load from Animal Waste |
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439 | (2) |
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Irrigation of Crops with Municipal Wastewater |
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441 | (1) |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
| 25 WINDS Salinity and Nitrogen Algorithms |
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443 | (12) |
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443 | (2) |
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Mineralization (Source of Nitrate) |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (3) |
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449 | (1) |
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Denitrification (Nitrate Sink) |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (3) |
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454 | (1) |
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454 | (1) |
| 26 Water and Solute Mass Balance Models |
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455 | (20) |
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455 | (5) |
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Salinity Mass Balance Model |
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460 | (8) |
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Nitrate Mass Balance Model |
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468 | (6) |
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474 | (1) |
| 27 Water and Energy Relationships in Soils |
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475 | (18) |
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Conservation of Energy Equation |
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475 | (1) |
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476 | (1) |
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477 | (3) |
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Horizontal Flow Through Gravel Wetlands |
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480 | (2) |
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Calculation of Flow Through Any Media with Finite Differences |
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482 | (3) |
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Water Content and Matric Potential Energy in Soils |
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485 | (5) |
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490 | (2) |
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492 | (1) |
| 28 Modeling Soil Moisture |
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493 | (18) |
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Combined Energy and Volume Balance Equation |
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493 | (3) |
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Modeling Flux and Energy in Unsaturated Soils |
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496 | (3) |
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Water and Energy Distribution with a Water Table |
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499 | (8) |
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507 | (2) |
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509 | (2) |
| 29 WINDS Agricultural Simulations |
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511 | (20) |
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Evapotranspiration and Crop Stress |
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511 | (2) |
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513 | (2) |
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WINDS Remote Sensing Algorithm |
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515 | (6) |
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Green-Ampt Infiltration Model |
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521 | (5) |
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526 | (1) |
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527 | (1) |
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528 | (2) |
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530 | (1) |
| 30 Subsurface Drainage Design and Installation |
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531 | (14) |
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Environmental Considerations |
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531 | (1) |
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531 | (1) |
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532 | (1) |
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Pipe Network Layout and Elevations |
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533 | (1) |
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533 | (1) |
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534 | (5) |
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Field Drainage System Geometry |
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539 | (1) |
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539 | (1) |
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539 | (2) |
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Measurement of Lateral Hydraulic Conductivity |
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541 | (2) |
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543 | (1) |
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544 | (1) |
| 31 Subsurface Drainage Modeling |
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545 | (18) |
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Simulation of Yield Reduction |
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545 | (2) |
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547 | (4) |
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Transient Drainage Models |
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551 | (4) |
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555 | (2) |
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557 | (3) |
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560 | (2) |
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562 | (1) |
| Solutions |
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563 | (176) |
| Index |
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739 | |