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Jews of Libya: Coexistence, Persecution, Resettlement [Pehme köide]

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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 310 pages, kõrgus x laius: 152x229 mm, kaal: 496 g, b/w photos & facsimile documents
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-May-2009
  • Kirjastus: Liverpool University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1845193679
  • ISBN-13: 9781845193676
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Jews of Libya: Coexistence, Persecution, ResettlementSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 310 pages, kõrgus x laius: 152x229 mm, kaal: 496 g, b/w photos & facsimile documents
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-May-2009
  • Kirjastus: Liverpool University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1845193679
  • ISBN-13: 9781845193676
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781845193676.html
This book - now in paperback - investigates the transformative period in the history of the Jews of Libya (1938-52), a period crucial to understanding Libyan Jewry's evolution into a community, playing significant roles in Israel, Italy, and in relation with Qaddhafi's Libya. Against the background of a reform-conscious Ottoman administration (1835-1911) and subsequent stirrings of modernization under Italian colonial influence (1911-43), the Jews of Libya began to experience rapid change following the application of fascist racial laws of 1938, the onset of war-related calamities, and violent expressions of Libyan pan-Arabism, culminating in mass migration to Israel in the period of 1949-1952. By focusing on key socio-economic and political dimensions of this process, the author reveals the capacity of Libyan Jewry to adapt to and integrate into new environments without losing its unique and historical traditions.

This book investigates the transformative period in the history of the Jews of Libya (1938–52), a period crucial to understanding Libyan Jewry’s evolution into a community playing significant roles in Israel, Italy and in relation with Qaddhafi’s Libya. … Against a background of a reform conscious Ottoman administration (1835–1911) and subsequent stirrings of modernization under Italian colonial influence (1911–43), the Jews of Libya began to experience rapid change following the application of fascist racial laws of 1938, the onset of war-related calamities and violent expressions of Libyan pan-Arabism, culminating in mass migration to Israel in the period 1949–52. … By focusing on key socio-economic and political dimensions of this process, the author reveals the capacity of Libyan Jewry to adapt to and integrate into new environments without losing its unique and historical traditions. … The evolution of Libyan Jewry between 1938 and 1952 is characterized by three pivotal developments: The first (1938–43) was one of disruption and dislocation, brought about by the oppressive colonial administration allied with Germany. … In the second (1945–48), riots and pogroms by Muslim Libyan mobs, agitated by pan-Arab and Palestinian sympathies, against Jewish communities left unprotected by the post-war British administration, ushered-in an awakening to the fact that its millennial presence in Libya was about to end. Incipient Zionism among Libyan Jews, particularly in youth movements, matured into fully shared decisions to migrate to Israel where the third pivotal development (1949–52) – encompassing resettlement, economic, social and religious adaptations –began to unfold. … The book concludes with an analysis of the success story of Libyan Jewry in Israel, and in Italy where a group of post-1967 refugees reconstituted a thriving, influential community in Rome. “Jerusalem and Rome” have thus become the two poles of the renewed Jewish community of Libya, exhibiting political advancement in Israel, and commercial prosperity in Italy, along with a cultural renaissance and potential contributions to the ongoing process of reconciliation of the new Libya (as of 2005) with the West.

This book investigates the transformative period in the history of the Jews of Libya (1938-52), a period crucial to understanding Libyan Jewry's evolution into a community playing significant roles in Israel, Italy and in relation with Qaddhafi's Libya. Against a background of a reform conscious Ottoman administration (1835-1911) and subsequent stirrings of modernisation under Italian colonial influence (1911-43), the Jews of Libya began to experience rapid change following the application of fascist racial laws of 1938, the onset of war-related calamities and violent expressions of Libyan pan-Arabism, culminating in mass migration to Israel in the period 1949-52. By focusing on key socio-economic and political dimensions of this process, the author reveals the capacity of Libyan Jewry to adapt to and integrate into new environments without losing its unique and historical traditions.

Arvustused

"Dr Roumani uses a wide range of archival and oral sources, many of which have never been used before. Throughout the book, he reveals a mastery of the social and political history, and a fine understanding of the lives, hopes, fears and aspirations of Libyan Jews. His book is a testimony to their suffering and their fortitude." -- From the Foreword by Sir Martin Gilbert. "Maurice Roumani has given us an impeccably researched, richly documented, and keenly insightful survey of Libyan Jewry's social and political evolution in the twentieth century. He brings to the study not merely the observations of a trained scholar with all of the requisite linguistic and methodological skills, but also the real life experience of someone who lived through the turbulent events of the period and was an actual witness to some of them. It is to Roumani's great credit that he is able to achieve an admirable balance of overall scholarly dispassion with the intimate poignancy of personal engagement. The Jews of Libya will surely take its place alongside the pioneer studies of Renzo De Felice and Harvey Goldberg." -- Norman A Stillman, Schusterman/Josey Professor of Judaic History, University of Oklahoma.

List of Illustrations viii
Foreword by Sir Martin Gilbert xii
Preface and Acknowledgments xv
List of Abbreviations xx
Introduction 1
1 The Changing Fortunes of Libyan Jews under Italian Colonialism 6
The Development of Zionism in Libya
7
The Beginning of Zionist Activity
8
Zionism in the 1920's
10
Zionism in the 1930's
11
Mussolini, Fascism and Libyan Jews
12
The Appearance of Anti-Jewish Incidents in Libya in the 1920's
16
The Sabbath Crisis
18
The "Racial Laws" and their Impact on the Libyan Jewish Community
22
Second World War and the Plans to deport Libyan Jews to Concentration Camps
28
The Deportation of Cyrenaican Jews to Tunisia
29
The Expulsion of Libyan Jews of British Nationality to Italy and Bergen-Belsen
31
Labor Camps in Libya
33
Conclusion
36
2 The British Military Administration: Hopes and Disillusion 38
The Dawn of the British Administration
39
The Arrival of the Palestinian Jewish Units
41
Strained Relations between Jews and Arabs
45
The Pogrom of 1945
48
British Reaction to the Riots and the Compensation Debate
51
Attempts to Repair Arab–Jewish Relations
55
The Anti Jewish riots of 1948
56
The Emergence of Libyan Nationalism and its Impact on the Country's Political Development
61
A Reassessment of the British Occupation
65
Conclusion
67
3 The Role of International Jewish Organizations: Rehabilitation and Protection of Minority Rights 69
International Jewish Organizations in Libya
70
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee's Medical Operations
74
Welfare Services and Education
80
Approaching Libyan Independence
83
The United Nations, the AJC and the Libyan Jewish Community
86
The Structure of Transitional Institutions and the Minority Debate
88
Approaching Libyan Independence in Resignation
92
End of an Era: Jews in the Independent State of Libya
100
Conclusion
104
4 Exodus: The Choice of Israel 106
Israeli Policy toward Middle Eastern Jewish Immigration
107
Ben-Gurion's "One Million Plan"
108
Illegal Immigration between 1943 and 1948
133
Palestinian Jewish Soldiers Immigration Assistance
133
Immigration to Israel via other Countries
134
Immigration through Benghazi
134
Immigration through Italy
135
Immigration through Tunisia
136
Legal Immigration between 1949 and 1952
136
Preparation for Aliyah
137
The Aliyat Hanoar Movement
137
The Emissaries
140
Aliyah during Barukh Duvdevan's Term
141
Yitzhaq Rafael and his Influence on Libyan Immigration
144
The Period of Max (Meir) Varadi
146
Meir Shilon and Haim Solel
150
The Period of Meir Shilon
150
The Period of Haim Solel
151
A Profile of the Aliyah from Libya
154
Conclusion
156
5 Settlement in Israel: The Pains of Displacement and the Difficulties of Absorption 159
The Pains of Displacement
161
The Hardships of Resettlement
163
Upon Arrival
165
The Elements of Adaptation among Libyan Jews
168
The Integration of Libyan Jews: An Assessment
169
Demographic Data
169
Family Size
171
Ethnic Intermarriage
171
Education
172
Occupations and Status
176
Distribution of Libyan Jews in the Professions
177
Politics
178
Army and Police
179
Management
180
Professions and Academic Institutions
180
Other Professions
181
An Evaluation of the Integration of Libyan Jews in Israel
183
Conclusion
184
6 Closing the Circle in 1967: The Final Exodus and its Challenges 187
Creeping Sanctions and Denial of Basic Civil Rights
187
The Outbreak of Hostilities in 1967
194
The Beginning of the End
195
The Evacuation: Air and Sea Lift and Italian Hospitality
199
Between Libya and Italy: Attempts to Recover Funds and Obtain Citizenship
204
1969: Qadhafi's Coup
206
The Struggle for Citizenship
208
Recovery and Integration: A Fractured Identity
211
The Pilgrims Incident
217
Conclusion
220
Appendixes: Documents 223
Notes 242
Bibliography 286
Index 295
Maurice M. Roumani, born in Benghazi, Libya, is a Senior Lecturer in Political Sociology and the Middle East at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Israel where he is also the founder and Director of the J. R. Elyachar Center for the Study of Sephardi Heritage. A graduate of Brandeis University, the University of Chicago and the University of London, he has held teaching and research positions at Harvard University.