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Living with the Earth: Concepts in Environmental Health Science 3rd New edition [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 632 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x156 mm, kaal: 1021 g, 26 Tables, black and white; 246 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Apr-2007
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0849379989
  • ISBN-13: 9780849379987
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Living with the Earth: Concepts in Environmental Health Science 3rd New editionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 632 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x156 mm, kaal: 1021 g, 26 Tables, black and white; 246 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Apr-2007
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0849379989
  • ISBN-13: 9780849379987
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780849379987.html
Märksõnad:
Includes all the bells and whistles you and your students have come to expect Its hard to imagine a book more innovative and groundbreaking than Living with the Earth: Concepts in Environmental Health Science, Third Edition. The first edition won the CHOICE award for Outstanding Academic Book and both previous editions became bestsellers in their own right.



See whats new and updated coverage includes:







Emergency preparedness for environmental health practitioners including a discussion on their roles and operations Population dynamics, various cultural philosophies regarding overpopulation, and underpopulation in the developed nations Mechanisms of environmental disease with emphasis on genetic disease and developmental disorders Alternative to chemical pest control Genetic basis of cancer The growing problems of asthma and air pollutants as well as newly emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases An exploration of the mechanisms of toxicity, with special reference to the immune system and endocrine disruption Hazardous waste treatment, use, and recycling HACCP and assuring food quality, food safety issues, and Food Quality Protection Act Risk assessment and risk management principles A discussion in the change in directions in regulatory compliance Technical illustrations, charts, graphs, and photographs that improve learning and simplify concepts



Whats on the Web:







Test bank and study questions Microsoft PowerPoint presentation slides in digital format Study guides with detailed notes, color figures, and tables Printable sample questions and answers for each chapter Search tools for online journals and databases covering useful, up-to-date information



Incorporates traditional concepts with new, emerging, and controversial issues



Always on the forefront of new ideas and new technology, the book includes up-to-date topics and information enhanced by Web features that make the book easy to use for professor and students alike.
Chapter 1 Ecosystems and Energy Flow 1
Introduction
1
Climate
2
What Is It?
2
How Is Climate Affected?
3
Ecosystems and Biomes
7
Ecosystems
7
Biomes
8
Tundra
10
Taiga
12
Temperate Areas
13
Temperate Broadleaf Deciduous Forest
13
Temperate Evergreen Forests
14
Chaparrals
14
Temperate Grasslands
14
The Tropical Rain Forest
14
Deserts
17
Energy Flow
19
Energy Source
19
Consumption Types and Trophic Levels
23
Nutrients
24
Recycling
24
Nutrient Cycles
25
Carbon Cycle
25
Nitrogen Cycle
26
Phosphorous Cycle
27
The Process of Succession and Retrogression
28
Succession
28
Retrogression
29
References
30
Chapter 2 Human Populations 33
Introduction
34
The Characteristics of Populations
34
Population Dynamics
38
Population Trends in the World
44
Historical Trends
44
Growth Rate
46
Doubling Time
47
Demographic Transition
48
Incomplete Demographic Transition
49
Current Population Trends in Developed Countries
50
Population Decreases in the Developed Countries
51
Current Population Trends in LDCs
57
Predicted Future Trends in Populations
60
Urbanization
62
What Is Urbanization?
62
The Role of Urbanization in the Spread of Disease
63
Violence in Developing Urban Centers
64
Environmental Degradation
65
The Control of Population
65
Empowerment or Force?
65
Population Policies in Some Countries
66
India
66
Peru
67
China
67
Mexico
68
Iran
68
Family Planning vs. Population Control
68
Methods of Fertility Control
69
Introduction
69
Contraceptive Methods That Are Reversible
70
Natural Birth Control and Family Planning
70
Abstinence
70
Hormonal
70
Barrier Methods of Contraception
72
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
74
Permanent Contraceptive Methods
74
Abortion
75
References
75
Chapter 3 Environmental Degradation and Food Security 79
Introduction: The Debate
80
Technology and Policy Will Save the Day
80
The Green Revolution
81
Energy
86
Attitude and Behavior
87
What Now?
89
Impacts on the Environment
89
Deforestation
90
Rain Forests
90
Forests in Developed Countries
95
Soil Degradation
96
What Is Soil?
96
Soil Biomes
97
Soil Erosion
97
The Process of Desertification
100
What Is Desertification?
101
The Costs of Desertification
102
Wetlands
103
What Are They?
103
Benefits of Wetlands
105
Wetland Losses
106
The Loss of Biodiversity and Extinction of Species
107
Background
107
Loss of Biodiversity
109
Threats to Biodiversity
109
Protecting Endangered and Threatened Species
113
Food Security
115
Food Production
116
Reasons for Regional Food Shortages
117
Sources
122
Food Security
123
Worldwide
123
Hunger in America
125
References
127
Chapter 4 Environmental Disease 133
Introduction
133
Defining the Term Environment in Relation to Disease (Cancer)
135
Defining Disease
137
Infectious Disease
138
Physical and Chemical Injury
141
Developmental Disease
142
Neoplastic Disease
143
Nutritional Disease
143
Environmental Disease
144
The Role of Genetics in Disease
145
Structure and Function
145
Protein Biosynthesis
147
Diseases of Genetics and Development
149
Genetic Abnormalities
149
Teratologic Diseases
151
New Approaches in Genetics
154
Methods of Studying Genes
154
The Hunt for Environmental Genes
157
The Promise of Gene Therapy
158
The Ethical Dilemma
159
Cancer
160
What Is It?
160
How Does Cancer Develop?
162
Major Cancer Risks
164
Smoking
164
Diet
165
Trends in Cancer
167
References
169
Chapter 5 Toxicity and Toxins 173
Introduction
174
Exposure and Entry Routes
175
Exposure
175
Routes of Entry
176
Respiratory System
176
The Skin
179
The Gastrointestinal Tract
180
Mechanisms of Action
182
Effects of Toxic Agents on Enzymes
182
The Direct Action of Pollutants on Cell Components
184
Pollutants That Cause Secondary Actions
184
Factors Governing Toxicity
193
Chemical Properties
194
Concentration
194
Interactions
195
Age
196
Some Specific Examples of Toxic Agents
197
Endocrine Disruptors and Reproductive Health
197
Hormone Function
197
Adverse Effects of Endocrine Disruption
197
What Are Endocrine Disruptors and How Do They Work?
199
Reducing Exposure
201
Dioxin
201
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
204
Sources of PCB Exposure
205
Lead
206
Organic Solvents
209
Asbestos
211
Mercury
213
Arsenic
215
References
216
Chapter 6 The Trouble with Pests 221
Introduction
221
What Are Pests?
222
Insects and Other Arthropods
223
General Structure and Development
223
Bedbugs and Kissing Bugs
226
Flies
226
Mosquitoes
228
Fleas
230
Lice
231
Roaches
232
Ticks and Mites
233
Mites
233
Ticks
234
Rodents and Pests
236
Rodent Characteristics
236
Importance as Pests and Vectors of Disease
238
Carriers of Disease
238
Crop Damage
238
Food Contamination
238
Rat Bites
239
Discomfort
239
Rodent Control
239
Establishing Presence
239
Rodent Proofing
239
Poisoning or Trapping of Rodents
240
Pesticides
242
History
242
Insect Resistance
243
The Health and Ecological Effect of Pesticides
243
Exposures
243
Children at Risk
244
Exposures in LDCs
245
The Counterarguments
246
Ecological Concerns
247
The Global Proliferation of Pesticides
248
Types of Pesticides
249
Insecticides
249
Organochlorines
249
Organophosphates
251
Carbamates
252
Botanical and Biological Insecticides and Other Alternatives
252
References
256
Chapter 7 Emerging Diseases 261
Introduction
261
Emerging Diseases in the U.S.
262
Emerging Diseases Worldwide
263
What is an Emerging Infectious Disease?
265
Reasons for the Emergence of Infectious Diseases
267
Ecological Changes
268
Agriculture
268
Climate
269
Human Demographic Changes (Urbanization) and Behavior
270
Travel and Commerce
271
Travel
271
Commerce
272
Prerequisites for Disease Development
273
Technology and Industry (Globalization)
273
Microbial Adaptation and Change (Resistance)
274
Antibiotic Resistance
274
Antibiotics in Livestock Feed
276
Viruses
277
Breakdown of Public Health Measures
277
Specific Emerging Diseases
278
Viruses
278
Hantavirus
278
Dengue Fever
280
Influenza
283
Ebola
285
AIDS/HIV
288
West Nile Virus
291
Bacteria
292
Escherichia call
292
Lyme Disease
293
Streptococcus
296
Tuberculosis
298
Parasites
300
Cryptosporidium
300
Malaria
301
Practical Approaches to Limiting the Emergence of Infectious Diseases
306
References
307
Chapter 8 Foodborne Illness 317
Introduction
318
Worldwide Distribution of Foodborne Pathogens
319
Reasons for Food Protection Programs
320
Morbidity and Mortality Due to Foodborne Disease
320
Economic Consequences of Foodborne Illness
320
Causative Agents of Foodborne Disease
321
Radionuclides
323
Chemicals
323
Packaging Materials
323
Antimony
324
Cadmium
324
Lead
324
Industrial Processes
325
Mercury
325
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
325
Dioxin
325
Pesticides
326
Food Additives
326
Saccharin
327
Monosodium Glutamate
327
Nitrates and Nitrites
327
GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe)
328
Color Additives
328
Poisonous Plants and Animals
328
Plant Sources
329
Animal Sources
330
Foodborne Pathogens
330
Parasitic Infections
332
The Nematodes
332
The Protozoans
334
Viruses
339
Norwalk-Like Virus
340
Fungi
340
Aspergillus spp.
343
Penicillium spp.
343
Mucor and Rhizopus spp
344
Yeasts
344
Bacteria
344
Salmonella spp.
345
Staphylococcus spp
348
Clostridium spp.
349
Clostridium botulinum
350
Campylobacter
351
Escherichia coli
351
Vibrio cholerae
352
Factors Frequently Cited in Foodborne Illness
353
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
353
Assessing the Hazard
356
Identifying Critical Control Points
356
Establishing Standard Procedures and Setting the Critical Limits
356
Monitoring Procedures
356
Corrective Actions
357
Record Keeping
357
Verification That the HACCP System Is Working Correctly
357
U.S. Regulatory Efforts with Regard to Food Protection
357
Surveillance Efforts
358
References
359
Chapter 9 Water and Wastewater 363
Introduction
364
The Properties of Water
364
Hydrological Cycle
364
Water Resources
366
Water and Health
366
Water Shortage and Scarcity
367
Water Rights and Conflicts
367
Water Consumption and Management
368
Water Use
369
Overview
369
Agriculture
369
Industry
369
Domestic
369
Sources of Drinking Water
370
Surface Water
370
Groundwater
371
Wells
372
Groundwater Contamination
373
Recharge and Water Mining
374
Subsidence and Salination
375
Groundwater Protection
376
Other Sources
376
Desalination
376
Bottled Water
376
Dams
377
Water Reuse
377
Water Pollution
378
Overview
378
Water Quality
379
Right to Know
380
Types of Pollution
380
Inorganic Compounds
380
Synthetic Organic Chemicals
380
Radioactive Material
381
Sources of Pollution
381
Overview
381
Underground Injection Wells
381
Industrial Discharges
382
Agriculture
382
Pesticides
383
Fertilizer
383
Stormwater
383
Acid Mine Drainage
384
Waterborne Disease
384
Water Treatment
385
Municipal Water Treatment
385
Disinfection
386
Home Water Treatment
386
Regulations
387
Safe Drinking Water Act
387
Wastewater Disposal and Treatment
387
Sewage
387
Biological Oxygen Demand
388
Types of Disposal
388
Pit Privies
388
Septic Systems
389
Municipal Sewage Treatment
392
Water Pollution and Health
395
Future Outlook
395
References
396
Chapter 10 Air, Noise, and Radiation 401
Introduction
401
The Atmosphere and Methods of Dispersion
403
Chemical Characteristics
403
Physical Characteristics
405
Solar Radiation
405
Vertical Temperature Differences and Atmospheric Regions
406
Atmospheric Pressure and Density
408
Atmospheric Inversions
410
The History of Air Pollution Control in the U.S.
413
Titles of the Clean Air Act
414
Title I: Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance of the NAAQS
414
Title II: Provisions Relating to Mobile Sources
416
Title III: Air Toxics
416
Title IV: Acid Deposition Control
417
Title V: Permits
418
Title VI: Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate Protection
418
Title VII: Provisions Relating to Enforcement
420
Other Titles to the 1990 CAAA
422
Revised Ozone and Particulate Standards
422
Bush Clear Skies Initiative
423
The Issue of Global Warming
423
The Hot Air Treaty, Kyoto, Japan
423
Global Warming: The Controversy
424
Factors Effecting Global Climate Change
427
Orbital Geometry as a Factor Effecting Climate
427
Changes in Ocean Temperature
427
Volcanic Activity
429
Solar Radiation
430
The Criteria Pollutants
430
Introduction
430
Particulate Matter (PM)
430
Ozone and the Photochemical Oxidants
433
Carbon Monoxide
434
Lead
435
Sulfur or Oxides
435
Health and Welfare Effects
435
Acid Deposition
435
Effects of Acid Deposition on Ecology
436
Aquatic Ecosystems
437
Effects on Forest and Plants
438
Current Directions in SOx Control
438
Nitrogen Oxides
439
Health Implications of Air Pollutants
439
Main Mechanisms of Air Pollutant Effects on Respiratory System
441
Indoor Air Pollution
442
Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
442
Signs of Indoor Pollution
444
Common Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
445
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) and Other Combusted Materials
445
Radon
445
Biological Contaminants
447
Reducing Exposure
448
Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, and Respirable Particles
448
Organic Gases and Pesticides
448
Formaldehyde (HCHO.
448
Noise
449
Introduction
449
The Physics of Sound
449
Physiology of Sound and Health Effects
450
Regulation of Noise
453
Radiation
454
Introduction
454
Ionizing Radiation
454
Radioisotopes
455
Radiation Exposure
455
Natural Sources
455
Enhanced Natural Sources
456
Human-Generated Sources
456
Health Impacts of Ionizing Radiation
456
Dosage
456
Dose Rate
457
Radiation-Induced Mutations
457
Radiation and Birth Defects
457
Radiation-Induced Cancer
457
Radiation and Nuclear Power Generation
457
Ultraviolet Radiation
458
References
459
Chapter 11 Solid and Hazardous Waste 463
Introduction
464
Definition and Characterization of MSW
466
Definition of MSW
466
Characterization of MSW
466
Collection and Disposal of Solid Waste
469
Collection of MSW
469
Management of MSW
471
Landfills
471
Design
471
Landfills Are Not Secure
474
Source Reduction
474
Recovery for Recycling (Including Composting)
476
Trends in Resource Recovery
479
Composting
481
Combustion
482
Hazardous Wastes
485
Background
485
What Is a Hazardous Waste?
486
Hazardous Waste Regulations
487
The Management of Hazardous Wastes
488
Reduction of Generation of Hazardous Waste
488
Technologies for Hazardous Waste Treatment
489
Hazardous Waste Disposal
491
Cleaning Up
492
References
495
Chapter 12 Assessing Human Risk 499
Introduction
499
Environmental Risk
501
Risk Characteristics
502
Development of Risk Analysis
502
Tools of Risk Analysis
503
Toxicology
504
Dose
505
Extrapolation
506
Acceptable Daily Intakes
507
Epidemiology
508
What Is It?
508
Study Types
508
Bias
508
Clinical Trials
509
Cellular Testing
509
The Process of Risk Analysis
510
Hazard Identification
510
Dose—Response Assessment
510
Exposure Assessment
511
Risk Characterization
512
Limitations of Risk Analysis
513
Risk Management and Communication
513
Management
513
Risk Communication
515
References
517
Chapter 13 Environmental Laws and Compliance 519
Introduction
519
Environmental Laws: Some Fundamentals
520
The Making of a Law
520
Environmental Laws Are Part of a System
520
Federal Environmental Laws
523
Managing Hazardous Waste
523
RCRA
524
Identifying a Hazardous Waste
525
Tracking Hazardous Waste
525
Other Requirements under RCRA
525
CERCLA
526
Steps in Superfund: Find, Prioritize, and Clean
527
EPCRA SARA Title III
527
Transportation of Hazardous Materials
529
Pollution Prevention and Improved Waste Management Programs
530
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
530
Regulation of USTs
531
Pesticide Regulation
532
Air Quality Control
533
Title I: Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance of the NAAQS
533
Title II: Provisions Relating to Mobile Sources
536
Title III: Hazardous Air Pollutants
536
Title IV: Acid Deposition Control
537
Title V: Permits
537
Title VI: Stratospheric Ozone Protection
538
Title VII: Provisions Relating to Enforcement
538
Water-Quality Control
538
Stormwater
539
Oil and Hazardous Substance Spill and Reporting Requirements
539
Compliance Strategies
540
Trends in Regulatory Compliance
541
References
542
Chapter 14 Emergency Preparedness 545
Introduction
545
Pre 9/11
545
Post 9/11
547
ICS and NIMS
547
National Response Plan (NRP)
553
How NRP Should Work
553
The Role of the Environmental Health (EH) Professional in Emergency/Disaster Response
554
Background
554
Immediate Actions
556
References
558
Glossary 561
Acronyms and Abbreviations 583
Index 587