Preface |
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vii | |
Contributors |
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xix | |
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Ian P. Howard and Levels of Perception |
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1 | (8) |
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Ian's Contribution to Science |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (3) |
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6 | (3) |
I Brightness and Lightness |
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9 | (64) |
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Dualistic Versus Monistic Accounts of Lightness Perception |
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11 | (12) |
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11 | (6) |
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17 | (2) |
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Locus of Error (Gilchrist et al., 1999) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Variation of Target Reflectance |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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Levels of Brightness Perception |
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23 | (24) |
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23 | (1) |
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Simultaneous Brightness Contrast |
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24 | (2) |
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Contrast Brightness and Low-Level Filtering |
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26 | (8) |
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A Common Transducer Function for Brightness Discrimination and Brightness Scaling |
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26 | (1) |
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Illusory Gratings Facilitate the Detection of Real Gratings |
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27 | (5) |
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Increment and Decrement Perception is Categorical |
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32 | (2) |
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Multiscale Filtering and Edge-Based Filling-In |
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34 | (2) |
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Helmholtz and the Illumination-Interpretative Approach |
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36 | (6) |
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Integration and Anchoring |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (4) |
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A Multiscale Spatial Filtering Account of Brightness Phenomena |
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47 | (26) |
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The Central Problem, and a Consideration of Terminology |
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47 | (2) |
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Brightness Illusions: Levels of Explanation |
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49 | (24) |
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Simultaneous Brightness Contrast and Grating Induction |
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50 | (6) |
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White's Effect and Todorovic's SBC Demonstration |
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56 | (9) |
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The Wertheimer--Benary Effect and the Corrugated Mondrian |
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65 | (3) |
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Conclusions and Discussion of Possible Higher-Level Influences: Transparency |
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68 | (5) |
II Levels of Perception |
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73 | (138) |
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Levels of Motion Perception |
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75 | (26) |
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75 | (1) |
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Illusory Rotation of a Spoked Wheel |
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75 | (2) |
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Contrast Affects Motion Strength |
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77 | (8) |
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Contrast and Motion: Conclusions |
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83 | (2) |
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From Low-Level to High-Level |
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85 | (1) |
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Terminators and the Aperture Problem |
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86 | (1) |
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Contrast Affects the Aperture Problem: The Plaid-Motion Illusion and Intersections of Constraints |
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86 | (1) |
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Contrast Affects the Aperture Problem: The Peripheral-Oblique Illusion |
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87 | (3) |
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Sliding Rods and Rings: The Chopstick Illusion |
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90 | (4) |
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Aperture Problem: Conclusions |
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94 | (1) |
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One Low-Level Stimulus, Two High-Level Interpretations: Local Versus Global Perception of Ambiguous Motion Displays |
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94 | (7) |
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Reconciling Rival Interpretations of Binocular Rivalry |
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101 | (26) |
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101 | (3) |
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Reasons for Believing That Rivalry Is ``Early'' |
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104 | (6) |
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104 | (1) |
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Rivalry Suppression Is Nonselective |
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104 | (2) |
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Dominance Is Uncontrollable |
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106 | (3) |
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Rivalry Dominance Follows Cortical Magnification |
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109 | (1) |
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Reasons to Believe That Rivalry Is ``Late'' |
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110 | (10) |
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110 | (4) |
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Dissociation of Color, Motion, and Form During Rivalry |
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114 | (1) |
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Visual Adaptation Survives Suppression |
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115 | (1) |
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Binocular Rivalry with Rapid Eye Swapping |
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116 | (3) |
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Other Evidence Bearing on the ``Early'' vs. ``Late'' Distinction |
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119 | (1) |
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Does the ``Early'' vs. ``Late'' Distinction Remain Tenable? |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (6) |
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The Making of a Direction Sensing System for the Howard Eggmobile |
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127 | (22) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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The Making of Models 1 and 2: A Single, Centrally Located Input Device |
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129 | (1) |
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The Making of Model 3: Two Frontally Located Input Devices |
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130 | (11) |
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141 | (8) |
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Levels of Processing in the Size-Distance Paradox |
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149 | (20) |
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The Size-Distance Paradox |
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149 | (2) |
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Historical Background to Levels of Processing in SDI |
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151 | (2) |
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Modern Approaches to Classical SDI |
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153 | (2) |
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Perceptual SDI: Misperceiving Angular Size |
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155 | (2) |
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The Further-Larger-Nearer Hypothesis and Classical SDI |
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157 | (1) |
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Independence of Size and Distance |
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158 | (1) |
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Half-Way Houses: Automatic and Cognitive Perceptions |
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159 | (2) |
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Space Perception in Vision and Touch |
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161 | (3) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (5) |
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The Level of Attention: Mediating Between the Stimulus and Perception |
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169 | (24) |
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Evidence for the Parallel Processing of Visual Features |
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170 | (1) |
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Basic Features and Early Vision |
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171 | (3) |
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The Lists of Features Are Different |
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172 | (1) |
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Preattentive Basic Features Can Be Created as ``Second Order'' Stimuli |
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172 | (1) |
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Coding of Preattentive Basic Features Appears to Be Quite Coarse |
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172 | (1) |
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Coding of Preattentive Features May Be Categorical |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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The Nature of Preattentive Objects |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (3) |
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180 | (4) |
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The Argument for Not Much |
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180 | (1) |
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The Argument for a Rich Representation |
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180 | (4) |
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184 | (9) |
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Single Cells to Cellular Networks |
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193 | (18) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (3) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (7) |
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199 | (6) |
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205 | (6) |
III Eye Movements and Perception |
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211 | (66) |
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213 | (18) |
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213 | (1) |
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Control Mechanisms for Holding the Eyes Steady on Primary Gaze |
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213 | (4) |
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Fixation Cells and Pathways |
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215 | (1) |
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Saccadic Intrusions and Oscillations |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (7) |
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Mechanisms Underlying Congenital Nystagmus |
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219 | (1) |
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Are Congenital Nystagmus Waveforms Produced by Saccadic System Abnormalities? |
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219 | (1) |
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A Dynamical Systems Approach to Understanding Intrusions and Oscillations |
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220 | (4) |
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Manifest Latent Nystagmus |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (3) |
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227 | (4) |
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Plasticity of the Near Response |
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231 | (26) |
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231 | (2) |
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A Coarse to Fine Strategy for Vergence |
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233 | (1) |
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Cross-Coupling of Voluntary and Involuntary Motor Responses and the Near Response |
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233 | (1) |
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What Geometric Properties of Stimuli for the Three Components of Vergence Make Coupling Possible? |
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234 | (6) |
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Horizontal Vergence Coupling |
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234 | (1) |
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Vertical Vergence Coupling |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (5) |
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To What Degree are These Couplings Fixed and Can They Be Modified in Response to Sensory Demands Placed on Binocular Vision? |
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240 | (6) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (3) |
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243 | (3) |
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How Might These Changes in the Near Response Be Implemented? |
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246 | (6) |
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Convergence and Accommodation |
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246 | (2) |
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Cyclovergence and Eye Elevation During Convergence |
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248 | (1) |
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Vertical Eye Alignment in Tertiary Gaze |
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249 | (3) |
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252 | (5) |
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Population Coding of Vergence Eye Movements in Cortical Area MST |
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257 | (14) |
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257 | (1) |
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The Sensory-Motor Paradigm: Short-Latency, Disparity-Vergence Eye Movements |
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258 | (1) |
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Neuronal Responses in MST: Spatial Coding by Individual Cells |
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259 | (1) |
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Neuronal Responses in MST: Spatial Coding by the Population of Cells |
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260 | (4) |
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Neuronal Responses in MST: Temporal Coding |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (7) |
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Subsequent Signal Processing |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (4) |
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Tendon End Organs Play an Important Role in Supplying Eye Position Information |
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271 | (6) |
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Preamble: Professor Howard Hires Soon-to-be-Professor Steinbach |
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271 | (1) |
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Lessons on Visual Direction |
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272 | (1) |
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Testing the Outflow Theory of Eye Position Sense and Finding It Wanting |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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Palisade Endings Are Motor?! |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (2) |
IV Perception of Orientation and Self-Motion |
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277 | (140) |
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Levels of Analysis of the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex: A Postmodern Approach |
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279 | (16) |
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279 | (3) |
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279 | (1) |
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Compensating for Instability |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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The Three-Dimensional Performance of the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex |
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282 | (4) |
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VOR Evoked by Rotation About Axes in the Fronto-Parallel Plane |
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283 | (1) |
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VOR Evoked by Rotation About Axes in the Horizontal Plane |
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283 | (2) |
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VOR Evoked by Rotation About Axes in the Sagittal Plane |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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The VOR Compensates for Rotation and Translation of the Eyes Associated with Head Rotation |
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285 | (1) |
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Modelling the VOR as a Simple Three-Channel System |
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286 | (2) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (2) |
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VOR After Adaptation Around the RALP Axis |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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Significance of the Orientations of the Channels |
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290 | (1) |
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The VOR as a Postmodern Reflex With a Simple Mechanism |
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291 | (4) |
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Signal Processing in Vestibular Nuclei: Dissociating Sensory, Motor, and Cognitive Influences |
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295 | (24) |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (2) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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Analysis of Neuron Discharges |
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299 | (1) |
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VOR Pathways: Active Versus Passive Head Motion |
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300 | (3) |
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300 | (1) |
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The VOR During Gaze Redirection: VOR Cancellation and Gaze Pursuit |
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300 | (2) |
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The VOR During Gaze Redirection: Gaze Shifts |
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302 | (1) |
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Vestibulo-Spinal Pathways: Active Versus Passive Head Motion |
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303 | (9) |
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Head-Restrained Activity and Projections of Vestibular-Only Neurons |
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303 | (2) |
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Vestibular-Only Neurons: Active Gaze Pursuit and Gaze Shifts |
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305 | (2) |
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Vestibular-Only Neurons: Differential Encoding of Active Versus Passive Head Motion |
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307 | (1) |
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Vestibular-Only Neurons: Mechanisms of Attenuation |
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308 | (1) |
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Neck Proprioceptive Inputs |
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308 | (1) |
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The Role of Monkey's Knowledge of Its Self-Generated Motion |
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308 | (2) |
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The Influence of Neck Motor Commands |
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310 | (2) |
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VOR Pathways: Testing Our Initial Hypothesis |
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312 | (1) |
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Discussion and Conclusions |
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312 | (7) |
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Neural Encoding of Gaze Dependencies During Translation |
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319 | (22) |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (5) |
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326 | (6) |
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Dependence on Vergence Angle |
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326 | (1) |
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Dependence on Gaze Direction |
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327 | (5) |
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332 | (9) |
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Sensorimotor Signal Transformations |
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332 | (2) |
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The Floccular Lobe and the Translational VOR |
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334 | (2) |
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Dependence on Gaze Direction |
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336 | (5) |
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Influence of Rotational Cues on the Neural Processing of Gravito-Inertial Force |
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341 | (34) |
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341 | (2) |
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343 | (5) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (3) |
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Internal Models and Neural Representations of Physical Quantities |
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347 | (1) |
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Influence of Rotational Cues on Tilt Responses |
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348 | (8) |
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Perceptual Measures of Tilt |
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348 | (5) |
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Manual Control Measures of Tilt |
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353 | (2) |
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Eye Movement Measures of Tilt |
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355 | (1) |
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Influence of Rotational Cues on Translation Responses |
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356 | (8) |
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Perceptual Measures of Translation |
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357 | (2) |
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Eye Movement Measures of Translation |
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359 | (5) |
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Sensory Integration Modeling |
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364 | (2) |
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366 | (9) |
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Human Visual Orientation in Weightlessness |
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375 | (24) |
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375 | (1) |
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Human Orientation Problems in Space Flight |
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376 | (6) |
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376 | (1) |
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Visual Reorientation Illusions |
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377 | (2) |
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Inversion Illusions, VRIs, and Space Sickness |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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3D Spatial Memory and Navigation Difficulties |
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380 | (2) |
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A Model for Human Visual Orientation |
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382 | (5) |
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Beginning with a 1-G Model |
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382 | (2) |
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Extending the Model to 0-G |
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384 | (3) |
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387 | (8) |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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Interaction Between Gravity, Polarity, Frame, and Idiotropic Cues |
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390 | (1) |
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Animal and Human Visual Orientation Experiments in Weightlessness |
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391 | (2) |
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393 | (1) |
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3D Spatial Memory and Navigation Difficulties |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (4) |
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Three-Axis Approaches to Ocular Motor Control: A Role for the Cerebellum |
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399 | (18) |
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399 | (1) |
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Perceptual Disturbances Related to Abnormalities of Torsion |
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399 | (2) |
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Listing's Law and the Cerebellum |
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401 | (8) |
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A Labyrinthine Coordinate Scheme for Smooth Pursuit: Torsion During Vertical Pursuit |
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409 | (1) |
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Inappropriate Torsional Responses to Vestibular Stimulation: Cross-Coupling in the VOR |
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410 | (7) |
Author Index |
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417 | (14) |
Subject Index |
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431 | |