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Levels of Perception 2003 [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 434 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 852 g, 126 Illustrations, black and white; XXIV, 434 p. 126 illus., 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 27-Jan-2003
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 0387955259
  • ISBN-13: 9780387955254
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 434 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 852 g, 126 Illustrations, black and white; XXIV, 434 p. 126 illus., 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 27-Jan-2003
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 0387955259
  • ISBN-13: 9780387955254
In this book the authors relate and discuss the idea that perceptual processes can be considered at many levels. A phenomenon that appears at one level may not be the same as a superficially similar phenomenon that appears at a different level. For example "induced motion" can be analyzed in terms of eye movements or at the retinal level or at a much higher cognitive level: how do these analyses fit together? The concept of levels also makes us think of the flow of information between levels, which leads to a consideration of the roles of top-down and bottom-up (or feed-forward, feed-back) flow. There are sections devoted to vestibular processing, eye movement processing and processing during brightness perception. The final section covers levels of processing in spatial vision. All scientists and graduate students working in vision will be interested in this book as well as people involved in using visual processes in computer animations, display design or the sensory systems of machines.

The authors relate and discuss the idea that perceptual processes can be considered at many levels. A phenomenon that appears at one level may not be the same as a superficially similar phenomenon that appears at a different level. Sections include vestibular processing, eye movement processing, processing during brightness perception, and levels of processing in spatial vision. The accompanying CD-ROM contains figures, videoclips, websites, etc., to enhance the reader's understanding.

Arvustused

From the reviews:

"Levels of Perception is a collection of papers from a 2001 conference held to honour Ian Howard. This is an excellent additional resource . this book would be an excellent way for students to begin thinking seriously about levels of perception and how to experimentally attack these levels rigorously. achieves its main aim, namely to be a suitable tribute to the work of Ian Howard, and to the underlying philosophy driving that work." (Andrew Wilson, Perception, Vol. 32 (8), 2003)

Preface vii
Contributors xix
Ian P. Howard and Levels of Perception
1(8)
Laurence R. Harris
Ian P. Howard
Michael Jenkin
Ian's Contribution to Science
2(1)
Ian on Ian
3(3)
Levels of Perception
6(3)
I Brightness and Lightness 9(64)
Dualistic Versus Monistic Accounts of Lightness Perception
11(12)
Alan L. Gilchrist
Elias Economou
Introduction
11(6)
Methods
17(2)
Locus of Error (Gilchrist et al., 1999)
17(1)
Staircase Contrast
18(1)
Variation of Target Reflectance
18(1)
Shift of Locus
19(1)
High-Level Models
19(1)
Conclusions
20(3)
Levels of Brightness Perception
23(24)
Frederick A. A. Kingdom
Introduction
23(1)
Simultaneous Brightness Contrast
24(2)
Contrast Brightness and Low-Level Filtering
26(8)
A Common Transducer Function for Brightness Discrimination and Brightness Scaling
26(1)
Illusory Gratings Facilitate the Detection of Real Gratings
27(5)
Increment and Decrement Perception is Categorical
32(2)
Multiscale Filtering and Edge-Based Filling-In
34(2)
Helmholtz and the Illumination-Interpretative Approach
36(6)
Integration and Anchoring
42(1)
Conclusions
43(4)
A Multiscale Spatial Filtering Account of Brightness Phenomena
47(26)
Barbara Blakeslee
Mark E. McCourt
The Central Problem, and a Consideration of Terminology
47(2)
Brightness Illusions: Levels of Explanation
49(24)
Simultaneous Brightness Contrast and Grating Induction
50(6)
White's Effect and Todorovic's SBC Demonstration
56(9)
The Wertheimer--Benary Effect and the Corrugated Mondrian
65(3)
Conclusions and Discussion of Possible Higher-Level Influences: Transparency
68(5)
II Levels of Perception 73(138)
Levels of Motion Perception
75(26)
Stuart Anstis
Introduction
75(1)
Illusory Rotation of a Spoked Wheel
75(2)
Contrast Affects Motion Strength
77(8)
Contrast and Motion: Conclusions
83(2)
From Low-Level to High-Level
85(1)
Terminators and the Aperture Problem
86(1)
Contrast Affects the Aperture Problem: The Plaid-Motion Illusion and Intersections of Constraints
86(1)
Contrast Affects the Aperture Problem: The Peripheral-Oblique Illusion
87(3)
Sliding Rods and Rings: The Chopstick Illusion
90(4)
Aperture Problem: Conclusions
94(1)
One Low-Level Stimulus, Two High-Level Interpretations: Local Versus Global Perception of Ambiguous Motion Displays
94(7)
Reconciling Rival Interpretations of Binocular Rivalry
101(26)
Randolph Blake
Introduction
101(3)
Reasons for Believing That Rivalry Is ``Early''
104(6)
Eye Swapping
104(1)
Rivalry Suppression Is Nonselective
104(2)
Dominance Is Uncontrollable
106(3)
Rivalry Dominance Follows Cortical Magnification
109(1)
Reasons to Believe That Rivalry Is ``Late''
110(10)
Interocular Grouping
110(4)
Dissociation of Color, Motion, and Form During Rivalry
114(1)
Visual Adaptation Survives Suppression
115(1)
Binocular Rivalry with Rapid Eye Swapping
116(3)
Other Evidence Bearing on the ``Early'' vs. ``Late'' Distinction
119(1)
Does the ``Early'' vs. ``Late'' Distinction Remain Tenable?
120(1)
Postscript
121(6)
The Making of a Direction Sensing System for the Howard Eggmobile
127(22)
Hiroshi Ono
Linda Lillakas
Alistair P. Mapp
Preamble
127(1)
Introduction
127(2)
The Making of Models 1 and 2: A Single, Centrally Located Input Device
129(1)
The Making of Model 3: Two Frontally Located Input Devices
130(11)
Conclusion
141(8)
Levels of Processing in the Size-Distance Paradox
149(20)
Helen E. Ross
The Size-Distance Paradox
149(2)
Historical Background to Levels of Processing in SDI
151(2)
Modern Approaches to Classical SDI
153(2)
Perceptual SDI: Misperceiving Angular Size
155(2)
The Further-Larger-Nearer Hypothesis and Classical SDI
157(1)
Independence of Size and Distance
158(1)
Half-Way Houses: Automatic and Cognitive Perceptions
159(2)
Space Perception in Vision and Touch
161(3)
Undistorted Vision
161(1)
Optical Distortion
162(1)
Perceptual Distortion
163(1)
Conclusions
164(5)
The Level of Attention: Mediating Between the Stimulus and Perception
169(24)
Jeremy M. Wolfe
Evidence for the Parallel Processing of Visual Features
170(1)
Basic Features and Early Vision
171(3)
The Lists of Features Are Different
172(1)
Preattentive Basic Features Can Be Created as ``Second Order'' Stimuli
172(1)
Coding of Preattentive Basic Features Appears to Be Quite Coarse
172(1)
Coding of Preattentive Features May Be Categorical
173(1)
Reverse Hierarchy
173(1)
The Nature of Preattentive Objects
174(2)
Post-attentive Vision
176(1)
One Object at a Time?
177(3)
What Do We Actually See?
180(4)
The Argument for Not Much
180(1)
The Argument for a Rich Representation
180(4)
Conclusions
184(9)
Single Cells to Cellular Networks
193(18)
Robert F. Hess
Introduction
193(1)
The Nuts and Bolts
194(3)
Regional Specialization
197(1)
Processing Level
198(7)
The Linking Code
199(6)
Conclusion
205(6)
III Eye Movements and Perception 211(66)
Levels of Fixation
213(18)
Richard V. Abadi
Richard Clement
Emma Gowen
Introduction
213(1)
Control Mechanisms for Holding the Eyes Steady on Primary Gaze
213(4)
Fixation Cells and Pathways
215(1)
Saccadic Intrusions and Oscillations
215(2)
Infantile Nystagmus
217(7)
Mechanisms Underlying Congenital Nystagmus
219(1)
Are Congenital Nystagmus Waveforms Produced by Saccadic System Abnormalities?
219(1)
A Dynamical Systems Approach to Understanding Intrusions and Oscillations
220(4)
Manifest Latent Nystagmus
224(1)
Eccentric Gaze Holding
224(3)
Concluding Remarks
227(4)
Plasticity of the Near Response
231(26)
Clifton M. Schor
Introduction
231(2)
A Coarse to Fine Strategy for Vergence
233(1)
Cross-Coupling of Voluntary and Involuntary Motor Responses and the Near Response
233(1)
What Geometric Properties of Stimuli for the Three Components of Vergence Make Coupling Possible?
234(6)
Horizontal Vergence Coupling
234(1)
Vertical Vergence Coupling
234(1)
Cyclovergence Coupling
235(5)
To What Degree are These Couplings Fixed and Can They Be Modified in Response to Sensory Demands Placed on Binocular Vision?
240(6)
Horizontal Vergence
240(1)
Vertical Vergence
240(3)
Cyclovergence
243(3)
How Might These Changes in the Near Response Be Implemented?
246(6)
Convergence and Accommodation
246(2)
Cyclovergence and Eye Elevation During Convergence
248(1)
Vertical Eye Alignment in Tertiary Gaze
249(3)
Summary
252(5)
Population Coding of Vergence Eye Movements in Cortical Area MST
257(14)
A. Takemura
K. Kawano
C. Quaia
F. A. Miles
Introduction
257(1)
The Sensory-Motor Paradigm: Short-Latency, Disparity-Vergence Eye Movements
258(1)
Neuronal Responses in MST: Spatial Coding by Individual Cells
259(1)
Neuronal Responses in MST: Spatial Coding by the Population of Cells
260(4)
Neuronal Responses in MST: Temporal Coding
264(1)
Population Coding
264(7)
Subsequent Signal Processing
266(1)
Multiplexing
267(4)
Tendon End Organs Play an Important Role in Supplying Eye Position Information
271(6)
Martin J. Steinbach
Preamble: Professor Howard Hires Soon-to-be-Professor Steinbach
271(1)
Lessons on Visual Direction
272(1)
Testing the Outflow Theory of Eye Position Sense and Finding It Wanting
272(1)
Eye Muscles Are Special
273(1)
Palisade Endings Are Motor?!
274(1)
Coda
275(2)
IV Perception of Orientation and Self-Motion 277(140)
Levels of Analysis of the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex: A Postmodern Approach
279(16)
Laurence R. Harris
Karl Beykirch
Michael Fetter
Introduction
279(3)
Channel Theory
279(1)
Compensating for Instability
280(1)
A Postmodern Approach
281(1)
The Three-Dimensional Performance of the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
282(4)
VOR Evoked by Rotation About Axes in the Fronto-Parallel Plane
283(1)
VOR Evoked by Rotation About Axes in the Horizontal Plane
283(2)
VOR Evoked by Rotation About Axes in the Sagittal Plane
285(1)
Uneven Gains Theory
285(1)
The VOR Compensates for Rotation and Translation of the Eyes Associated with Head Rotation
285(1)
Modelling the VOR as a Simple Three-Channel System
286(2)
Minimum Gain Axes
287(1)
Testing the Model
288(2)
VOR After Adaptation Around the RALP Axis
289(1)
Adapting the Model
290(1)
Significance of the Orientations of the Channels
290(1)
The VOR as a Postmodern Reflex With a Simple Mechanism
291(4)
Signal Processing in Vestibular Nuclei: Dissociating Sensory, Motor, and Cognitive Influences
295(24)
K. E. Cullen
J. E. Roy
P. A. Sylvestre
Introduction
296(2)
Methods
298(2)
Surgical Procedures
298(1)
Experimental Paradigms
298(1)
Analysis of Neuron Discharges
299(1)
VOR Pathways: Active Versus Passive Head Motion
300(3)
The Direct VOR Pathway
300(1)
The VOR During Gaze Redirection: VOR Cancellation and Gaze Pursuit
300(2)
The VOR During Gaze Redirection: Gaze Shifts
302(1)
Vestibulo-Spinal Pathways: Active Versus Passive Head Motion
303(9)
Head-Restrained Activity and Projections of Vestibular-Only Neurons
303(2)
Vestibular-Only Neurons: Active Gaze Pursuit and Gaze Shifts
305(2)
Vestibular-Only Neurons: Differential Encoding of Active Versus Passive Head Motion
307(1)
Vestibular-Only Neurons: Mechanisms of Attenuation
308(1)
Neck Proprioceptive Inputs
308(1)
The Role of Monkey's Knowledge of Its Self-Generated Motion
308(2)
The Influence of Neck Motor Commands
310(2)
VOR Pathways: Testing Our Initial Hypothesis
312(1)
Discussion and Conclusions
312(7)
Neural Encoding of Gaze Dependencies During Translation
319(22)
Dora E. Angelaki
J. David Dickman
Introduction
319(2)
Methods
321(5)
Results
326(6)
Dependence on Vergence Angle
326(1)
Dependence on Gaze Direction
327(5)
Discussion
332(9)
Sensorimotor Signal Transformations
332(2)
The Floccular Lobe and the Translational VOR
334(2)
Dependence on Gaze Direction
336(5)
Influence of Rotational Cues on the Neural Processing of Gravito-Inertial Force
341(34)
Daniel M. Merfeld
Lionel H. Zupan
Introduction
341(2)
Background
343(5)
Rotation Cues
343(1)
Physics
344(3)
Internal Models and Neural Representations of Physical Quantities
347(1)
Influence of Rotational Cues on Tilt Responses
348(8)
Perceptual Measures of Tilt
348(5)
Manual Control Measures of Tilt
353(2)
Eye Movement Measures of Tilt
355(1)
Influence of Rotational Cues on Translation Responses
356(8)
Perceptual Measures of Translation
357(2)
Eye Movement Measures of Translation
359(5)
Sensory Integration Modeling
364(2)
Discussion
366(9)
Human Visual Orientation in Weightlessness
375(24)
Charles M. Oman
Introduction
375(1)
Human Orientation Problems in Space Flight
376(6)
0-G Inversion Illusions
376(1)
Visual Reorientation Illusions
377(2)
Inversion Illusions, VRIs, and Space Sickness
379(1)
EVA Height Vertigo
380(1)
3D Spatial Memory and Navigation Difficulties
380(2)
A Model for Human Visual Orientation
382(5)
Beginning with a 1-G Model
382(2)
Extending the Model to 0-G
384(3)
Related Experiments
387(8)
Gravireceptor Bias
387(1)
Visual Frame Effects
388(1)
Visual Polarity Effects
389(1)
Interaction Between Gravity, Polarity, Frame, and Idiotropic Cues
390(1)
Animal and Human Visual Orientation Experiments in Weightlessness
391(2)
EVA Height Vertigo
393(1)
3D Spatial Memory and Navigation Difficulties
394(1)
Conclusion
395(4)
Three-Axis Approaches to Ocular Motor Control: A Role for the Cerebellum
399(18)
Mark F. Walker
Heimo Steffen
David S. Zee
Introduction
399(1)
Perceptual Disturbances Related to Abnormalities of Torsion
399(2)
Listing's Law and the Cerebellum
401(8)
A Labyrinthine Coordinate Scheme for Smooth Pursuit: Torsion During Vertical Pursuit
409(1)
Inappropriate Torsional Responses to Vestibular Stimulation: Cross-Coupling in the VOR
410(7)
Author Index 417(14)
Subject Index 431