| Preface |
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ix | |
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1 Basic background knowledge |
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1 | (16) |
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1.1 The definition of aspect |
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1 | (3) |
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1.1.1 The general cover term `situation' |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1.2 The concept of `tense' |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.3 The concept of aspect |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Aspectual meaning is compositional |
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4 | (13) |
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1.2.1 The inherent aspectual meaning of a verb |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Four situation types |
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5 | (3) |
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1.2.3 The compositional nature of aspectual meaning |
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8 | (9) |
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2 The perfective aspects in Chinese |
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17 | (116) |
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2.1 The perfective aspect `-le' |
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17 | (25) |
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2.1.1 The aspectual features of the perfective `-le' |
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17 | (3) |
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2.1.2 The interaction of `-le' with situation types |
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20 | (5) |
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2.1.3 The position of'-le' in a serial verb construction |
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25 | (1) |
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2.1.4 How to use the perfective `-le' |
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26 | (7) |
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2.1.5 Where not to use'-le' |
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33 | (2) |
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2.1.6 Conditions when `-le' can be omitted |
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35 | (5) |
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2.1.7 `-le'as an `Anteriority' marker |
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40 | (1) |
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2.1.8 Obligatory occurrence of `-le' with a monosyllabic activity verb |
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41 | (1) |
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2.2 The sentence-final `le' |
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42 | (25) |
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2.2.1 The grammatical meaning of the sentence-final `le' |
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43 | (2) |
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2.2.2 The sentence-final `le' can interact with different situation types |
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45 | (1) |
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2.2.3 The communicative function of the sentence-final `le' |
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46 | (3) |
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2.2.4 `Le' functions as a sentence-final punctuation mark |
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49 | (3) |
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2.2.5 The sentence-final `le' used in non-formal language situations |
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52 | (2) |
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2.2.6 `-Le' and `le' with formed writing style of exposition or description |
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54 | (6) |
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2.2.7 Other uses of the sentence-final `le' |
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60 | (3) |
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2.2.8 The combination of the perfective `-le' and the sentence-final `le' |
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63 | (4) |
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2.3 The experiential aspect particle `-guo' |
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67 | (23) |
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2.3.1 The grammatical meaning of the aspect particle `-guo' |
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67 | (2) |
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2.3.2 The relationship between the perfective aspect particles `-le'and `-guo' |
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69 | (7) |
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2.3.3 The aspectual properties of the experiential `-guo' |
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76 | (4) |
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2.3.4 The interaction between the unmarked perfective `-guo' and situation types |
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80 | (3) |
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2.3.5 The incompatibility between `-guo' and the notion of order or sequence |
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83 | (1) |
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2.3.6 About the indefinite nature of `-guo' |
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84 | (2) |
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2.3.7 About the assumption of "Recurrence" |
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86 | (3) |
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2.3.8 The experiential force of `-guo' |
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89 | (1) |
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2.4 `Guo' functions as the telle Aktionsart marker |
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90 | (5) |
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2.4.1 The telle Aktionsart function of `guo' and its interaction with the perfective `-le' |
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91 | (2) |
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2.4.2 Differences between the experiential `-guo' and the telle Aktionsart marker `guo' |
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93 | (2) |
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2.5 The delimitative aspect |
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95 | (13) |
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2.5.1 The grammatical meaning of the delimitative aspect |
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95 | (1) |
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2.5.2 The aspectual features of the delimitative aspect `V V' |
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96 | (5) |
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2.5.3 The types of verbs that can be reduplicated |
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101 | (2) |
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2.5.4 The pragmatic extensions of the grammatical meaning of the delimitative aspect |
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103 | (2) |
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2.5.5 The two forms: `V V' and `V yi V' |
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105 | (3) |
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Exercises of the perfective `-le' |
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108 | (5) |
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Exercises of the sentence-final `le' |
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113 | (7) |
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Exercises of the experiential aspect particle `-guo' |
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120 | (13) |
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3 The imperfective aspects in Chinese |
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133 | (146) |
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3.1 The definition of the imperfective aspect |
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133 | (1) |
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3.2 The progressive aspect `(zheng) zdi. . . ne' |
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134 | (28) |
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3.2.1 The form and definition of the progressive aspect |
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134 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Is `zed' a verb, an adverb, or a preposition? |
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135 | (4) |
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3.2.3 The progressive marker `zai' is the locative verb `zed' |
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139 | (4) |
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3.2.4 The grammatical meaning of the adverb `zheng' |
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143 | (2) |
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3.2.5 The grammatical meaning of the modal particle `ne' |
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145 | (1) |
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3.2.6 The interaction between progressive `zai' and the situation type of Activity |
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146 | (2) |
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3.2.7 The progressive `zai' and Accomplishments |
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148 | (5) |
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3.2.8 The progressive `zed' and the RVC/DVC |
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153 | (1) |
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3.2.9 The progressive `zai' and an Accomplishment with a definite NP |
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154 | (2) |
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3.2.10 The progressive `(zheng) zai' and Achievements |
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156 | (3) |
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3.2.11 The progressive `(zheng) zai' and stative verbs |
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159 | (3) |
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3.3 The continuous aspect `-zhe' |
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162 | (36) |
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3.3.1 The basic grammatical meaning of the continuous aspect `-zhe' |
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162 | (3) |
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3.3.2 The `Resultative stative' viewpoint is untenable |
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165 | (4) |
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3.3.3 The stative reading of `-zhe' in the existential construction |
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169 | (2) |
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3.3.4 The stativizing effect of the continuous `-zhe' |
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171 | (6) |
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3.3.5 The interaction of the continuous `-zhe' with situation types |
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177 | (5) |
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3.3.6 The continuous `-zhe' with Activities |
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182 | (2) |
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3.3.7 The continuous `-zhe' with the verb of stance |
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184 | (2) |
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3.3.8 The continuous `-zhe' with stative verbs |
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186 | (3) |
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3.3.9 The continuous `-zhe' in subordinate clauses |
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189 | (4) |
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3.3.10 The backgrounding function of `-zhe' |
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193 | (2) |
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3.3.11 The continuous `-zhe' in the imperative sentence |
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195 | (1) |
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3.3.12 The continuous `-zhe' with the progressive `(zheng) zai' |
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195 | (3) |
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3.4 The inceptive aspect particle `qilai' |
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198 | (36) |
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3.4.1 The basic grammatical meaning of the inceptive `qilai' |
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199 | (3) |
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3.4.2 The interaction between the inceptive `qilai'and Activity verbs |
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202 | (2) |
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3.4.3 The interaction between `qilai' and stative verbs |
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204 | (5) |
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3.4.4 The interaction of the inceptive `qilai' with adjectives |
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209 | (4) |
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3.4.5 The inceptive `qilai' with inchoatives |
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213 | (1) |
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3.4.6 Restrictions on the verb types imposed by the inceptive `qilai' |
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214 | (2) |
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3.4.7 `Qilai' as a telic Aktionsart marker |
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216 | (2) |
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3.4.8 `Qilai' and inchoative verbs |
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218 | (3) |
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3.4.9 The interaction between `qilai' and the perfective `LE' |
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221 | (5) |
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3.4.10 The interaction between the inceptive `qilai' and the progressive `zhengzai' |
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226 | (2) |
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3.4.11 The progressive marker `zai' cannot co-occur with `qilai' |
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228 | (2) |
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3.4.12 Verbs of perception and the inceptive aspect `qilai' |
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230 | (4) |
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3.5 The continuative aspect `xiaqu' |
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234 | (18) |
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3.5.1 The basic grammatical meaning of the continuative aspect `xiaqu' |
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234 | (5) |
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3.5.2 The interactions between `xiaqu' and Activity, Accomplishment and Achievement |
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239 | (1) |
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3.5.3 `Xiaqu' with semelfactive verbs |
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240 | (1) |
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3.5.4 `Xidcpi' with stative verbs and adjectives |
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241 | (2) |
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3.5.5 Compare `xiacpit' and `xialai' when interacting with adjectives |
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243 | (4) |
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3.5.6 Both `xialai' and `xiaqu' can function as telic Aktionsart markers |
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247 | (2) |
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3.5.7 The interaction of `xiaqu' with other aspects |
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249 | (3) |
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252 | (5) |
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Exercises for the imperfective aspect particle `-zhe' |
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257 | (7) |
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Exercises for the progressive aspect `(zheng) zai. . . (ne)' |
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264 | (2) |
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Exercises for the inceptive aspect |
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266 | (4) |
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Exercises for the continuative aspect |
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270 | (3) |
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Exercises for the perfective & imperfective aspect particles |
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273 | (6) |
| Bibliography |
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279 | (5) |
| Index |
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284 | |
