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Magnetic Sensors and Magnetometers, Second Edition Unabridged edition [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 416 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-Jul-2021
  • Kirjastus: Artech House Publishers
  • ISBN-10: 1630817422
  • ISBN-13: 9781630817428
Teised raamatud teemal:
Magnetic Sensors and Magnetometers, Second Edition Unabridged editionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 416 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-Jul-2021
  • Kirjastus: Artech House Publishers
  • ISBN-10: 1630817422
  • ISBN-13: 9781630817428
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781630817428.html
Märksõnad:
This completely updated second edition of an Artech House classic covers industrial applications and space and biomedical applications of magnetic sensors and magnetometers. With the advancement of smart grids, renewable energy resources, and electric vehicles, the importance of electric current sensors increased, and the book has been updated to reflect these changes. Integrated fluxgate single-chip magnetometers are presented. GMR sensors in the automotive market, especially for end-of-shaft angular sensors, are included, as well as Linear TMR sensors. Vertical Hall sensors and sensors with integrated ferromagnetic concentrators are two competing technologies, which both brought 3-axial single-chip Hall ICs, are considered. Digital fluxgate magnetometers for both satellite and ground-based applications are discussed. All-optical resonant magnetometes, based on the Coherent Population Trapping effect, has reached approval in space, and is covered in this new edition of the book.





Whether you're an expert or new to the field, this unique resource offers you a thorough overview of the principles and design of magnetic sensors and magnetometers, as well as guidance in applying specific devices in the real world. The book covers both multi-channel and gradiometric magnetometer systems, special problems such as cross-talk and crossfield sensitivity, and comparisons between different sensors and magnetometers with respect to various application areas. Miniaturization and the use of new materials in magnetic sensors are also discussed. A comprehensive list of references to journal articles, books, proceedings and webpages helps you find additional information quickly.
Preface to the First Edition xiii
Preface to the Second Edition xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Chapter 1 Basics
1(28)
1.1 Magnetic Units and Basic Rules
1(3)
1.1.1 Basic Laws
2(1)
1.1.2 Magnetic Field and Matter
3(1)
1.1.3 Magnetic Circuits
3(1)
1.2 Magnetic States of Matter
4(2)
1.2.1 Diamagnetism and Superconductivity
4(1)
1.2.2 Paramagnetism
5(1)
1.2.3 Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagnetism, and Ferrimagnetism
5(1)
1.2.4 Superparamagnetism
6(1)
1.3 Magnetic Anisotropy
6(6)
1.3.1 Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy
7(1)
1.3.2 Shape Anisotropy and Demagnetization
7(2)
1.3.3 Induced Anisotropy
9(3)
1.3.4 Anisotropy in Magnetic Wires
12(1)
1.4 Magnetostriction
12(2)
1.5 Domain Structure
14(2)
1.6 Magnetization Process
16(4)
1.6.1 Magnetization Curve
17(3)
1.7 Magnetic Materials
20(2)
1.7.1 Soft Magnetic Materials
20(2)
1.7.2 Hard Magnetic Materials
22(1)
1.8 Sensor Specifications
22(5)
1.8.1 Full-Scale Range, Linearity, Hysteresis, and Temperature Coefficient of Sensitivity
23(1)
1.8.2 Offset, Offset Temperature Coefficient, and Long-Term Stability
24(1)
1.8.3 Perming
24(1)
1.8.4 Noise
24(1)
1.8.5 Resistance Against Environment (Temperature, Humidity, and Vibrations)
25(1)
1.8.6 Resistance Against Perpendicular Field and Field Gradient
26(1)
1.8.7 Bandwidth
26(1)
1.8.8 Other (Power, Radiation Immunity, and Cost)
27(1)
References
27(2)
Chapter 2 Induction Sensors
29(22)
2.1 Air Coils
30(7)
2.1.1 Voltage Sensitivity at Low Frequencies
32(1)
2.1.2 Thermal Noise
33(1)
2.1.3 The Influence of the Parasitic Capacitances
34(1)
2.1.4 Current-Output (Short-Circuited Mode)
35(2)
2.2 Search Coils with a Ferromagnetic Core
37(5)
2.2.1 Voltage Output Sensitivity
37(4)
2.2.2 Thermal Noise of the Cored Induction Sensor (Voltage Output)
41(1)
2.2.3 The Equivalent Circuit for Cored Coils
41(1)
2.2.4 Cored Coils with Current Output
42(1)
2.3 Noise Matching to an Amplifier
42(1)
2.4 Design Examples
43(1)
2.5 Other Measuring Coils
43(5)
2.5.1 Rotating Coil Magnetometers
43(1)
2.5.2 Moving Coils: Extraction Method
44(2)
2.5.3 Vibrating Coils
46(1)
2.5.4 Coils for Measurement of H
46(1)
2.5.5 The Rogowski-Chattock Potentiometer
46(2)
References
48(3)
Chapter 3 Fluxgate Sensors
51(48)
3.1 Orthogonal-Type Fluxgates
52(3)
3.2 Core Shapes of Parallel-Type Fluxgates
55(3)
3.2.1 Single-Rod Sensors
55(1)
3.2.2 Double-Rod Sensors
56(1)
3.2.3 Ring-Core Sensors
56(1)
3.2.4 Racetrack Sensors
57(1)
3.3 Theory of Fluxgate Operation
58(4)
3.3.1 The Effect of Demagnetization
59(3)
3.4 Core Materials
62(1)
3.5 Principles of Fluxgate Magnetometers
63(6)
3.5.1 Second-Harmonic Analog Magnetometer
63(2)
3.5.2 Digital Magnetometers
65(2)
3.5.3 Nonselective Detection Methods
67(2)
3.5.4 Auto-Oscillation Magnetometers
69(1)
3.6 Excitation
69(1)
3.7 Tuning the Output Voltage
69(3)
3.8 Current-Output (or Short-Circuited) Fluxgate
72(3)
3.8.1 Broadband Current-Output
73(2)
3.8.2 Tuning the Short-Circuited Fluxgate
75(1)
3.9 Noise and Offset Stability
75(5)
3.9.1 Zero Offset
78(1)
3.9.2 Offset from the Magnetometer Electronics
79(1)
3.9.3 Other Magnetometer Offset Sources
79(1)
3.10 Crossfield Effect
80(1)
3.11 Designs of Fluxgate Magnetometers
80(1)
3.11.1 Portable and Low-Power Instruments
80(1)
3.11.2 Station Magnetometers
81(1)
3.12 Miniature Fluxgates
81(4)
3.12.1 Miniature Wound Sensors
82(1)
3.12.2 Devices with Flat Coil (CMOS or Other Technologies)
82(1)
3.12.3 PCB-Based Sensors with Solenoid Coils Made of Tracks and Vias
83(1)
3.12.4 Sensors with Microfabricated Solenoids
84(1)
3.13 AC Fluxgates
85(1)
3.14 Multi-Axis Magnetometers
85(4)
3.14.1 Three-Axial Compensation Systems
86(1)
3.14.2 Individually Compensated Sensors
87(2)
3.15 Fluxgate Gradiometers
89(1)
References
90(9)
Chapter 4 Ferromagnetic Magnetoresistive Sensors
99(36)
4.1 AMR Sensors
100(15)
4.1.1 Magnetoresistance and Planar Hall Effect
100(3)
4.1.2 Magnetoresistive Films
103(2)
4.1.3 Linearization and Stabilization
105(4)
4.1.4 Sensor Layout
109(3)
4.1.5 Crossfield Sensitivity of the AMR Sensor
112(2)
4.1.6 AMR Magnetometers
114(1)
4.2 GMR and TMR (SDT) Sensors
115(13)
4.2.1 GMR Effect Basics
117(5)
4.2.2 Tunnel Magnetoresistance (Spin-Dependent Tunneling)
122(1)
4.2.3 GMR/TMR Sensor Design
123(4)
4.2.4 Magnetoresistance Sensor Applications
127(1)
4.3 Operating Parameters of Magnetoresistive Sensors
128(1)
4.11 Noise
128(3)
4.3.2 Field Range and Linearity
129(1)
4.3.3 Offset, Offset Drift, and Hysteresis
130(1)
References
131(4)
Chapter 5 Hall-Effect Magnetic Sensors
135(44)
5.1 Basics of the Hall Effect and Hall Devices
136(7)
5.1.1 The Hall Effect
137(3)
5.1.2 Structure and Geometry of a Hall Device
140(1)
5.1.3 Main Characteristics of Hall Magnetic Field Sensors
141(2)
5.1.4 Other Problems
143(1)
5.2 High Electron Mobility Thin-Film Hall Elements
143(7)
5.2.1 InSb Hall Elements
144(2)
5.2.2 InAs Thin-Film Hall Elements by MBE
146(2)
5.2.3 Deep Quantum Wells (DQW) and Application to Hall Elements
148(2)
5.2.4 GaAs Hall Elements
150(1)
5.3 Integrated Hall Sensors
150(13)
5.3.1 Historical Perspective
151(2)
5.3.2 CMOS Hall Elements
153(1)
5.3.3 Hall Offsets
154(3)
5.3.4 Excitation
157(2)
5.3.5 Amplification
159(1)
5.3.6 Geometry Considerations
159(3)
5.3.7 Vertical Hall Elements
162(1)
5.3.8 Packaging for Integrated Hall Sensors
162(1)
5.3.9 Applications and Trends
163(1)
5.4 Nonplate-Like Hall Magnetic Sensors
163(5)
5.4.1 The Vertical Hall Device
164(2)
5.4.2 Two-Axis Vertical Hall Device
166(1)
5.4.3 Three-Axis Hall Devices
167(1)
5.5 Hall Devices with Integrated Magnetic Concentrators (IMCs)
168(7)
5.5.1 Rotary Sensor with IMC
170(1)
5.5.2 3-Axis Sensor with IMC
171(2)
5.5.3 Integrated Current Sensor [ 55]
173(1)
5.5.4 Stray-Field Robust Gradiometric Sensors [ 56]
173(2)
5.5.5 IMC Technology
175(1)
References
175(4)
Chapter 6 Resonance Magnetometers
179(32)
6.1 Introduction to Magnetic Resonance
179(3)
6.1.1 Historical Overview
179(2)
6.1.2 Absolute Reproducibility of Magnetic Field Measurements
181(1)
6.2 Proton Precession Magnetometers
182(15)
6.2.1 The Mechanical Gyroscope
182(3)
6.2.2 The Classic Proton-Free Precession Magnetometer
185(8)
6.2.3 Overhauser Effect Proton Magnetometers
193(4)
6.3 Optically Pumped Magnetometers
197(10)
6.3.1 Alkali Metal Vapor Magnetometers
197(5)
6.3.2 The Metastable He4 Magnetometer
202(5)
References
207(4)
Chapter 7 SQUID
211(50)
7.1 Introduction
211(6)
7.1.1 Superconductivity
211(1)
7.1.2 Meissner Effect
212(1)
7.1.3 Flux Quantization
213(1)
7.1.4 The Josephson Effect
214(2)
7.1.5 SQUIDs
216(1)
7.2 SQUID Sensors
217(3)
7.2.1 Materials
217(3)
7.3 SQUID Operation
220(4)
7.3.1 The RF SQUID
221(1)
7.3.2 The DC SQUID
222(1)
7.3.3 SQIFs
222(1)
7.3.4 Fractional-Turn SQUIDs
223(1)
7.3.5 The Bi-SQUID
224(1)
7.4 Noise and Sensitivity
224(4)
7.4.1 White Noise
225(1)
7.4.2 Temperature Dependence
226(1)
7.4.3 Field Dependence
227(1)
7.4.4 XIf Noise
227(1)
7.5 Control Electronics
228(1)
7.6 Limitations on SQUID Technology
229(2)
7.7 Input Circuits
231(7)
7.7.1 Packaging
231(1)
7.7.2 The SQUID as a Black Box
231(1)
7.7.3 Sensitivity
232(1)
7.7.4 Detection Coils
233(2)
7.7.5 Gradiometers
235(1)
7.7.6 Electronic Noise Cancellation
236(2)
7.8 Refrigeration
238(2)
7.8.1 Dewars
238(2)
7.8.2 Closed Cycle Refrigeration
240(1)
7.9 Environmental Noise (Noise Reduction)
240(3)
7.9.1 Gradiometers for Noise Reduction
241(1)
7.9.2 Magnetic Shielding
242(1)
7.10 Applications
243(13)
7.10.1 Laboratory Applications
246(3)
7.10.2 Cryogenic Current Comparators (CCC)
249(1)
7.10.3 Geophysical Applications
250(2)
7.10.4 Nondestructive Test and Evaluation
252(1)
7.10.5 Medical Applications of SQUIDs
253(3)
References
256(5)
Chapter 8 Magneto-Optical Sensors and Other Principles
261(18)
8.1 Magneto-Optical Sensors
262(3)
8.1.1 Faraday Effect and Optical Sensors of the Magnetic Field
262(2)
8.1.2 Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect and Observation of Domains
264(1)
8.2 Magnetoimpedance and Magnetoinductance
265(5)
8.2.1 Principle
265(2)
8.2.2 Materials
267(1)
8.2.3 Sensors
268(2)
8.3 Magnetoelastic Field Sensors
270(3)
8.3.1 Fiber-Optic Magnetostriction Field Sensors
270(1)
8.3.2 Magnetostrictive-Piezoelectric (Magnetoelectric) Sensors
270(2)
8.3.3 Shear-Wave Magnetometers
272(1)
8.4 Lorentz Force Magnetometers
273(1)
8.5 Biological Sensors
274(1)
8.5.1 Magnetotactic Bacteria
274(1)
8.5.2 Magnetic Orientation in Birds
274(1)
References
275(4)
Chapter 9 Applications of Magnetic Field Sensors and Magnetometers
279(34)
9.1 Biomagnetic Measurements
279(3)
9.2 Navigation
282(5)
9.3 Military and Security
287(3)
9.3.1 Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)
287(2)
9.3.2 Target Detection and Tracking
289(1)
9.3.3 Antitheft Systems
289(1)
9.4 Automotive
290(1)
9.5 Nondestructive Testing
290(2)
9.6 Magnetic Marking and Labeling
292(1)
9.7 Geomagnetic Measurements: Mineral Prospecting, Object Location, and Variation Stations
292(5)
9.8 Space Research
297(10)
9.8.1 Deep-Space and Planetary Magnetometry
298(2)
9.8.2 Space Magnetic Instrumentation
300(2)
9.8.3 Measurement of Magnetic Fields Onboard Spacecraft
302(5)
References
307(6)
Chapter 10 Testing and Calibration Instruments
313(20)
10.1 Calibration Coils
313(7)
10.1.1 Coils as Sources of the Magnetic Moment
320(1)
10.2 Field Compensation Systems
320(1)
10.3 Magnetic Shielding
321(7)
10.3.1 Magnetic Shielding Theory
322(1)
10.3.2 Transverse Magnetic Shielding
322(2)
10.3.3 Axial Magnetic Shielding
324(2)
10.3.4 Flux Distribution
326(1)
10.3.5 Annealing
326(1)
10.3.6 Demagnetizing
327(1)
10.3.7 Enhancement of Magnetic Shielding by Magnetic Shaking
327(1)
10.3.8 Magnetic Shielded Rooms
328(1)
10.4 Calibration of 3-Axial Magnetometers
328(1)
10.4.1 Vectoral Calibration of 3-Axial Magnetometers
329(1)
10.4.2 Scalar Calibration of 3-Axial Magnetometers
329(1)
References
329(4)
Chapter 11 Magnetic Sensors for Nonmagnetic Variables
333(42)
11.1 Position Sensors
333(13)
11.1.1 Sensors with a Permanent Magnet
334(1)
11.1.2 Eddy-Current Sensors
335(6)
11.1.3 Linear Transformer Sensors
341(2)
11.1.4 Rotation Transformer Sensors
343(1)
11.1.5 Magnetostrictive Position Sensors
344(1)
11.1.6 Wiegand Sensors
345(1)
11.1.7 Magnetic Trackers
345(1)
11.2 Proximity and Rotation Detectors
346(1)
11.3 Force and Pressure
347(2)
11.4 Torque Sensors
349(6)
11.5 Magnetic Flowmeters
355(1)
11.6 Electric Current Sensors
355(14)
11.6.1 Magneto-Optical Current Sensors
356(1)
11.6.2 Current Transformers
357(4)
11.6.3 Fluxgate Current Sensors
361(1)
11.6.4 Rogowski Coils
362(2)
11.6.5 Sensors with a Gapped Core
364(2)
11.6.6 Coreless Current Sensors
366(2)
11.6.7 Current Clamps
368(1)
11.6.8 Magnetometric Measurement of Hidden Currents
369(1)
References
369(6)
Acronyms and Abbreviations 375(4)
About the Editor 379(2)
List of Contributors 381(4)
Index 385