| Foreword |
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xiii | |
| Preface to the First Edition |
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xv | |
| Preface to the Second Edition |
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xvii | |
| About the Author |
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xix | |
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1 | (2) |
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Liquid Crystal Materials and Liquid Crystal Cells |
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3 | (18) |
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Properties of Liquid Crystals |
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3 | (8) |
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Shape and phases of liquid crystals |
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3 | (3) |
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Material properties of anisotropic liquid crystals |
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6 | (5) |
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The Operation of a Twisted Nematic LCD |
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11 | (10) |
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The electro-optical effects in transmissive twisted nematic LC cells |
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11 | (7) |
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The addressing of LCDs by TFTs |
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18 | (3) |
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Electro-optic Effects in Untwisted Nematic Liquid Crystals |
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21 | (36) |
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The Planar and Harmonic Wave of Light |
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21 | (5) |
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Propagation of Polarized Light in Birefringent Untwisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells |
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26 | (31) |
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The propagation of light in a Freedericksz cell |
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26 | (5) |
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The transmissive Freedericksz cell |
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31 | (6) |
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The reflective Freedericksz cell |
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37 | (2) |
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The Freedericksz cell as a phase-only modulator |
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39 | (3) |
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The DAP cell or the vertically aligned cell |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (2) |
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Switching dynamics of untwisted nematic LCDs |
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48 | (6) |
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Fast blue phase liquid crystals |
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54 | (3) |
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Electro-optic Effects in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals |
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57 | (26) |
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The Propagation of Polarized Light in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells |
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57 | (10) |
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The Various Types of TN Cells |
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67 | (13) |
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67 | (3) |
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The supertwisted nematic LC cell (STN-LCD) |
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70 | (4) |
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The mixed mode twisted nematic cell (MTN cell) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (4) |
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Electronically Controlled Birefringence for the Generation of Colour |
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80 | (3) |
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Descriptions of Polarization |
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83 | (16) |
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The Characterizations of Polarization |
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83 | (8) |
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A Differential Equation for the Propagation of Polarized Light through Anisotropic Media |
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91 | (4) |
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Special Cases for Propagation of Light |
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95 | (4) |
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Incidence of linearly polarized light |
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95 | (2) |
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Incident light is circularly polarized |
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97 | (2) |
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Propagation of Light with an Arbitrary Incident Angle through Anisotropic Media |
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99 | (46) |
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Basic Equations for the Propagation of Light |
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99 | (8) |
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Enhancement of the Performance of LC Cells |
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107 | (9) |
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The degradation of picture quality |
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107 | (2) |
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Optical compensation foils for the enhancement of picture quality |
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109 | (1) |
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The enhancement of contrast |
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109 | (1) |
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Compensation foils for LC molecules with different optical axis |
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110 | (5) |
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Suppression of grey shade inversion and the preservation of grey shade stability |
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115 | (1) |
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Fabrication of compensation foils |
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116 | (1) |
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Electro-optic Effects with Wide Viewing Angle |
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116 | (5) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (2) |
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Optically compensated bend cells |
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119 | (2) |
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Multidomain VA Cells, Especially for TV |
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121 | (8) |
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The torque generated by an electric field |
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122 | (2) |
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The requirements for a VA display, especially for TV |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Colour shift, change in contrast and image sticking |
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124 | (5) |
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VA cells for TV applications |
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129 | (11) |
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Multidomain VA cells with protrusions (MVAs) |
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129 | (1) |
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Patterned VA cells (PVAs) |
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130 | (2) |
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PVA cells with two subpixels (CS-S-PVAs) |
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132 | (4) |
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Cell technologies avoiding a delayed optical response |
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136 | (1) |
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Polymer sustained alignment (PSA) |
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136 | (1) |
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Meuntain shaped cell surface |
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137 | (2) |
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The continuous pinwheel alignment (CPA) |
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139 | (1) |
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Polarizers with Increased Luminous Output |
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140 | (2) |
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A reflective linear polarizer |
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140 | (1) |
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A reflective polarizer working with circularly polarized light |
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141 | (1) |
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Two Non-birefringent Foils |
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142 | (3) |
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Modified Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays |
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145 | (14) |
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Polymer Dispersed LCDs (PDLCDs) |
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145 | (5) |
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145 | (4) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (9) |
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The operation of Guest-Host Displays |
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150 | (4) |
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Reflective Guest-Host Displays |
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154 | (5) |
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Bistable Liquid Crystal Displays |
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159 | (20) |
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Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays (FLCDs) |
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159 | (9) |
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Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays |
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168 | (6) |
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Bistable Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays |
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174 | (5) |
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174 | (1) |
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Grating aligned nematic devices |
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175 | (2) |
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Monostable surface anchoring switching |
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177 | (2) |
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Continuously Light Modulating Ferroelectric Displays |
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179 | (6) |
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Deformed Helix Ferroelectric Devices |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (4) |
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Addressing Schemes for Liquid Crystal Displays |
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185 | (4) |
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189 | (2) |
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Passive Matrix Addressing of TN Displays |
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191 | (32) |
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The Basic Addressing Scheme and the Law of Alt and Pleshko |
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191 | (5) |
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Implementation of PM Addressing |
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196 | (5) |
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201 | (17) |
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201 | (2) |
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Waveforms for the row selection |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (1) |
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Implementation of multi-line addressing |
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206 | (4) |
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Modified PM addressing of STN cells |
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210 | (1) |
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Decreased levels of addressing voltages |
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210 | (2) |
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Contrast and grey shades for MLA |
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212 | (6) |
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Two Frequency Driving of PMLCDs |
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218 | (5) |
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Passive Matrix Addressing of Bistable Displays |
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223 | (16) |
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Addressing of Ferroelectric LCDs |
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223 | (8) |
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The V-τmin addressing scheme |
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225 | (1) |
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The V-1/τ addressing scheme |
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226 | (2) |
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Reducing crosstalk in FLCDs |
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228 | (1) |
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Ionic effects during addressing |
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228 | (3) |
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Addressing of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays |
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231 | (8) |
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Addressing of Liquid Crystal Displays with a-Si Thin Film Transistors (a-Si-TFTs) |
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239 | (100) |
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Properties of a-Si Thin Film Transistors |
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239 | (5) |
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Static Operation of TFTs in an LCD |
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244 | (8) |
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The Dynamics of Switching by TFTs |
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252 | (7) |
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Bias-Temperature Stress Test of TFTs |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (6) |
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The Entire Addressing System |
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266 | (3) |
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Layouts of Pixels with TFT Switches |
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269 | (3) |
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Fabrication Processes of a-Si TFTs |
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272 | (5) |
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Addressing of VA Displays |
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277 | (21) |
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Overshoot and undershoot driving of LCDs |
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277 | (4) |
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The dynamic capacitance compensation (DCC) |
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281 | (7) |
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Fringe field accelerated decay of luminance |
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288 | (4) |
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The addressing of two subpixels |
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292 | (3) |
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Biased vertical alignment (BVA) |
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295 | (3) |
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298 | (31) |
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Causes, characterization and remedies of blur |
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298 | (12) |
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Systems with decreased blur |
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310 | (1) |
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Edge enhancement for reduced blur |
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310 | (2) |
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Black insertion techniques |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (2) |
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Higher frame rates for reducing blur |
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315 | (5) |
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320 | (9) |
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The Optical Response of a VA Cell |
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329 | (5) |
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Reduction of the Optical Response Time by a Special Addressing Waveform |
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334 | (5) |
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Addressing of LCDs with Poly-Si TFTs |
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339 | (14) |
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Fabrication Steps for Top- and Bottom-Gate Poly-Si TFTs |
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340 | (4) |
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Laser Crystallization by Scanning or Large Area Anneal |
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344 | (1) |
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Lightly Doped Drains for Poly-Si TFTs |
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345 | (2) |
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The Kink Effect and its Suppression |
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347 | (2) |
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Circuits with Poly-Si TFTs |
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349 | (4) |
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Liquid Crystal on Silicon Displays |
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353 | (10) |
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Fabrication of LCOS with DRAM-Type Analog Addressing |
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353 | (2) |
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SRAM-Type Digital Addressing of LCOS |
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355 | (5) |
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Microdisplays Using LCOS Technology |
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360 | (3) |
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Addressing of Liquid Crystal Displays with Metal-Insulator-Metal Pixel Switches |
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363 | (10) |
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Addressing of LCDs with Two-Terminal Devices and Optical, Plasma, Laser and e-beam Techniques |
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373 | (8) |
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381 | (34) |
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Additive Colours Generated by Absorptive Photosensitive Pigmented Colour Filters |
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381 | (2) |
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Additive and Subtractive Colours Generated by Reflective Dichroic Colour Filters |
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383 | (2) |
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Colour Generation by Three Stacked Displays |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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The advantages of LEDs as backlights |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (9) |
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Optics for LED backlights |
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395 | (10) |
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Special applications for LED backlights |
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405 | (1) |
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Saving power and realizing scanning with LED backlights |
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405 | (2) |
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Field sequential displays with LED backlights |
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407 | (2) |
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Active matrix addressed LED backlights |
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409 | (1) |
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The electronic addressing of LEDs |
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409 | (2) |
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411 | (4) |
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Projectors with Liquid Crystal Light Valves |
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415 | (12) |
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Single Transmissive Light Valve Systems |
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415 | (5) |
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The basic single light valve system |
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415 | (1) |
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The field sequential colour projector |
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416 | (1) |
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A single panel scrolling projector |
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417 | (1) |
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Single light valve projector with angular colour separation |
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418 | (1) |
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Single light valve projectors with a colour grating |
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418 | (2) |
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Systems with Three Light Valves |
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420 | (2) |
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Projectors with three transmissive light valves |
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420 | (1) |
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Projectors with three reflective light valves |
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421 | (1) |
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Projectors with three LCOS light valves |
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422 | (1) |
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Projectors with Two LC Light Valves |
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422 | (1) |
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A Rear Projector with One or Three Light Valves |
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422 | (1) |
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A Projector with Three Optically Addressed Light Valves |
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423 | (4) |
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Liquid Crystal Displays with Plastic Substrates |
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427 | (16) |
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Advantages of Plastic Substrates |
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427 | (1) |
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Plastic Substrates and their Properties |
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428 | (1) |
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Barrier Layers for Plastic Substrates |
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429 | (1) |
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Thermo-Mechanical Problems with Plastics |
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430 | (5) |
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Fabrication of TFTs and MIMs at Low Process Temperatures |
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435 | (3) |
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Fabrication of a-Si: H TFTs at low temperature |
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435 | (1) |
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Fabrication of low temperature poly-Si TFTs |
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435 | (2) |
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Fabrication of MIMs at low temperature |
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437 | (1) |
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Conductors and transparent electrodes for plastic substrates |
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438 | (1) |
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Transfer of High Temperature Fabricated AMLCDs to a Flexible Substrate |
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438 | (5) |
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Printing of Layers for LC Cells |
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443 | (20) |
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443 | (6) |
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443 | (1) |
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444 | (1) |
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444 | (4) |
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448 | (1) |
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Surface Properties for Printing |
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449 | (6) |
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Printing of Components for Displays |
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455 | (6) |
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Ink-jet printed colour filters, alignment layers and phosphors for LED Backlights |
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455 | (1) |
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Flexographic printing of alignment layers and of nematic liquid crystals |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (4) |
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Cell Building by Lamination |
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|
461 | (2) |
| Appendix 1: Formats of Flat Panel Displays |
|
463 | (2) |
| Appendix 2: Optical Units of Displays |
|
465 | (2) |
| Appendix 3: Properties of Polarized Light |
|
467 | (6) |
| References |
|
473 | (14) |
| Index |
|
487 | |
