| Acknowledgments |
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vi | |
| Preface |
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1 | (2) |
| Introduction |
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3 | (4) |
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1 Hypertension: An Overview |
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7 | (16) |
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Overview of Blood Pressure and High Blood Pressure |
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8 | (1) |
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Are There Symptoms of High Blood Pressure? |
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8 | (1) |
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Blood Pressure Measurements |
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9 | (1) |
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Proper Steps to Measure Blood Pressure Manually |
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9 | (2) |
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What Is Hypertension or High Blood Pressure? |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (2) |
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Risk Factors for Prehypertension |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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I've Been Diagnosed with Prehypertension. What Is the Course of Action? |
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15 | (3) |
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Dentistry and Hypertension |
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18 | (1) |
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Home Blood Pressure Monitoring |
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19 | (1) |
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Classifications of High Blood Pressure |
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19 | (1) |
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Etiology (Causes) of Hypertension |
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20 | (1) |
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Adult Blood Pressure Levels |
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20 | (2) |
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Risk Factors for Hypertension |
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22 | (1) |
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2 Hypertension Prevalence |
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23 | (13) |
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Prevalence of Hypertension in African Americans |
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23 | (1) |
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Diseases Attributable to Hypertension |
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24 | (3) |
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Statistics of Hypertension, Mortality, and Morbidity--A Brief Overview |
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27 | (2) |
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Manifestation of Hypertension (Pathophysiology) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Natural History of Essential Hypertension |
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31 | (1) |
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How Complicated Hypertension Affects Target Organs |
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31 | (2) |
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Variation in Rates of High Blood Pressure by Age, Gender, and Race |
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33 | (1) |
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Brief Overview: Role of the Heart in Blood Pressure |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (28) |
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Home Blood Pressure Monitoring |
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38 | (1) |
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Negative Outcomes of Clinic Visits Versus Home Blood Pressure Monitoring |
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39 | (1) |
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Self-Management for Hypertension Using Home Blood Pressure Monitoring |
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40 | (4) |
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Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring |
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44 | (3) |
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Reducing Risk Factors of Coronary Heart Disease in Special Populations to Meet Healthy People 2020 Objective |
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47 | (2) |
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Hypertension and Its Relation to Left Ventricular Hypertrophy |
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49 | (2) |
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Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) |
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51 | (2) |
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Definition of Heart Failure |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Heart Failure in Ethnic Minority Populations in Canada |
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55 | (1) |
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Role of Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease |
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56 | (1) |
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Hypertension and Heart Disease in Diabetes |
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57 | (1) |
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Some Coronary Artery Changes in People with Diabetes and Whether Vitamin D Deficiency Plays a Role |
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58 | (3) |
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Biochemical Changes in Diabetes |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Heart Disease Risk Factors |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (9) |
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What Is Vitamin D and How Is It Metabolized? |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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Does Vitamin D Play a Role in the Development of Hypertension? |
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66 | (2) |
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Some Food Sources of Vitamin D |
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68 | (1) |
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The Connection Between Vitamin D Insufficiency and Blood Pressure: A Comparison |
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68 | (1) |
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Lower Vitamin D Levels and Mortality |
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69 | (2) |
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Parathyroid Hormone and Vitamin D Levels |
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71 | (1) |
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Low Vitamin D Levels and Cardiovascular Disease |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (23) |
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Brief Description of the Kidneys |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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The Kidneys: Fluid Balance, Electrolytes, and Waste Products |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Economic Impact of Kidney Disease in the United States |
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76 | (1) |
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Two Major Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) |
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77 | (1) |
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Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Prevalence |
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77 | (2) |
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Prevalence of End-Stage Renal Disease |
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79 | (1) |
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Kidney Disease and Hypertension |
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79 | (1) |
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Does Weight Play a Role in the Development of Chronic Kidney Disease? |
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80 | (3) |
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Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Hypertensive Chronic Kidney Disease |
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83 | (1) |
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Diabetic Kidney Disease and Blood Pressure |
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84 | (1) |
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Definition of Chronic Kidney Disease |
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84 | (1) |
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The Five Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease and Their Detection |
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85 | (1) |
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Modalities for Kidney Failure---Brief Statistics |
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86 | (1) |
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Hypertension and Kidney Disease |
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86 | (1) |
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Uncontrolled Blood Pressure and Chronic Kidney Disease |
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87 | (1) |
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Autoimmune Diseases and Chronic Kidney Disease |
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87 | (1) |
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End-Stage Renal Disease Treatment in the United States |
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88 | (1) |
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Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis |
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89 | (1) |
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Vascular Access: A Brief History of the Pioneers |
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90 | (1) |
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Three Types of Vascular Access |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (2) |
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Advantages of Arteriovenous Fistula |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Maintenance of Arteriovenous Fistula |
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92 | (2) |
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Live Kidney Donors and African Americans |
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94 | (2) |
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6 Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease |
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96 | (20) |
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Stroke Mortality Reduction in the United States |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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Avoidable Deaths Statistics from Stroke, Hypertension, and Heart Disease in the United States |
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99 | (1) |
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Strategies to Avoid Stroke Deaths |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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Lifestyle Changes for Decreasing Stroke Risk |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (2) |
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Economic Impact of Stroke |
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105 | (1) |
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High Blood Pressure and Ischemic Stroke |
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105 | (2) |
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Genetic Variation and Intracerebral Hemorrhage |
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107 | (1) |
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Disparities in Stroke Risks |
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107 | (5) |
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112 | (4) |
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7 Nonpharmacological Management for Hypertension |
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116 | (29) |
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Individual Lifestyle Modifications for Hypertension Management |
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117 | (2) |
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The Roundtable Recommendation for Blood Pressure Management: The Lifestyle Approach |
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119 | (2) |
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An Overview of the GenSalt Study |
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121 | (1) |
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Adherence Interventions: Lifestyle Modifications, Medicine and Home Blood Pressure Monitoring |
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122 | (2) |
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Intervention Approach: Blood Pressure Improvement in Primary Care for African Americans |
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124 | (1) |
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Utilization of Community Settings for Lifestyle Interventions |
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124 | (3) |
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Church Interventions to Promote Lifestyle Changes |
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127 | (1) |
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Dietary Supplements for Hypertension |
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128 | (1) |
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Physical Activity for Hypertension Management |
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129 | (3) |
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Hypertension: Gait Slowing in Older Adults |
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132 | (3) |
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Nutritional Intake and Physical Activity as Cardiovascular Risk Factors |
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135 | (3) |
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Self-Efficacy and Self-Care Management for Hypertension |
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138 | (1) |
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A Review of Patient-Tailored Self-Management for Blood Pressure |
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139 | (1) |
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Definition of Self-Management |
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140 | (1) |
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Self Management for Blood Pressure Control |
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140 | (2) |
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Tailored Interventions' Effectiveness: Self-Management Behaviors for Chronic Diseases |
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142 | (3) |
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8 Pharmacological Management for Hypertension |
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145 | (26) |
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Hypertension and Increased Age |
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147 | (1) |
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Consistent Care Versus Standard Care for Blood Pressure Control Among African Americans and Whites |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Forms of Medication Used for Hypertension |
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149 | (1) |
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Functions of Blood Pressure Medications |
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149 | (1) |
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Some Popular Blood Pressure Medications |
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149 | (4) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (5) |
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A Glance: Hypertension Management by Various Hypertension Societies |
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159 | (2) |
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Differences in Medication Response in Non-Hispanic Whites and African Americans |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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Factors or Barriers to Medication Adherence for Hypertension in Different Cultural Groups |
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163 | (4) |
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Factors That Affect Medication Adherence in African Americans with Hypertension |
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167 | (4) |
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9 Hypertension Case Stories |
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171 | (6) |
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The Story of an African American Woman |
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171 | (1) |
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The Case of Jasper (J.M.) |
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172 | (1) |
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Janice: A New Diagnosis of Hypertension and Kidney Failure |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (3) |
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10 Hypertension: Prevalence, Consequences and Lifestyle Modification Factors |
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177 | (28) |
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Hypertension Prevalence in Football Players |
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177 | (1) |
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Prehypertension and Hypertension: Physical Therapists' Involvement |
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178 | (2) |
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High Blood Pressure in Blacks |
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180 | (2) |
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Question: Self-Report Questionnaires for Antihypertensive Medication Adherence |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (4) |
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Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Differences in Various Ethnicities in Canada |
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187 | (3) |
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Women and Coronary Artery Disease |
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190 | (1) |
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Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease |
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191 | (2) |
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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) |
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193 | (1) |
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End-Stage Renal Disease: Psychosocial Impact and Knowledge Needs |
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194 | (5) |
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Overview of Vitamin D, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease |
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199 | (4) |
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203 | (2) |
| Appendix 1 Sample Five-Day Meal Plan |
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205 | (6) |
| Appendix 2 Test Your Knowledge of Hypertension |
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211 | (4) |
| Bibliography |
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215 | (14) |
| Index |
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229 | |
