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Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 1st ed. 2016 [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 742 pages, kõrgus x laius: 279x210 mm, 390 Illustrations, color; 185 Illustrations, black and white, 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Nov-2015
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • ISBN-10: 3319056980
  • ISBN-13: 9783319056982
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 742 pages, kõrgus x laius: 279x210 mm, 390 Illustrations, color; 185 Illustrations, black and white, 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Nov-2015
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • ISBN-10: 3319056980
  • ISBN-13: 9783319056982

This textbook focuses specifically on the combined topics of irrigation and drainage engineering. It emphasizes both basic concepts and practical applications of the latest technologies available. The design of irrigation, pumping, and drainage systems using Excel and Visual Basic for Applications programs are explained for both graduate and undergraduate students and practicing engineers. The book emphasizes environmental protection, economics, and engineering design processes. It includes detailed chapters on irrigation economics, soils, reference evapotranspiration, crop evapotranspiration, pipe flow, pumps, open-channel flow, groundwater, center pivots, turf and landscape, drip, orchards, wheel lines, hand lines, surfaces, greenhouse hydroponics, soil water movement, drainage systems design, drainage and wetlands contaminant fate and transport. It contains summaries, homework problems, and color photos. The book draws from the fields of fluid mechanics, soil physics, hydrology, soil chemistry, economics, and plant sciences to present a broad interdisciplinary view of the fundamental concepts in irrigation and drainage systems design.



This book on irrigation and drainage engineering emphasizes both basic concepts and practical applications. It details standard design practices and explains how to use such design tools as Excel and Visual Basic for Applications.
1 Introduction 1(18)
History of Irrigation and Subsurface Drainage
1(5)
Foundational Principles
6(1)
Irrigation Systems
7(8)
Sprinkler Irrigation
10(3)
Landscape Irrigation
13(1)
Agricultural Drip Irrigation
13(1)
Surface Irrigation
14(1)
Hydroponic Drip Irrigation Systems
15(1)
Low-Head Bubbler Irrigation
15(1)
Below the Surface of the Soil
15(2)
Contaminants and Waste Application to Soils
16(1)
The WINDS Model
16(1)
Subsurface Drainage Systems
17(1)
The Value of Water
17(1)
Questions
18(1)
References
18(1)
2 Irrigation Economics 19(14)
Crop Water Production Function
19(4)
Environmental Cost
21(1)
Transferring a CWPF from One Climatic Zone to Another
22(1)
Combined Estimation of Crop Yield
23(1)
Irrigation Uniformity and Economics
23(1)
Engineering Economic Analysis
23(6)
Cash Flow Diagrams
29(1)
Customer Relations and Sales
29(3)
Questions
32(1)
References
32(1)
3 Soil Physics 33(18)
Soil Development and Layering
33(1)
Soil Texture
33(1)
Soil Structure
34(1)
Root Zone
35(1)
Soil-Water Relationships
35(7)
Characterization of Soil Layers
42(3)
Mohall Series
43(2)
Infiltration
45(2)
Soil Moisture Sensors
47(2)
Questions
49(1)
References and Resources
50(1)
4 Water and Salinity Stress 51(16)
Salinity Units
51(1)
Osmotic Potential Energy in Soils
52(2)
Salinity Stress
54(1)
Water Stress Coefficient
55(4)
Modeling Soil Salinity
59(1)
Leaching Fraction
60(1)
Irrigation Application Depth and Leaching Fraction
61(1)
Project Planning and Salinity
62(1)
Sodicity
62(1)
Specific Ion Toxicity
63(1)
Questions
64(1)
References and Resources
65(2)
5 Evapotranspiration 67(22)
Mass and Energy Transfer from Canopy to Atmosphere
67(3)
Radiation
70(2)
The Penman Model of Evapotranspiration
72(2)
Reference ET Calculation with Weather Station Data
74(7)
Hargreaves-Samani Reference ET Calculation Method
81(1)
Evaporation Pan Estimate of Reference Evapotranspiration
82(1)
Acquiring Weather Data
83(1)
Fourier Series Simulation of Weather Data
84(1)
Questions
85(2)
References
87(2)
6 Crop Evapotranspiration 89(16)
Crop Coefficient
89(5)
Heat Unit Crop Coefficient
94(1)
Fourier Series Heat Unit Crop Coefficient
95(1)
Irrigation Scheduling
96(2)
High Frequency Irrigation Systems
98(2)
Remote Sensing of Plant Stress
100(3)
Questions
103(1)
References
104(1)
7 Irrigation Lateral Design 105(18)
Hydraulics
105(4)
Statistics
109(1)
Optimization of Irrigation Design and Management
110(1)
Simulation of Hydraulic and Statistical Variation
111(5)
Simulation of Slope
116(1)
Simulation of Environmental Parameters
116(4)
Questions
120(1)
Reference
121(2)
8 Mainline Design 123(24)
Pipe Size Classifications
123(1)
Pipeline Energy Calculations
123(10)
Pressure Rating
133(1)
Transient Flow, Surge Pressure, and Air
133(4)
Installation
137(3)
Trenching, Installation, Pipe Strength, and Corrosion
138(2)
Pipe Connections
140(1)
Pressure Regulation
140(1)
Economics of Pipe Sizing: Energy Cost Versus Capital Cost
141(3)
Questions
144(1)
References
145(2)
9 Pumps 147(22)
Pump Types
147(2)
Pump Performance Curves
149(3)
Finding the Intersection of the System Curve and Pump Curve
152(1)
Variable Speed Pump Controllers
153(2)
Centrifugal Pump Installation
155(2)
Turbine Pumps (Well Pumps)
157(1)
Pump Station Power and Cost
157(1)
Pump Station Friction Loss and Head Requirement
158(5)
Chemigation Systems
163(2)
Questions
165(2)
References
167(2)
10 Groundwater 169(16)
Aquifers
169(4)
Aquifer Parameters
173(1)
Aquifer Flow
173(2)
Steady State Models of Well Flow Rate
175(1)
Confined Aquifer Model
176(1)
Unconfined Aquifer Model
177(1)
Specific Capacity
178(1)
Transient Aquifer Models
179(2)
Wells
181(1)
Groundwater Pollution
182(1)
Questions
182(1)
References and Resources
183(2)
11 Open Channel Flow 185(24)
Water Diversion
185(1)
Conveyance Efficiency
185(7)
Pipes and Siphons in Canal Systems
192(1)
Canal Hydraulics: Steady-State, Uniform Flow
193(2)
Canal Hydraulics: Energy Dissipation
195(6)
Canal Hydraulics: Gradually Varied Flow
201(1)
Flow Measurement
202(5)
Questions
207(1)
References
207(2)
12 Center Pivot Irrigation Systems 209(20)
Sprinkler Types
209(1)
Evaporation
210(4)
Center Pivot Pipeline Flow Rate
214(1)
Infiltration Rate and Application Rate
214(6)
Center Pivot Sprinkler Spacing and Flow Rate
220(2)
Center Pivot Pipeline Design
222(1)
Center Pivot Simulation in Uneven Landscapes
222(4)
Center Pivot Pump and Pipe Network Design
226(1)
Questions
227(2)
13 Turf Sprinkler Irrigation Systems 229(14)
Sprinkler Patterns
229(1)
Sprinkler System Evaluation, Efficiency, and Uniformity
229(4)
System Design
233(7)
Subsurface Drip Irrigation
240(1)
Questions
240(3)
14 Agricultural Sprinkler Irrigation 243(16)
Wheel-Lines
243(8)
Orchard Irrigation with Undertree Sprinklers
251(3)
Orchard Irrigation with Microsprinklers
254(1)
Sprinkler Network Design
254(3)
Questions
257(1)
References
258(1)
15 Landscape Irrigation Systems 259(12)
Status of Landscape Irrigation Systems
259(1)
Landscape Irrigation Control Zones
260(1)
Drip System Design
261(4)
Bubbler/Water Harvesting Irrigation Systems
265(2)
Maintenance and Economics
267(1)
Economics
268(1)
Questions
268(1)
Reference
269(2)
16 Landscape Irrigation Design and Management 271(18)
Owner Interview
271(1)
Site Survey
271(1)
Determining Maximum Flow Rate and Working Pressure
271(3)
Plant Water Requirements
274(8)
Zoning
282(5)
Questions
287(1)
References
288(1)
17 Agricultural Drip Irrigation 289(16)
Drip Emitters
289(2)
Drip Tubing
291(1)
Subsurface Drip Tape Installation
291(1)
Filtration
292(3)
Prefiltration: Stainless Steel Screen Filters
292(1)
Prefiltration: Settling Basins
292(1)
Prefiltration-Centrifugal Sand Separation
293(1)
Removal Efficiency
293(1)
Filter Mesh Size
293(1)
Filter Selection
293(1)
Sand Filters
294(1)
Disc Filters
295(1)
Screen Filters
295(1)
Design of Drip Emitter Spacing, Flow Rate, and Schedule
295(1)
Lateral Design
296(7)
Connecting Drip Irrigation Laterals to PVC Submains
303(1)
Questions
303(1)
References
304(1)
18 Drip Irrigation System Design 305(22)
Design 1
305(8)
Design of Submains for Design 1
306(4)
Design of Mainlines for Design 1
310(2)
Pump Requirement for Design 1
312(1)
Cost of Tubing and Pipe for Design 1
313(1)
Design 2
313(2)
Pipe Costs for Design 2
314(1)
Pump Requirement for Design 2
314(1)
Economic Comparison of Designs 1 and 2
315(1)
An Economic Rationale for Selecting Between Drip Lateral Types
316(8)
Questions
324(3)
19 Chemigation 327(16)
Preventing Calcium Carbonate Deposition with Acid Injection
327(5)
Biological Control with Chlorine
332(1)
Fertigation
333(1)
Calculation of Plant Nutrient Requirements
334(1)
General Considerations
334(5)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Fertigation and Pestigation
334(1)
Fertilization Requirements
334(1)
Fertilizer Selection and Calculation of Injection Rates
335(4)
Chemigation of Non-Fertilizer Materials
339(1)
Questions
340(1)
References
341(2)
20 Surface Irrigation 343(26)
Surface Irrigation Infiltration
343(4)
Graded Furrow Infiltration
347(2)
The Two-Point Volume Balance Method
349(4)
Furrow Irrigation Scheduling and Evaluation
353(1)
WinSRFR
354(8)
Reuse Systems
362(3)
Erosive Flow Velocity
365(1)
Surge Irrigation
365(1)
Border Strip Irrigation
366(1)
Level Basin and Level Border Irrigation
366(1)
Questions
367(1)
References
368(1)
21 Hydroponic Irrigation Systems 369(18)
The Growing Media
369(1)
Hydroponic Drip Systems
369(3)
Friction Loss in Drip Irrigation Laterals
372(2)
Hydroponic Irrigation System Maintenance
374(1)
Irrigation Scheduling
375(1)
Fertigation
376(3)
The Pump Station and Nutrient Delivery System
379(6)
Questions
385(1)
Reference
386(1)
22 Low-Head Gravity Bubbler Irrigation System 387(26)
Introduction
387(1)
System Components
387(1)
Development of Low-Head Gravity Bubbler System
388(2)
Hydraulics Considerations
390(3)
Christiansen Reduction Coefficient
393(1)
System Design Considerations
394(1)
Steps in the Design Process
395(8)
Determination of Field Layout
395(1)
Design a Constant Head Device
396(1)
Selection of Design Criteria
396(1)
Spacings
396(2)
Lateral Burial Depth and Delivery Hose Elevations
398(1)
Delivery Hose Design Flow
398(1)
Determination of Length and Number of Pipes
398(1)
Calculation of Pipe Design Flows
399(1)
Selection of Pipe Diameters
399(1)
Allowable Head Loss
400(1)
Sizing Mainlines
400(1)
Sizing Manifolds
400(1)
Sizing Laterals and Delivery Hoses
400(1)
Calculation of Delivery Hose Elevations
401(2)
Design Examples
403(7)
Gradual Slope Design
403(1)
Gradual Slope Design Example
404(1)
Manifold Diameter
404(1)
Lateral Diameter
405(1)
Delivery Hose Diameter
405(5)
Questions
410(1)
References
410(3)
23 Wastewater Contaminants and Treatment 413(14)
Pathogens
413(1)
Viruses
413(1)
Bacteria
414(1)
Protozoa
414(1)
Animal and Human Waste
414(1)
Removal of Pathogens by Biological Treatment and Oxidation
414(2)
The Immune System
416(1)
Risk Assessment
417(1)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
418(7)
Nutrients and Waste in Soils and Wetlands
419(4)
Trace Chemicals
423(2)
Physical Characteristics
425(1)
Questions
426(1)
References and Resources
426(1)
24 Waste Treatment in Wetlands and Agriculture 427(16)
Wetlands
427(3)
Biological and Hydraulic Loading Rates
429(1)
Alternation of Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatment Zones for Nitrification and Denitrification
429(1)
Water Balance in Wetlands
430(1)
Waste Application to Crops
430(11)
Animal Waste
430(9)
Calculation of Salinity Load from Animal Waste
439(2)
Irrigation of Crops with Municipal Wastewater
441(1)
Questions
441(1)
References
442(1)
25 WINDS Salinity and Nitrogen Algorithms 443(12)
Fertilizer Application
443(2)
Mineralization (Source of Nitrate)
445(1)
Temperature Model
446(3)
Mineralization Model
449(1)
Denitrification (Nitrate Sink)
450(1)
Plant Uptake (Sink)
451(3)
Questions
454(1)
References
454(1)
26 Water and Solute Mass Balance Models 455(20)
Water Mass Balance
455(5)
Salinity Mass Balance Model
460(8)
Nitrate Mass Balance Model
468(6)
Questions
474(1)
27 Water and Energy Relationships in Soils 475(18)
Conservation of Energy Equation
475(1)
Hydraulic Conductivity
476(1)
Energy Diagrams
477(3)
Horizontal Flow Through Gravel Wetlands
480(2)
Calculation of Flow Through Any Media with Finite Differences
482(3)
Water Content and Matric Potential Energy in Soils
485(5)
Questions
490(2)
References and Resources
492(1)
28 Modeling Soil Moisture 493(18)
Combined Energy and Volume Balance Equation
493(3)
Modeling Flux and Energy in Unsaturated Soils
496(3)
Water and Energy Distribution with a Water Table
499(8)
Upward Flux
507(2)
Questions
509(2)
29 WINDS Agricultural Simulations 511(20)
Evapotranspiration and Crop Stress
511(2)
Partially Wetted Fields
513(2)
WINDS Remote Sensing Algorithm
515(6)
Green-Ampt Infiltration Model
521(5)
WINDS Salinity Stress
526(1)
WINDS Nitrate Stress
527(1)
Questions
528(2)
References
530(1)
30 Subsurface Drainage Design and Installation 531(14)
Environmental Considerations
531(1)
Drainage System Planning
531(1)
Soils Analysis
532(1)
Pipe Network Layout and Elevations
533(1)
Pipe Diameter
533(1)
Filters (Envelopes)
534(5)
Field Drainage System Geometry
539(1)
Drainage Structures
539(1)
Drainage Sumps and Pumps
539(2)
Measurement of Lateral Hydraulic Conductivity
541(2)
Questions
543(1)
References
544(1)
31 Subsurface Drainage Modeling 545(18)
Simulation of Yield Reduction
545(2)
Hooghoudt Equation
547(4)
Transient Drainage Models
551(4)
Economic Analysis
555(2)
Streamtube Model
557(3)
Questions
560(2)
References and Resources
562(1)
Solutions 563(176)
Index 739
Peter Waller trained as an irrigation engineer at the University of California at Davis. He then spent two years working as an irrigation sales engineer in California and Washington State. He received a doctorate in agricultural engineering at UC Davis and moved to the University of Arizona in 1994 where he is now an Associate Professor in the Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department. Dr. Wallers primary research areas include algae for biofuels, precision agriculture and irrigation, and he has taught irrigation and drainage courses at the University of Arizona for 20 years.

Muluneh Yitayew is Professor of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering at The University of Arizona.  He got his B.S. degree in agricultural engineering from Haile Selassie I University, Ethiopia and his Ph.D. in civil engineering from The University of Arizona, USA.  After his PhD, he went to the University of California, Riverside to work as a research associate focusing on defining water duty for California.   He joined the Department of Agricultural and Biosystems at the University of Arizona in 1984.  Since then he has taught both undergraduate and graduate courses in irrigation engineering, drainage engineering, hydraulics, hydrology, hydraulic structures, and soil and water resources engineering to all levels of students at the University of Arizona, USA, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, and Arba Minch University, Ethiopia. He has published numerous articles in various scholarly journals and authored several book chapters in civil engineering and irrigation.  Dr. Yitayew has also cooperated with international engineers and scientists in the Middle East, North Africa, East Africa and Europe for over thirty years.