| Introduction: Why Study Human Embryology? |
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1 | (12) |
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Periods of Human Embryology |
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3 | (2) |
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Period of Egg and Embryo: Summary of Main Events |
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5 | (2) |
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Phases of Human Embryology |
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7 | (2) |
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Body Axes: Understanding Embryonic Coordinates |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (3) |
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Chapter 1 Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and First Week |
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13 | (28) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (5) |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (4) |
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29 | (3) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (3) |
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End of First Week: Initiating Implantation |
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35 | (6) |
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Chapter 2 Second Week: Becoming Bilaminar and Fully Implanting |
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41 | (14) |
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43 | (1) |
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Embryoblast Reorganizes into Epiblast and Hypoblast |
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44 | (1) |
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Development of Amniotic Cavity |
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44 | (1) |
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Development of Yolk Sac and Chorionic Cavity |
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44 | (5) |
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Uteroplacental Circulatory System Begins to Develop During the Second Week |
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49 | (6) |
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Chapter 3 Third Week: Becoming Trilaminar and Establishing Body Axes |
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55 | (23) |
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Overview of Gastrulation: Forming Three Primary Germ Layers and Body Axes |
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57 | (5) |
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Specifics of Gastrulation: Moving Cells to New Locations and Making Organ Rudiments That Undergo Inductive Interactions |
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62 | (11) |
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Formation of Neural Plate |
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73 | (2) |
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Caudal Elongation of Embryo |
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75 | (2) |
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Primary Versus Secondary Body Development |
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77 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Fourth Week: Forming the Embryo |
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78 | (26) |
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Tube-Within-A-Tube Body Plan Arises Through Body Folding |
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79 | (4) |
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Neurulation: Establishing Neural Tube, Rudiment of Central Nervous System |
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83 | (6) |
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89 | (1) |
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Cranial-Caudal Regionalization of Neural Tube |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (12) |
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Somite Differentiation: Forming Dermamyotome and Sclerotome |
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101 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Principles and Mechanisms of Morphogenesis and Dysmorphogenesis |
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104 | (25) |
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Principles of Morphogenesis and Dysmorphogenesis |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (3) |
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Using Animal Models to Predict Human Risk |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (8) |
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116 | (9) |
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Embryonic Stem Cells, Organoids, and Cloning |
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125 | (4) |
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Chapter 6 Fetal Development and the Fetus as a Patient |
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129 | (21) |
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During Fetal Period, Embryonic Organ Systems Mature and Fetus Grows |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (3) |
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Development of Umbilical Cord |
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134 | (1) |
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Exchange of Substances Between Maternal and Fetal Blood in Placenta |
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134 | (4) |
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Intrauterine Growth Restriction |
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138 | (1) |
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Maternal Diabetes and Obesity |
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138 | (1) |
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Placenta Produces Several Important Hormones |
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139 | (1) |
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Production and Resorption of Amniotic Fluid |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Prenatal Diagnosis Assesses Health of Unborn |
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140 | (6) |
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146 | (2) |
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Fetal Cord Blood and Stem Cells |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Development of the Skin and Its Derivatives |
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150 | (16) |
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Origin of Epidermis and Dermis of Skin |
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151 | (6) |
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Development of Skin Derivatives |
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157 | (9) |
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Chapter 8 Development of the Musculoskeletal System |
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166 | (25) |
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Tissue Origins and Differentiation of Musculoskeletal System |
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167 | (2) |
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Somites Differentiate into Sclerotome and Dermamyotome |
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169 | (3) |
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Resegmentation of Sclerotomes |
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172 | (7) |
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Myotomes Develop at Segmental Levels |
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179 | (2) |
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Long Bone and Joint Development |
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181 | (4) |
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Development of Limb Muscles |
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185 | (6) |
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Chapter 9 Development of the Central Nervous System |
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191 | (37) |
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Structural Divisions of Nervous System |
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194 | (1) |
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Functional Divisions of Nervous System |
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194 | (1) |
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Primary Brain Vesicles Subdivide to Form Secondary Brain Vesicles |
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194 | (2) |
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Formation of Brain Flexures |
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196 | (2) |
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Cytodifferentiation of Neural Tube |
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198 | (1) |
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Differentiation of Spinal Cord |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (28) |
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226 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Development of the Peripheral Nervous System |
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228 | (17) |
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Structural Divisions of Nervous System |
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230 | (1) |
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Functional Divisions of Nervous System |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (8) |
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Development of Cranial PNS |
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241 | (3) |
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Differences in Preganglionic and Postganglionic Fiber Length Between Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System |
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244 | (1) |
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Chapter 11 Development of the Respiratory System and Body Cavities |
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245 | (16) |
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Development of Lungs and Respiratory Tree |
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246 | (7) |
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Partitioning of Coelom and Formation of Diaphragm |
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253 | (8) |
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Chapter 12 Development of the Heart |
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261 | (37) |
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Establishing Cardiac Lineage |
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263 | (1) |
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Formation of Primary Heart Tube |
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264 | (7) |
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271 | (2) |
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Formation of Primitive Blood Vessels Associated With the Endocardial Tube |
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273 | (1) |
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Coordinated Remodeling of Heart Tube and Primitive Vasculature Produces Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (15) |
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Development of Pacemaker and Conduction System |
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290 | (2) |
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Development of Epicardium and Coronary Vasculature |
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292 | (6) |
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Chapter 13 Development of the Vasculature |
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298 | (37) |
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Formation of Blood and Vasculature Begins Early in Third Week |
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300 | (1) |
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Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis |
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300 | (6) |
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306 | (2) |
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Development of Aortic Arch Arteries |
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308 | (6) |
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Dorsal Aorta Develops Ventral, Lateral, and Posterolateral Branches |
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314 | (4) |
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Primitive Embryonic Venous System Is Divided into Vitelline, Umbilical, and Cardinal Systems |
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318 | (9) |
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Development of Lymphatic System |
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327 | (1) |
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Dramatic Changes Occur in Circulatory System at Birth |
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328 | (7) |
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Chapter 14 Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
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335 | (33) |
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337 | (1) |
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Dorsal Mesentery Initially Suspends Abdominal Gut Tube |
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337 | (1) |
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Three Regions of Primitive Gut |
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338 | (1) |
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Development of Abdominal Foregut |
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339 | (5) |
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344 | (2) |
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Ventral Mesentery Derivatives |
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346 | (4) |
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350 | (2) |
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I Cytodifferentiation of Gut Endodermal Epithelium |
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352 | (6) |
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I Development of Outer Intestinal Wall and Its Innervation |
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358 | (3) |
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361 | (7) |
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Chapter 15 Development of the Urinary System |
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368 | (18) |
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Three Nephric Systems Arise During Development |
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368 | (10) |
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378 | (2) |
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Contributions of Hindgut Endoderm to Urinary Tract |
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380 | (4) |
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Development of Suprarenal Gland |
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384 | (2) |
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Chapter 16 Development of the Reproductive System |
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386 | (33) |
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Reproductive System Arises With Urinary System |
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388 | (1) |
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In Presence of Y Chromosome, Male Development Occurs |
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388 | (7) |
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In Absence of Y Chromosome, Female Development Occurs |
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395 | (7) |
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Development of External Genitalia |
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402 | (3) |
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Suspension of Mesonephric-Gonadal Complex Within Abdomen |
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405 | (1) |
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Development of Inguinal Canals |
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405 | (1) |
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405 | (9) |
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Ovaries Become Suspended in Broad Ligament of Uterus and Are Held High in Abdominal Cavity by Cranial Suspensory Ligaments |
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414 | (5) |
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Chapter 17 Development of the Pharyngeal Apparatus and Face |
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419 | (44) |
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421 | (9) |
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Development of Pharyngeal Arches |
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430 | (10) |
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440 | (3) |
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Development of Nasal and Oral Cavities |
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443 | (5) |
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448 | (1) |
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Fate of Pharyngeal Clefts |
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448 | (1) |
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Pharyngeal Arches Give Rise to Tongue |
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449 | (2) |
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Development of Thyroid Gland |
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451 | (2) |
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Development of Pharyngeal Pouches |
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453 | (1) |
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Development of Salivary Glands |
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454 | (2) |
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456 | (7) |
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Chapter 18 Development of the Ears |
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463 | (15) |
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Ear Consists of Three Individual Components |
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464 | (1) |
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465 | (9) |
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Development of Middle Ear |
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474 | (1) |
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Development of External Ear |
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475 | (3) |
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Chapter 19 Development of the Eyes |
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478 | (13) |
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Eye Originates From Several Embryonic Tissue Layers |
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479 | (1) |
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Development of Optic Cup and Lens |
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480 | (8) |
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488 | (3) |
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Chapter 20 Development of the Limbs |
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491 | (23) |
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Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions Control Limb Outgrowth |
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493 | (4) |
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497 | (11) |
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Tissue Origins of Limb Structures |
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508 | (1) |
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Differentiation of Limb Bones |
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508 | (1) |
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Innervation of Developing Limb |
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508 | (6) |
| Figure Credits |
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514 | |