About the Authors |
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iii | |
Preface |
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xii | |
Chapter 1 The First Aeronautical Engineers |
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1 | (52) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Very Early Developments |
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3 | (3) |
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1.3 Sir George Cayley (1773-1857)- The True Inventor of the Airplane |
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6 | (7) |
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1.4 The Interregnum-From 1853 to 1891 |
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13 | (4) |
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1.5 Otto Lilienthal (1848-1896)-The Glider Man |
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17 | (3) |
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1.6 Percy Pilcher (1867-1899)-Extending the Glider Tradition |
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20 | (1) |
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1.7 Aeronautics Comes to America |
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21 | (5) |
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1.8 Wilbur (1867-1912) and Orville (1871-1948) Wright-Inventors of the First Practical Airplane |
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26 | (9) |
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1.9 The Aeronautical Triangle-Langley, the Wrights, and Glenn Curtiss |
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35 | (9) |
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1.10 The Problem of Propulsion |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (3) |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (2) |
Chapter 2 Fundamental Thoughts |
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53 | (57) |
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2.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities of a Flowing Gas |
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57 | (5) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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2.1.4 Flow Velocity and Streamlines |
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60 | (2) |
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2.2 The Source of All Aerodynamic Forces |
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62 | (2) |
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2.3 Equation of State for a Perfect Gas |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (5) |
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71 | (11) |
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2.6 Anatomy of the Airplane |
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82 | (10) |
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2.7 Anatomy of a Space Vehicle |
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92 | (9) |
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93 | (3) |
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2.7.2 Uncrewed Spacecraft |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (3) |
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2.8 Historical Note: The NACA and NASA |
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101 | (3) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (4) |
Chapter 3 The Standard Atmosphere |
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110 | (24) |
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3.1 Definition of Altitude |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (2) |
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3.3 Relation Between Geopotential and Geometric Altitudes |
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115 | (1) |
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3.4 Definition of the Standard Atmosphere |
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116 | (9) |
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3.5 Pressure, Temperature, and Density Altitudes |
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125 | (3) |
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3.6 Historical Note: The Standard Atmosphere |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (2) |
Chapter 4 Basic Aerodynamics |
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134 | (154) |
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138 | (1) |
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4.2 Incompressible and Compressible Flows |
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139 | (3) |
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142 | (4) |
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146 | (7) |
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4.5 Elementary Thermodynamics |
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153 | (7) |
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160 | (6) |
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166 | (7) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (8) |
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4.10 Low-Speed Subsonic Wind Tunnels |
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182 | (6) |
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4.11 Measurement of Airspeed |
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188 | (22) |
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4.11.1 Incompressible Flow |
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191 | (6) |
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4.11.2 Subsonic Compressible Flow |
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197 | (8) |
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205 | (5) |
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210 | (1) |
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4.12 Some Additional Considerations |
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210 | (4) |
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4.12.1 More about Compressible Flow |
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211 | (2) |
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4.12.2 More about Equivalent Airspeed |
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213 | (1) |
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4.13 Supersonic Wind Tunnels and Rocket Engines |
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214 | (12) |
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4.14 Discussion of Compressibility |
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226 | (1) |
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4.15 Introduction to Viscous Flow |
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227 | (9) |
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4.16 Results for a Laminar Boundary Layer |
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236 | (5) |
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4.17 Results for a Turbulent Boundary Layer |
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241 | (3) |
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4.18 Compressibility Effects on Skin Friction |
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244 | (3) |
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247 | (3) |
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250 | (5) |
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4.21 Summary of Viscous Effects on Drag |
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255 | (2) |
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4.22 Historical Note: Bernoulli and Euler |
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257 | (1) |
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4.23 Historical Note: The Pitot Tube |
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258 | (3) |
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4.24 Historical Note: The First Wind Tunnels |
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261 | (6) |
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4.25 Historical Note: Osborne Reynolds and His Number |
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267 | (4) |
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4.26 Historical Note: Prandtl and the Development of the Boundary Layer Concept |
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271 | (3) |
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274 | (4) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (9) |
Chapter 5 Airfoils, Wings, and Other Aerodynamic Shapes |
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288 | (153) |
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288 | (2) |
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290 | (4) |
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5.3 Lift, Drag, and Moment Coefficients |
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294 | (6) |
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300 | (15) |
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5.5 Infinite Versus Finite Wings |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (6) |
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5.7 Obtaining Lift Coefficient from Cp |
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322 | (4) |
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5.8 Compressibility Correction for Lift Coefficient |
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326 | (1) |
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5.9 Critical Mach Number and Critical Pressure Coefficient |
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327 | (12) |
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5.10 Drag-Divergence Mach Number |
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339 | (8) |
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5.11 Wave Drag (At Supersonic Speeds) |
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347 | (10) |
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5.12 Summary of Airfoil Drag |
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357 | (2) |
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359 | (4) |
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5.14 Calculation of Induced Drag |
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363 | (9) |
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5.15 Change in the Lift Slope |
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372 | (9) |
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381 | (13) |
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5.17 Flaps-A Mechanism for High Lift |
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394 | (6) |
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5.18 Aerodynamics of Cylinders and Spheres |
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400 | (5) |
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5.19 How Lift is Produced-Some Alternative Explanations |
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405 | (10) |
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5.20 Historical Note: Airfoils and Wings |
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415 | (7) |
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5.20.1 The Wright Brothers |
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416 | (1) |
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5.20.2 British and U.S. Airfoils (1910-1920) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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5.20.4 Early NACA Four-Digit Airfoils |
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418 | (1) |
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5.20.5 Later NACA Airfoils |
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419 | (1) |
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5.20.6 Modern Airfoil Work |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (2) |
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5.21 Historical Note: Ernst Mach and his Number |
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422 | (4) |
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5.22 Historical Note: The First Manned Supersonic Flight |
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426 | (4) |
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5.23 Historical Note: The X-15-First Manned Hypersonic Airplane and Stepping-Stone to the Space Shuttle |
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430 | (2) |
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432 | (2) |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (6) |
Chapter 6 Elements of Airplane Performance |
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441 | (157) |
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6.1 Introduction: The Drag Polar |
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441 | (7) |
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448 | (2) |
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6.3 Thrust Required for Level, Unaccelerated Flight |
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450 | (8) |
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6.4 Thrust Available and Maximum Velocity |
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458 | (3) |
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6.5 Power Required for Level, Unaccelerated Flight |
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461 | (5) |
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6.6 Power Available and Maximum Velocity |
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466 | (4) |
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6.6.1 Reciprocating Engine-Propeller Combination |
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466 | (2) |
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468 | (2) |
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6.7 Altitude Effects on Power Required and Available |
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470 | (9) |
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479 | (10) |
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489 | (4) |
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6.10 Absolute and Service Ceilings |
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493 | (6) |
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499 | (1) |
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6.12 Range and Endurance: Propeller-Driven Airplane |
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500 | (8) |
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6.12.1 Physical Considerations |
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501 | (1) |
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6.12.2 Quantitative Formulation |
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502 | (2) |
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6.12.3 Breguet Formulas (Propeller-Driven Airplane) |
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504 | (4) |
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6.13 Range and Endurance: Jet Airplane |
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508 | (6) |
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6.13.1 Physical Considerations |
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509 | (1) |
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6.13.2 Quantitative Formulation |
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510 | (4) |
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6.14 Relations Between CDs and CD1 |
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514 | (8) |
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522 | (6) |
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528 | (3) |
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6.17 Turning Flight and the V-n Diagram |
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531 | (9) |
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6.18 Accelerated Rate of Climb (Energy Method) |
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540 | (7) |
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6.19 Special Considerations for Supersonic Airplanes |
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547 | (3) |
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6.20 Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) |
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550 | (10) |
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560 | (3) |
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6.22 Quest for Aerodynamic Efficiency |
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563 | (8) |
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6.22.1 Measure of Aerodynamic Efficiency |
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563 | (1) |
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6.22.2 What Dictates the Value of LID? |
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564 | (1) |
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6.22.3 Sources of Aerodynamic Drag; Drag Reduction |
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564 | (5) |
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6.22.4 Some Innovative Aircraft Configurations for High LID |
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569 | (2) |
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571 | (1) |
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6.24 Historical Note: Drag Reduction-The NACA Cowling and the Fillet |
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572 | (4) |
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6.25 Historical Note: Early Predictions of Airplane Performance |
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576 | (2) |
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6.26 Historical Note: Breguet and the Range Formula |
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578 | (1) |
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6.27 Historical Note: Aircraft Design-Evolution and Revolution |
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579 | (5) |
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6.28 Sleeker and Faster Airplanes: The NACA's Drag Cleanup Studies in the Full Scale Tunnel |
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584 | (5) |
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589 | (3) |
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592 | (1) |
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593 | (5) |
Chapter 7 Principles of Stability and Control |
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598 | (61) |
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598 | (6) |
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7.2 Definition of Stability and Control |
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604 | (5) |
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605 | (1) |
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606 | (2) |
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608 | (1) |
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608 | (1) |
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7.3 Moments on the Airplane |
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609 | (1) |
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7.4 Absolute Angle of Attack |
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610 | (2) |
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7.5 Criteria for Longitudinal Static Stability |
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612 | (5) |
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7.6 Quantitative Discussion: Contribution of the Wing to MCG |
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617 | (4) |
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7.7 Contribution of the Tail to Mcg |
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621 | (3) |
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7.8 Total Pitching Moment About the Center of Gravity |
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624 | (2) |
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7.9 Equations for Longitudinal Static Stability |
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626 | (2) |
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628 | (1) |
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629 | (4) |
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7.12 Concept of Static Longitudinal Control |
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633 | (5) |
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7.13 Calculation of Elevator Angle to Trim |
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638 | (2) |
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7.14 Stick-Fixed Versus Stick-Free Static Stability |
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640 | (1) |
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7.15 Elevator Hinge Moment |
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641 | (2) |
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7.16 Stick-Free Longitudinal Static Stability |
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643 | (4) |
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7.17 Directional Static Stability |
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647 | (1) |
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7.18 Lateral Static Stability |
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648 | (2) |
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650 | (1) |
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7.20 Historical Note: The Wright Brothers Versus the European Philosophy of Stability and Control |
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651 | (1) |
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7.21 Historical Note: The Development of Flight Controls |
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652 | (2) |
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7.22 Historical Note: The "Tuck-Under" Problem |
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654 | (1) |
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655 | (2) |
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657 | (1) |
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657 | (2) |
Chapter 8 Space Flight (Astronautics) |
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659 | (87) |
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659 | (4) |
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8.2 The Space Environment |
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663 | (8) |
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8.2.1 Distances and Velocities |
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663 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Temperature and Heat Transfer in Space |
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665 | (4) |
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8.2.3 Pressure, Particles, and Radiation |
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669 | (2) |
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671 | (3) |
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674 | (6) |
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675 | (1) |
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676 | (4) |
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8.5 Kepler's Laws and Elliptical Orbits |
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680 | (6) |
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680 | (3) |
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8.5.2 Kepler's Second Law |
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683 | (1) |
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684 | (2) |
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8.6 Orbital Energy and the Vis-Viva Equation |
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686 | (12) |
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686 | (2) |
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688 | (2) |
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690 | (5) |
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8.6.4 The Vis-Viva Equation |
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695 | (3) |
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698 | (10) |
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8.7.1 Coplanar Orbital Maneuvers and the Hohmann Transfer |
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699 | (6) |
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8.7.2 Plane Change Maneuver |
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705 | (3) |
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8.8 Interplanetary Trajectories |
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708 | (11) |
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8.8.1 Hyperbolic Trajectories |
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708 | (2) |
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8.8.2 Sphere of Influence |
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710 | (1) |
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8.8.3 Heliocentric Trajectories |
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711 | (1) |
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8.8.4 Method of Patched Conics |
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712 | (1) |
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8.8.5 Gravity-Assist Trajectories |
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713 | (2) |
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8.8.6 An Application: The Voyager Spacecraft-Their Design, Flight Trajectories, and Historical Significance |
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715 | (4) |
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8.9 Introduction to Atmospheric Entry |
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719 | (7) |
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8.9.1 Exponential Atmosphere |
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721 | (1) |
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8.9.2 General Equations of Motion for Atmospheric Entry |
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722 | (4) |
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8.10 Historical Note: Kepler |
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726 | (1) |
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8.11 Historical Note: Newton and the Law of Gravitation |
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727 | (2) |
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8.12 Historical Note: Lagrange |
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729 | (1) |
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8.13 Historical Note: Unmanned Space Flight |
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730 | (4) |
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8.14 Historical Note: Human Space Flight |
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734 | (6) |
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740 | (3) |
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743 | (1) |
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743 | (3) |
Chapter 9 Propulsion |
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746 | (89) |
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746 | (3) |
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749 | (7) |
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756 | (11) |
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9.4 Jet Propulsion-The Thrust Equation |
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767 | (3) |
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770 | (11) |
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9.5.1 Thrust Buildup for a Turbojet Engine |
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775 | (6) |
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781 | (2) |
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783 | (4) |
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787 | (7) |
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9.9 Rocket Propellants-Some Considerations |
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794 | (6) |
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794 | (3) |
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797 | (2) |
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799 | (1) |
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800 | (3) |
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803 | (6) |
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9.11.1 Comparison of Single-Stage and Two-Stage Vehicle |
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804 | (2) |
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806 | (2) |
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9.11.3 Multistage Vehicles |
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808 | (1) |
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809 | (3) |
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9.12.1 Electron-Ion Thruster |
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810 | (1) |
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9.12.2 Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster |
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811 | (1) |
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811 | (1) |
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812 | (1) |
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9.13 Historical Note: Early Propeller Development |
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812 | (3) |
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9.14 Historical Note: Early Development of the Internal Combustion Engine for Aviation |
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815 | (3) |
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9.15 Historical Note: Inventors of Early Jet Engines |
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818 | (2) |
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9.16 Historical Note: Early History of Rocket Engines |
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820 | (5) |
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9.17 Historical Note: Development of the Saturn V and N-1 Boosters |
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825 | (3) |
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828 | (2) |
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830 | (1) |
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831 | (4) |
Chapter 10 Hypersonic Vehicles |
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835 | (32) |
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835 | (4) |
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10.2 Physical Aspects of Hypersonic Flow |
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839 | (8) |
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839 | (1) |
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840 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Viscous Interaction |
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841 | (1) |
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10.2.4 High-Temperature Effects |
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842 | (1) |
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843 | (4) |
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847 | (1) |
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10.3 Newtonian Law for Hypersonic Flow |
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847 | (6) |
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10.4 Some Comments About Hypersonic Airplanes |
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853 | (11) |
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864 | (1) |
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865 | (1) |
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865 | (2) |
Appendix A: Standard Atmosphere, SI Units |
|
867 | (10) |
Appendix B: Standard Atmosphere, English Engineering Units |
|
877 | (8) |
Appendix C: Symbols and Conversion Factors |
|
885 | (1) |
Appendix D: Airfoil Data |
|
886 | (29) |
Answer Key |
|
915 | (4) |
Index |
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919 | |