Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
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1 Basics of Hierarchical Log-linear Models |
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1 | (12) |
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1.1 Scaling: Which Variables Are Considered Categorical? |
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1 | (3) |
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1.2 Crossing Two or More Variables |
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4 | (4) |
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1.3 Goodman's Three Elementary Views of Log-linear Modeling |
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8 | (1) |
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1.4 Assumptions Made for Log-linear Modeling |
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9 | (4) |
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13 | (10) |
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13 | (2) |
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2.2 The Row Effects-Only Model |
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15 | (1) |
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2.3 The Column Effects-Only Model |
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15 | (1) |
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2.4 The Row- and Column-Effects Model |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (5) |
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23 | (32) |
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3.1 Goodness-of-Fit I: Overall Fit Statistics |
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23 | (6) |
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3.1.1 Selecting between X2 and G2 |
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25 | (4) |
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29 | (1) |
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3.2 Goodness-of-Fit II: R2 Equivalents and Information Criteria |
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29 | (6) |
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30 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Information Criteria |
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32 | (3) |
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3.3 Goodness-of-Fit III: Null Hypotheses Concerning Parameters |
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35 | (1) |
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3.4 Goodness-of-fit IV: Residual Analysis |
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36 | (16) |
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3.4.1 Overall Goodness-of-Fit Measures and Residuals |
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36 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Other Residual Measures |
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38 | (4) |
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3.4.3 Comparing Residual Measures |
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42 | (2) |
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3.4.4 A Procedure to Identify Extreme Cells |
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44 | (4) |
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3.4.5 Distributions of Residuals |
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48 | (4) |
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3.5 The Relationship between Pearson's X2 and Log-linear Modeling |
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52 | (3) |
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4 Hierarchical Log-linear Models and Odds Ratio Analysis |
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55 | (44) |
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4.1 The Hierarchy of Log-linear Models |
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55 | (2) |
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4.2 Comparing Hierarchically Related Models |
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57 | (6) |
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4.3 Odds Ratios and Log-linear Models |
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63 | (2) |
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4.4 Odds Ratios in Tables Larger than 2x2 |
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65 | (5) |
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4.5 Testing Null Hypotheses in Odds-Ratio Analysis |
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70 | (2) |
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4.6 Characteristics of the Odds Ratio |
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72 | (3) |
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4.7 Application of the Odds Ratio |
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75 | (6) |
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4.8 The Four Steps to Take When Log-linear Modeling |
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81 | (5) |
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86 | (13) |
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5 Computations I: Basic Log-linear Modeling |
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99 | (16) |
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5.1 Log-linear Modeling in R |
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99 | (5) |
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5.2 Log-linear Modeling in SYSTAT |
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104 | (4) |
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5.3 Log-linear Modeling in IEM |
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108 | (7) |
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6 The Design Matrix Approach |
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115 | (18) |
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6.1 The Generalized Linear Model (GLM) |
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115 | (4) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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6.1.3 GLM for Continuous Outcome Variables |
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119 | (1) |
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6.2 Design Matrices: Coding |
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119 | (14) |
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120 | (4) |
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124 | (3) |
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6.2.3 Orthogonality of Vectors in Log-linear Design Matrices |
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127 | (2) |
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6.2.4 Design Matrices and Degrees of Freedom |
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129 | (4) |
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7 Parameter Interpretation and Significance Tests |
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133 | (28) |
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7.1 Parameter Interpretation Based on Design Matrices |
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134 | (9) |
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7.2 The Two Sources of Parameter Correlation: Dependency of Vectors and Data Characteristics |
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143 | (4) |
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7.3 Can Main Effects Be Interpreted? |
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147 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Parameter Interpretation in Main Effect Models |
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147 | (3) |
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7.3.2 Parameter Interpretation in Models with Interactions |
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150 | (4) |
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7.4 Interpretation of Higher Order Interactions |
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154 | (7) |
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8 Computations II: Design Matrices and Poisson GLM |
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161 | (24) |
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8.1 GLM-Based Log-linear Modeling in R |
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161 | (7) |
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8.2 Design Matrices in SYSTAT |
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168 | (6) |
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8.3 Log-linear Modeling with Design Matrices in lEM |
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174 | (11) |
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8.3.1 The Hierarchical Log-linear Modeling Option in lEM |
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175 | (3) |
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8.3.2 Using lEM's Command cov to Specify Hierarchical Log-linear Models |
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178 | (3) |
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8.3.3 Using lEM's Command fac to Specify Hierarchical Log-linear Models |
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181 | (4) |
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9 Nonhierarchical and Nonstandard Log-linear Models |
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185 | (70) |
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9.1 Defining Nonhierarchical and Nonstandard Log-linear Models |
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186 | (1) |
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9.2 Virtues of Nonhierarchical and Nonstandard Log-linear Models |
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186 | (2) |
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9.3 Scenarios for Nonstandard Log-linear Models |
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188 | (56) |
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9.3.1 Nonstandard Models for the Examination of Subgroups |
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188 | (5) |
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9.3.2 Nonstandard Nested Models |
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193 | (3) |
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9.3.3 Models with Structural Zeros I: Blanking out Cells |
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196 | (7) |
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9.3.4 Models with Structural Zeros II: Specific Incomplete Tables |
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203 | (2) |
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9.3.5 Models with Structural Zeros III: The Reduced Table Strategy |
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205 | (2) |
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9.3.6 Models with Quantitative Factors I: Quantitative Information in Univariate Marginals |
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207 | (10) |
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9.3.7 Models With Quantitative Factors II: Linear-by-Linear Interaction Models |
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217 | (6) |
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9.3.8 Models with Log-multiplicative Effects |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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9.3.10 Using Log-linear Models to Test Causal Hypotheses |
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224 | (5) |
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9.3.11 Models for Series of Observations I: Axial Symmetry |
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229 | (8) |
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9.3.12 Models for Series of Observations II: The Chain Concept |
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237 | (4) |
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9.3.13 Considering Continuous Covariates |
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241 | (3) |
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9.4 Nonstandard Scenarios: Summary and Discussion |
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244 | (3) |
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9.5 Schuster's Approach to Parameter Interpretation |
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247 | (8) |
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10 Computations III: Nonstandard Models |
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255 | (22) |
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10.1 Nonhierarchical and Nonstandard Models in R |
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255 | (5) |
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10.1.1 Nonhierarchical Models in R |
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256 | (2) |
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10.1.2 Nonstandard Models in R |
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258 | (2) |
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10.2 Estimating Nonhierarchical and Nonstandard Models with SYSTAT |
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260 | (10) |
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10.2.1 Nonhierarchical Models in SYSTAT |
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261 | (3) |
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10.2.2 Nonstandard Models in SYSTAT |
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264 | (6) |
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10.3 Estimating Nonhierarchical and Nonstandard Models with IEM |
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270 | (7) |
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10.3.1 Nonhierarchical Models in IEM |
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270 | (3) |
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10.3.2 Nonstandard Models in IEM |
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273 | (4) |
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11 Sampling Schemes and Chi-square Decomposition |
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277 | (16) |
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277 | (3) |
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11.2 Chi-Square Decomposition |
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280 | (13) |
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11.2.1 Partitioning Cross-classifications of Polytomous Variables |
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282 | (5) |
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11.2.2 Constraining Parameters |
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287 | (2) |
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11.2.3 Local Effects Models |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (2) |
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293 | (20) |
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293 | (5) |
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298 | (1) |
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12.3 Point-axial Symmetry |
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299 | (1) |
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12.4 Symmetry in higher dimensional Cross-Classifications |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (4) |
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12.6 Extensions and Other Symmetry Models |
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305 | (4) |
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12.6.1 Symmetry in Two-Group Turnover Tables |
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305 | (2) |
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12.6.2 More Extensions of the Model of Axial Symmetry |
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307 | (2) |
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12.7 Marginal Homogeneity: Symmetry in the Marginals |
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309 | (4) |
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13 Log-linear Models of Rater Agreement |
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313 | (18) |
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13.1 Measures of Rater Agreement in Contingency Tables |
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313 | (4) |
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13.2 The Equal Weight Agreement Model |
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317 | (2) |
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13.3 The Differential Weight Agreement Model |
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319 | (1) |
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13.4 Agreement in Ordinal Variables |
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320 | (3) |
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13.5 Extensions of Rater Agreement Models |
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323 | (8) |
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13.5.1 Agreement of Three Raters |
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323 | (5) |
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13.5.2 Rater-Specific Trends |
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328 | (3) |
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14 Comparing Associations in Subtables: Homogeneity of Associations |
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331 | (14) |
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14.1 The Mantel-Haenszel and Breslow-Day Tests |
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331 | (3) |
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14.2 Log-linear Models to Test Homogeneity of Associations |
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334 | (5) |
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14.3 Extensions and Generalizations |
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339 | (6) |
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15 Logistic Regression and Logit Models |
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345 | (26) |
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345 | (5) |
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15.2 Log-linear Representation of Logistic Regression Models |
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350 | (3) |
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15.3 Overdispersion in Logistic Regression |
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353 | (2) |
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15.4 Logistic Regression versus Log-linear Modeling |
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355 | (2) |
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15.5 Logit Models and Discriminant Analysis |
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357 | (6) |
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363 | (8) |
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371 | (16) |
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16.1 Fundamental Principles for Factorial Design |
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372 | (1) |
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16.2 The Resolution Level of a Design |
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373 | (3) |
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16.3 Sample Fractional Factorial Designs |
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376 | (11) |
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17 Computations IV: Additional Models |
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387 | (38) |
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17.1 Additional Log-linear Models in R |
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387 | (9) |
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17.1.1 Axial Symmetry Models in R |
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387 | (2) |
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17.1.2 Modeling Rater Agreement in R |
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389 | (2) |
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17.1.3 Modeling Homogeneous Associations in R |
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391 | (1) |
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17.1.4 Logistic Regression in R |
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392 | (4) |
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17.1.5 Some Helpful R Packages |
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396 | (1) |
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17.2 Additional Log-linear Models in SYSTAT |
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396 | (16) |
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17.2.1 Axial Symmetry Models in SYSTAT |
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396 | (6) |
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17.2.2 Modeling Rater Agreement in SYSTAT: Problems with Continuous Covariates |
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402 | (2) |
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17.2.3 Modeling the Homogeneous Association Hypothesis in SYSTAT |
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404 | (3) |
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17.2.4 Logistic Regression in SYSTAT |
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407 | (5) |
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17.3 Additional Log-linear Models in lEM |
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412 | (13) |
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17.3.1 Axial Symmetry Models in lEM |
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413 | (2) |
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17.3.2 Modeling Rater Agreement in lEM |
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415 | (2) |
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17.3.3 Modeling the Homogeneous Association Hypothesis in lEM |
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417 | (2) |
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17.3.4 Logistic Regression in lEM |
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419 | (2) |
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17.3.5 Path Modeling in lEM |
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421 | (4) |
References |
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425 | (16) |
Topic Index |
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441 | (6) |
Author Index |
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447 | |