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Lifetime-Oriented Design Concepts |
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1 | (8) |
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Lifetime-Related Structural Damage Evolution |
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1 | (2) |
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Time-Dependent Reliability of Ageing Structures |
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3 | (1) |
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Idea of Working-Life Related Building Classes |
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4 | (1) |
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Economic and Further Aspects of Service-Life Control |
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5 | (2) |
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Fundamentals of Lifetime-Oriented Design |
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7 | (2) |
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Damage-Oriented Actions and Environmental Impact |
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9 | (114) |
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9 | (26) |
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Wind Buffeting with Relation to Fatigue |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (3) |
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14 | (4) |
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Influence of Wind Direction on Cycles of Gust Responses |
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18 | (1) |
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Wind Data in the Sectors of the Wind Rosette |
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19 | (3) |
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Structural Safety Considering the Occurrence Probability of the Wind Loading |
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22 | (1) |
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Advanced Directional Factors |
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23 | (2) |
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Vortex Excitation Including Lock-In |
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25 | (2) |
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Relevant Wind Load Models |
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27 | (2) |
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Wind Load Model for the Fatigue Analysis of Bridge Hangers |
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29 | (4) |
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Micro and Macro Time Domain |
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33 | (1) |
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Renewal Processes and Pulse Processes |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (11) |
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35 | (1) |
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Thermal Impacts on Structures |
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35 | (4) |
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39 | (1) |
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Modelling of Short Term Thermal Impacts and Experimental Results |
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40 | (3) |
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Application: Thermal Actions on a Cooling Tower Shell |
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43 | (3) |
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46 | (46) |
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Traffic Loads on Road Bridges |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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Basic European Traffic Data |
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47 | (5) |
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Basic Assumptions of the Load Models for Ultimate and Serviceability Limit States in Eurocode |
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52 | (10) |
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Principles for the Development of Fatigue Load Models |
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62 | (11) |
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Actual Traffic Trends and Required Future Investigations |
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73 | (6) |
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Aerodynamic Loads along High-Speed Railway Lines |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (5) |
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Load Pattern for Static and Dynamic Design Calculations |
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87 | (3) |
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90 | (2) |
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Load-Independent Environmental Impact |
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92 | (17) |
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Interactions of External Factors Influencing Durability |
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93 | (2) |
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Frost Attack (with and without Deicing Agents) |
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95 | (1) |
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The ``Frost Environment'': External Factors and Frost Attack |
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96 | (7) |
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Damage Due to Frost Attack |
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103 | (3) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (14) |
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Settlement Due to Cyclic Loading |
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109 | (5) |
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Multidimensional Amplitude for Soils under Cyclic Loading |
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114 | (9) |
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Deterioration of Materials and Structures |
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123 | (242) |
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Phenomena of Material Degradation on Various Scales |
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124 | (39) |
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124 | (1) |
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Quasi Static Loading in Cementitious Materials |
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124 | (1) |
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Fracture Mechanism of Concrete Subjected to Uniaxial Compression Loading |
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124 | (1) |
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Fracture Mechanism of Concrete Subjected to Uniaxial Tension Loadings |
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125 | (1) |
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Concrete under Multiaxial Loadings |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (1) |
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Ductile Mode of Degradation in Metals |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (6) |
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137 | (3) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Degradation of Concrete Due to Thermal Incompatibility of Its Components |
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140 | (1) |
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Stresses Due to Thermal Loading |
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141 | (1) |
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Temperature and Stress Development in Concrete at the Early Age Due to Heat of Hydration |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Hygral Behaviour of Hardened Cement Paste |
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143 | (4) |
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Influence of Cracks on the Moisture Transport |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (1) |
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Microstructure of Cementitious Materials |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (5) |
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157 | (1) |
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Sulphate Attack on Concrete and Mortar |
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157 | (1) |
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Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete |
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158 | (2) |
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Accumulation in Soils Due to Cyclic Loading: A Deterioration Phenomenon? |
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160 | (3) |
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163 | (73) |
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Laboratory Testing of Structural Materials |
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163 | (1) |
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Micro-macrocrack Detection in Metals |
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163 | (1) |
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Electric Resistance Measurements |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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Measurement of the Electrical Resistance |
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165 | (1) |
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Calculation of the Electrical Resistance |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (2) |
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Location of Acoustic Emission Sources |
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171 | (1) |
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Linear Location of Acoustic Emission Sources |
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171 | (1) |
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Location of Sources in Two Dimensions |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (6) |
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Degradation of Concrete Subjected to Cyclic Compressive Loading |
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180 | (1) |
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Test Series and Experimental Strategy |
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180 | (2) |
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Degradation Determined by Decrease of Stiffness |
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182 | (1) |
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Degradation Determined by Changes in Stress-Strain Relation |
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183 | (2) |
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Adequate Description of Degradation by Fatigue Strain |
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185 | (2) |
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Behaviour of High Strength Concrete and Air-Entrained Concrete |
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187 | (2) |
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Influence of Various Coarse Aggregates and Different Grading Curves |
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189 | (1) |
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Cracking in the Microstructure Due to Cyclic Loading |
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190 | (1) |
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Influence of Single Rest Periods |
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191 | (2) |
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Sequence Effect Determined by Two-Stage Tests |
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193 | (1) |
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Degradation of Concrete Subjected to Freeze Thaw |
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194 | (4) |
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High-Cycle Laboratory Tests on Soils |
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198 | (9) |
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Structural Testing of Composite Structures of Steel and Concrete |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (5) |
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Basic Tests for the Fatigue Resistance of Shear Connectors |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (3) |
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215 | (1) |
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Test Setup and Loading Procedure |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (2) |
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Results of the Push-Out Tests |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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Results of the Constant Amplitude Tests |
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219 | (3) |
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Results of the Tests with Multiple Blocks of Loading |
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222 | (1) |
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Results of the Tests Regarding the Mode Control and the Effect of Low Temperature |
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223 | (2) |
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Results of the Tests Regarding Crack Initiation and Crack Propagation |
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225 | (1) |
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Fatigue Tests of Full-Scale Composite Beams |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (4) |
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231 | (1) |
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Main Results of the Beam Tests |
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232 | (4) |
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236 | (115) |
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237 | (1) |
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Damage in Cementitious Materials Subjected to Quasi Static Loading |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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Damage Mechanics-Based Models |
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238 | (6) |
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244 | (1) |
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Coupled Elastoplastic-Damage Models |
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244 | (2) |
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Multisurface Elastoplastic-Damage Model for Concrete |
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246 | (6) |
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252 | (3) |
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255 | (1) |
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Mechanism-Oriented Simulation of Low Cycle Fatigue of Metallic Structures |
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255 | (1) |
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Macroscopic Elasto-Plastic Damage Model for Cyclic Loading |
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256 | (3) |
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259 | (2) |
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Quasi-Brittle Damage in Materials |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (9) |
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270 | (15) |
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Non-mechanical Loading and Interactions |
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285 | (1) |
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Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical Modelling of Cementitious Materials - Shrinkage and Creep |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (2) |
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Identification of Coupling Coefficients |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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Multisurface Damage-Plasticity Model for Partially Saturated Concrete |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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Moisture and Heat Transport |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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Chemo-Mechanical Modelling of Cementitious Materials |
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294 | (1) |
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Models for Ion Transport and Dissolution Processes |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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Initial Boundary Value Problem |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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Migration of Calcium Ions in Water and Electrolyte Solutions |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (2) |
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Models for Expansive Processes |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (3) |
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305 | (2) |
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307 | (4) |
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311 | (2) |
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A High-Cycle Model for Soils |
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313 | (3) |
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Models for the Fatigue Resistance of Composite Structures |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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Modelling of the Local Behaviour of Shear Connectors in the Case of Cyclic Loading |
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|
317 | (1) |
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Static Strength of Headed Shear Studs without Any Pre-damage |
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|
317 | (5) |
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Failure Modes of Headed Shear Studs Subjected to High-Cycle Loading |
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322 | (5) |
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Correlation between the Reduced Static Strength and the Geometrical Property of the Fatigue Fracture Area |
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327 | (2) |
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Lifetime - Number of Cycles to Failure Based on Force Controlled Fatigue Tests |
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|
329 | (1) |
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Reduced Static Strength over Lifetime |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (2) |
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Crack Initiation and Crack Development |
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334 | (3) |
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Improved Damage Accumulation Model |
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337 | (4) |
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Ductility and Crack Formation |
|
|
341 | (1) |
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Finite Element Calculations of the (Reduced) Static Strength of Headed Shear Studs in Push-Out Specimens |
|
|
341 | (3) |
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Effect of the Control Mode-Effect of Low Temperatures |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Modelling of the Global Behaviour of Composite Beams Subjected to Cyclic Loading |
|
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345 | (1) |
|
Material Model for the Concrete Behaviour |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Effect of High-Cycle Loading on Load Bearing Capacity of Composite Beams |
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|
346 | (3) |
|
Cyclic Behaviour of Composite Beams - Development of Slip |
|
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349 | (1) |
|
Effect of Cyclic Loading on Beams with Tension Flanges |
|
|
350 | (1) |
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|
|
351 | (14) |
|
Durability Analysis of a Concrete Tunnel Shell |
|
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351 | (3) |
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Durability Analysis of a Cementitious Beam Exposed to Calcium Leaching and External Loading |
|
|
354 | (2) |
|
Durability Analysis of a Sealed Panel with a Leakage |
|
|
356 | (3) |
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Numerical Simulation of a Concrete Beam Affected by Alkali-Silica Reaction |
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|
359 | (3) |
|
Lifetime Assessment of a Spherical Metallic Container |
|
|
362 | (3) |
|
Methodological Implementation |
|
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365 | (288) |
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365 | (7) |
|
Classification of Deterioration Problems |
|
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366 | (2) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (2) |
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|
372 | (147) |
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Generalization of Single- and Multi-field Models |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Integral Format of Balance Equations |
|
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373 | (1) |
|
Strong Form of Individual Balance Equations |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
Strategy of Numerical Solution |
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|
376 | (1) |
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|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Weak Form of Coupled Balance Equations |
|
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377 | (1) |
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Linearized Weak Form of Coupled Balance Equations |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Spatial Discretization Methods |
|
|
379 | (1) |
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|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Generalized Finite Element Discretization of Multifield Problems |
|
|
380 | (1) |
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|
|
380 | (3) |
|
Non-Linear Semidiscrete Balance |
|
|
383 | (2) |
|
Linearized Semidiscrete Balance |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Generation of Element and Structural Quantities |
|
|
386 | (1) |
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|
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387 | (2) |
|
Onedimensional Higher-Order Shape Function Concepts |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Shape Functions of the Legendre-Type |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Comparison of Both Shape Function Concepts |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
3D-p-Finite Element Method Based on Hierarchical Legendre Polynomials |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Generation of 3D-p-Shape Functions |
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
Spatially Anisotropic Approximation Orders |
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
Field-wise Choice of the Approximation Order |
|
|
397 | (5) |
|
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Solution of Stationary Problems |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Numerical Solution Technique |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (4) |
|
Arc-Length Controlled Analysis |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Temporal Discretization Methods |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Newmark-α Time Integration Schemes |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Galerkin Time Integration Schemes |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Newmark-α Time Integration Schemes |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Non-linear Semidiscrete Initial Value Problem |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Numerical Concept of Newmark-α Time Integration Schemes |
|
|
413 | (1) |
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|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Approximation of State Variables |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Algorithmic Semidiscrete Balance Equation |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Effective Balance Equation |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Discontinuous and Continuous Galerkin Time Integration Schemes |
|
|
416 | (2) |
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|
|
418 | (1) |
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|
|
418 | (1) |
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|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Temporal Galerkin Approximation |
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
Discontinuous Bubnov-Galerkin Schemes dG(p) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Continuous Petrov-Galerkin Schemes cG(p) |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Algorithmic Set-Up of Galerkin Schemes |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
Generalized Computational Durabilty Mechanics |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Adaptivity in Space and Time |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Error-Controlled Spatial Adaptivity |
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
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|
|
428 | (1) |
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|
|
428 | (1) |
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|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
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|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Warping-Based Error Criterion |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Residual-Based Error Criterion |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Transfer of History Variables |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Uniaxial Bending (Beam of Uniform Thickness) |
|
|
434 | (3) |
|
Uniaxial Bending (Beam of Variable Thickness) |
|
|
437 | (2) |
|
Biaxial Bending (Thick Plate of Uniform Thickness) |
|
|
439 | (4) |
|
Error-Controlled Temporal Adaptivity |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Local a Posteriori h- and p-Method Error Estimates |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Local a Posteriori h- and p-Method Error Indicators |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Local Zienkiewicz a Posteriori Error Indicators |
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
Adaptive Time Stepping Procedure |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Discontinuous Finite Elements |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
|
449 | (3) |
|
|
|
452 | (6) |
|
Integrating Discontinuous Functions |
|
|
458 | (11) |
|
|
|
469 | (4) |
|
|
|
473 | (3) |
|
|
|
476 | (3) |
|
Strong Discontinuity Approach and Enhanced Assumed Strain |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Kinematics: Modeling Embedded Strong Discontinuities |
|
|
479 | (3) |
|
|
|
482 | (4) |
|
Numerical Example: 3-Point Bending Problem |
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
|
490 | (2) |
|
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (4) |
|
Substructuring and Model Reduction of Partially Damaged Structures |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (2) |
|
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
Derivation of a Substructure Technique for Nonlinear Dynamics |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
Model Reduction of Linear Dynamic Structures |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Proper Orthogonal Decomposition |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Pade- Via-Lanczos Algorithm |
|
|
504 | (2) |
|
Load-Dependent Ritz Vectors |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
Substructuring in the Framework of Nonlinear Dynamics |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
Discretisation and Linearisation |
|
|
506 | (3) |
|
|
|
509 | (2) |
|
Solution of the Decomposed Structure |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
|
512 | (5) |
|
Strategy for Polycyclic Loading of Soil |
|
|
517 | (2) |
|
|
|
519 | (9) |
|
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
|
|
522 | (5) |
|
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
|
528 | (17) |
|
General Problem Definition |
|
|
529 | (2) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
531 | (2) |
|
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
|
|
537 | (2) |
|
Evaluation of Uncertainties and Choice of Random Variables |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
Time Discretization Approach |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
Parallelization of Reliability Analyses |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
Reliability Analysis of Fatigue Processes |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
|
|
545 | (16) |
|
Classification of Optimization Problems |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Design as an Optimization Problem |
|
|
547 | (4) |
|
Numerical Optimization Methods |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
|
552 | (3) |
|
Derivative-Free Strategies |
|
|
555 | (4) |
|
Parallelization of Optimization Strategies |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Parallelization with Gradient-Based Algorithms |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
Parallelization Using Evolution Strategies |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
Distributed and Parallel Software Architecture |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Application of Lifetime-Oriented Analysis and Design |
|
|
561 | (92) |
|
Testing of Beam-Like Structures |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Identification of Modal Data |
|
|
563 | (3) |
|
Updating of the Finite Element Model |
|
|
566 | (6) |
|
Lifetime Analysis for Dynamically Loaded Structures at BMW AG |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
Works for the New 3-Series Convertible |
|
|
572 | (2) |
|
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
Approach 1: Time History Calculation and Amplitude Counting |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
Structural Analysis Using Time Integration |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Cycle Counting Using the Rainflow Method |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Approach 2: Power Spectral Density Functions and Calculation of Spectral Moments |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Structural Analysis Using Power Spectral Density (PSD) Functions |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Analytical Counting Method |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Damage Accumulation for the Analytical Case |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Comparison of the Results |
|
|
580 | (2) |
|
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Lifetime-Oriented Analysis of Concrete Structures Subjected to Environmental Attack |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Hygro-Mechanical Analysis of a Concrete Shell Structure |
|
|
583 | (7) |
|
Conclusive Remarks on the Hygro-Mechanical Analysis |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
Calcium Leaching of Cementitious Materials |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
Calcium Leaching of a Cementitious Bar |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
Analysis of the Numerical Results |
|
|
592 | (2) |
|
Adaptive Newmark Solution |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Robustness of Galerkin Solutions |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Error Estimates for Newmark Solutions |
|
|
594 | (4) |
|
Error Estimates for Galerkin Solutions |
|
|
598 | (2) |
|
Order of Accuracy of Galerkin Schemes |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
Calcium Leaching of a Cementitious Beam |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
Analysis of the Numerical Results |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Robustness of Continuous Galerkin Solutions |
|
|
603 | (4) |
|
Arched Steel Bridge Under Wind Loading |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Definition of Structural Problem |
|
|
607 | (3) |
|
Probabilistic Lifetime Assessment |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
|
611 | (2) |
|
Results of Structural Optimization |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
Parallelization of Analyses |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
Arched Reinforced Concrete Bridge |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Concrete Properties |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
619 | (2) |
|
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
|
|
621 | (3) |
|
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
Corrosion of the Reinforcement Steel Bars |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
Fatigue of the Prestressing Tendons |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
Modelling of Uncertainties |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
Long-Term Development of Concrete Strength |
|
|
628 | (2) |
|
Determination of Material Properties |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
Modelling of Spatial Scatter by Random Fields |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
Experimental Verification |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
State Space Model for Mechanical Structures |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
White Box Model - Physical Interpretable Parameters |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Identification of Measured Mechanical Structures |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
Black Box Model - Deterministic System Identification |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
Differences between Theory and Experiment |
|
|
638 | (3) |
|
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
Tied-Arch Bridge near Hunxe - Germany |
|
|
642 | (3) |
|
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
Examples for the Prediction of Settlement Due to Polycyclic Loading |
|
|
646 | (7) |
|
Future Life Time Oriented Design Concepts |
|
|
653 | (8) |
|
Exemplary Realization of Lifetime Control Using Concepts as Presented Here |
|
|
653 | (5) |
|
Reinforced Concrete Column under Fatigue Load |
|
|
653 | (2) |
|
Connection Plates of an Arched Steel Bridge |
|
|
655 | (3) |
|
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
Lifetime-Control Provisions in Current Standardization |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
Incorporation into Structural Engineering Standards |
|
|
659 | (2) |
| References |
|
661 | (50) |
| Subject Index |
|
711 | |
