| Preface |
|
xix | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xxiii | |
| Authors |
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xxv | |
| 1 Ecosystems and Energy Flow |
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1 | (32) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (5) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (4) |
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7 | (12) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (3) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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Temperate Broadleaf Deciduous Forest |
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13 | (1) |
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Temperate Evergreen Forests |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (5) |
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19 | (2) |
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Consumption Types and Trophic Levels |
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21 | (3) |
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24 | (3) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (3) |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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The Process of Succession and Retrogression |
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27 | (3) |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (3) |
| 2 Human Populations |
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33 | (42) |
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34 | (1) |
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The Characteristics of Populations |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (6) |
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Population Trends in the World |
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44 | (18) |
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44 | (6) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Incomplete Demographic Transition |
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49 | (1) |
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Current Population Trends |
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50 | (6) |
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Population Decreases in the Developed Countries |
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51 | (5) |
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Current Population Trends in Lesser-Developed Countries |
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56 | (1) |
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Predicted Future Trends in Populations |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (3) |
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59 | (2) |
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The Role of Urbanization in the Spread of Disease |
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61 | (1) |
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Violence in Developing Urban Centers |
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61 | (1) |
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The Control of Population |
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62 | (4) |
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62 | (1) |
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Population Policies in Some Countries |
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63 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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Family Planning versus Population Control |
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65 | (1) |
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Methods of Fertility Control |
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66 | (6) |
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66 | (1) |
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Contraceptive Methods That Are Reversible |
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67 | (4) |
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Natural Birth Control and Family Planning |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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Barrier Methods of Contraception |
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69 | (1) |
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Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) |
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70 | (1) |
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Contraceptive Methods That Are Permanent |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (3) |
| 3 Environmental Degradation and Food Security |
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75 | (50) |
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76 | (9) |
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Technology and Policy Will Save the Day |
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76 | (9) |
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77 | (4) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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Impacts on the Environment |
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85 | (26) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (6) |
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Forests in Developed Countries |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (3) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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The Process of Desertification |
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95 | (4) |
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96 | (1) |
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The Costs of Desertification |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (4) |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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The Loss of Biodiversity and Extinction of Species |
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103 | (8) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (3) |
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107 | (2) |
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Protecting Endangered and Threatened Species |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (9) |
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112 | (5) |
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Reasons for Regional Food Shortages |
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114 | (3) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (8) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (5) |
| 4 Environmental Disease |
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125 | (38) |
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126 | (3) |
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126 | (3) |
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Defining the Term "Environment" |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (7) |
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130 | (2) |
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Physical and Chemical Injury |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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The Role of Genetics in Environmental Disease |
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136 | (14) |
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136 | (3) |
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139 | (1) |
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Diseases of Genetics and Development |
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139 | (5) |
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139 | (4) |
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143 | (1) |
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New Approaches in Genetics |
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144 | (6) |
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Methods of Studying Genes |
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144 | (4) |
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The Hunt for Environmental Genes |
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148 | (1) |
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The Promise of Gene Therapy |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (9) |
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150 | (3) |
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153 | (3) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (9) |
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Cancer Trends in the United States |
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157 | (1) |
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Managing the Risk of Environmental Disease |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (4) |
| 5 Toxicity and Toxins |
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163 | (46) |
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164 | (2) |
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Exposure and Entry Routes |
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166 | (21) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (5) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (2) |
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The Gastrointestinal Tract |
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170 | (2) |
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Toxic Chemicals: Mechanisms of Action |
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172 | (1) |
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Effects of Toxic Agents on Enzymes |
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172 | (11) |
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The Direct Action of Toxicants on Cell Components |
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174 | (1) |
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Toxicants That Cause Secondary Actions |
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174 | (9) |
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Factors Governing Toxicity |
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183 | (4) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (17) |
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Endocrine Disrupters and Reproductive Health |
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187 | (4) |
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187 | (1) |
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Adverse Effects of Endocrine Disruption |
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188 | (1) |
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What Are Endocrine Disruptors and How Do They Work? |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (3) |
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Polychlorinated Biphenyls |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (4) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (5) |
| 6 The Trouble with Pests |
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209 | (36) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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Insects and Other Arthropods |
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212 | (11) |
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General Structure and Development |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (6) |
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223 | (2) |
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Importance as Pests and Vectors of Disease |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (3) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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Poisoning or Trapping of Rodents |
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (6) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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The Health and Ecological Effect of Pesticides |
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230 | (5) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (2) |
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The Proliferation of Pesticides Globally |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (7) |
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235 | (10) |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (1) |
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Botanical and Biological Insecticides and Other Alternatives |
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239 | (3) |
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242 | (3) |
| 7 Emerging Diseases |
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245 | (54) |
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245 | (6) |
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Emerging Diseases in the United States |
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246 | (2) |
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Emerging Diseases Worldwide |
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248 | (1) |
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What Is an Emerging Infectious Disease? |
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249 | (2) |
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Reasons for the Emergence of Infectious Diseases |
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251 | (10) |
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Ecological Changes (Agriculture, Climate) |
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252 | (2) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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Human Demographic Changes (Urbanization) and Behavior |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (2) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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More Than Transportation Required |
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256 | (1) |
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Technology and Industry (Globalization) |
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257 | (1) |
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Microbial Adaptation and Change (Resistance) |
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257 | (3) |
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257 | (2) |
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Antibiotics in Livestock Feed |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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Breakdown of Public Health Measures |
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260 | (1) |
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Specific Emerging Diseases |
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261 | (27) |
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261 | (15) |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (3) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (3) |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (2) |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (7) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (17) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (4) |
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Practical Approaches to Limiting the Emergence of Infectious Diseases |
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288 | (2) |
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290 | (9) |
| 8 Foodborne Illness |
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299 | (46) |
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300 | (5) |
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Worldwide Distribution of Foodborne Pathogens |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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Reasons for Food Protection Programs |
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301 | (4) |
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Morbidity and Mortality due to Foodborne Disease |
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302 | (1) |
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Economic Consequences of Foodborne Illness |
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303 | (2) |
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Causative Agents of Foodborne Disease |
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305 | (9) |
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305 | (2) |
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307 | (3) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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Polychlorinated Biphenyls |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (2) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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Generally Recognized as Safe Substances |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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Poisonous Plants and Animals |
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312 | (2) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (27) |
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315 | (8) |
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315 | (4) |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (3) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (8) |
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328 | (2) |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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Factors Frequently Cited in Foodborne Illness |
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334 | (1) |
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Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points |
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334 | (5) |
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337 | (1) |
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Identifying Critical Control Points |
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337 | (1) |
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Establishing Standard Procedures and Setting the Critical Limits |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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Verification the HACCP System Is Working Correctly |
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338 | (1) |
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United States Regulatory Efforts with Regard to Food Protection |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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Safety of Food for Import and Export |
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339 | (1) |
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Food Safety in South America |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (4) |
| 9 Water and Wastewater |
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345 | (42) |
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346 | (5) |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (2) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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Water Shortage and Scarcity |
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349 | (2) |
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Water Rights and Conflicts |
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350 | (1) |
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Water Consumption and Management |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (4) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (2) |
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352 | (2) |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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Sources of Drinking Water |
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355 | (8) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (5) |
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357 | (2) |
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Recharge and Water Mining |
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359 | (2) |
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Subsidence and Salination |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (2) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (6) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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Synthetic Organic Chemicals |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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Microbiological Pollution |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (3) |
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366 | (1) |
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Underground Injection Wells |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (2) |
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Municipal Water Treatment |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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Water Industry Directives |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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Environmental Protection Law |
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372 | (1) |
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Wastewater Disposal and Treatment |
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372 | (8) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (6) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (3) |
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Municipal Sewage Treatment |
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377 | (3) |
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Water Pollution and Health |
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380 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (6) |
| 10 Air, Noise, and Radiation |
|
387 | (60) |
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388 | (2) |
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The Atmosphere and Methods of Dispersion |
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390 | (9) |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (5) |
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391 | (2) |
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Vertical Temperature Differences and Atmospheric Regions |
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393 | (1) |
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Atmospheric Pressure and Density |
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394 | (2) |
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396 | (3) |
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The History of Air Pollution Control in the United States |
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|
399 | (16) |
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Titles of the Clean Air Act |
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400 | (8) |
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Title I: Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance of the NAAQS |
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400 | (1) |
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Title II: Provisions Relating to Mobile Sources |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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Title IV: Acid Deposition Control |
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402 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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Title VI: Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate Protection |
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|
403 | (3) |
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Title VII: Provisions Relating to Enforcement |
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|
406 | (1) |
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Other Titles to the 1990 CAAA |
|
|
407 | (1) |
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Revised Ozone and Particulate Standards |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Bush Clear Skies Initiative |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
The Issue of Global Warming |
|
|
408 | (4) |
|
The Hot Air Treaty, Kyoto, Japan |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Global Warming: The Controversy |
|
|
409 | (3) |
|
Factors Affecting Global Climate Change |
|
|
412 | (3) |
|
Orbital Geometry as a Factor Affecting Climate |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Changes in Ocean Temperature |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (8) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
|
416 | (2) |
|
Ozone and the Photochemical Oxidants |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
419 | (4) |
|
Health and Welfare Effects |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Effects of Acid Deposition on Ecology |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Effects on Forest and Plants |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Current Directions in SOx Control |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Health Implications of Air Pollutants |
|
|
423 | (2) |
|
Main Mechanisms of Air Pollutant Effects on Respiratory System |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
425 | (7) |
|
Sources of Indoor Air Pollution |
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
Signs of Indoor Pollution |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Common Sources of Indoor Air Pollution |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Other Combusted Materials |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
|
432 | (5) |
|
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
Physiology of Sound and Health Effects |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
437 | (4) |
|
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Health Impacts on Ionizing Radiation |
|
|
440 | (10) |
|
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Radiation-Induced Mutations |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Radiation and Birth Defects |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Radiation and Nuclear Power Generation |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
442 | (5) |
| 11 Solid and Hazardous Waste |
|
447 | (38) |
|
|
|
448 | (2) |
|
Definition and Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste |
|
|
450 | (4) |
|
Definition of Municipal Solid Waste |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste |
|
|
451 | (3) |
|
Collection and Disposal of Solid Waste |
|
|
454 | (17) |
|
Collection of Municipal Solid Waste |
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
Management of Municipal Solid Waste |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (14) |
|
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Recovery for Recycling (Including Composting) |
|
|
461 | (5) |
|
Trends in Resource Recovery |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (2) |
|
|
|
469 | (2) |
|
|
|
471 | (10) |
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
What Is a Hazardous Waste? |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Hazardous Waste Regulations |
|
|
472 | (2) |
|
The Management of Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
474 | (4) |
|
Reduction of Generation of Hazardous Waste |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Technologies for Hazardous Waste Treatment |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (2) |
|
|
|
478 | (3) |
|
|
|
481 | (4) |
| 12 Assessing Human Risk |
|
485 | (22) |
|
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
|
|
488 | (9) |
|
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Development of Risk Assessment |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
|
|
491 | (4) |
|
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
|
492 | (2) |
|
Extrapolation from Animal Studies to Human Exposure |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
Calculating Acceptable Daily Intakes |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
The Process of Risk Assessment |
|
|
497 | (4) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
Limitations of Risk Assessment |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Risk Management and Communication |
|
|
501 | (4) |
|
|
|
501 | (2) |
|
|
|
503 | (2) |
|
|
|
505 | (2) |
| 13 Environmental Laws and Compliance |
|
507 | (26) |
|
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Environmental Laws-Some Fundamentals |
|
|
508 | (3) |
|
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
Environmental Laws Are Part of a System |
|
|
508 | (3) |
|
Federal Environmental Laws |
|
|
511 | (18) |
|
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act |
|
|
511 | (3) |
|
Identifying a Hazardous Waste |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
Other Requirements Under RCRA |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Steps in Superfund: Find, Prioritize, and Clean |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know (SARA Title 111) |
|
|
515 | (2) |
|
Transportation of Hazardous Materials |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
Pollution Prevention and Improved Waste Management Programs |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
Toxic Substances Control Act |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Underground Storage Tanks |
|
|
519 | (2) |
|
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
|
|
522 | (5) |
|
Title I: Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance of the NAAQS |
|
|
522 | (3) |
|
Title II: Provisions Relating to Mobile Sources |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
Title III: Hazardous Air Pollutants |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
Title IV: Acid Deposition Control |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
Title VI: Stratospheric Ozone Protection |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
Title VII: Provisions Relating to Enforcement |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
|
527 | (2) |
|
Oil and Hazardous Substance Spill and Reporting Requirements |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
Trends in Regulatory Compliance |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
|
530 | (3) |
| 14 Emergency Preparedness |
|
533 | (16) |
|
|
|
533 | (9) |
|
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
|
535 | (6) |
|
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
The Role of the Environmental Health Professional in Emergency/Disaster Response |
|
|
542 | (4) |
|
|
|
542 | (2) |
|
|
|
544 | (2) |
|
|
|
546 | (3) |
| Appendices |
|
549 | (20) |
| Index |
|
569 | |
