| Chapter 1 Microbes In The Marine Environment |
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1 | (28) |
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Origins And Scope Of Marine Microbiology |
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2 | (4) |
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Marine Microbiology Has Developed Into One Of The Most Important Areas Of Modern Science |
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2 | (1) |
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Microbes Include Microscopic Cellular Organisms And Non-Cellular Viruses |
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2 | (1) |
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Marine Microorganisms Are Found In All Three Domains Of Cellular Life |
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3 | (1) |
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Horizontal Gene Transfer Confounds Our Understanding Of Evolution |
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4 | (1) |
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Viruses Are Non-Cellular Entities With Great Importance In Marine Ecosystems |
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4 | (1) |
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Microbial Processes Shape The Living World |
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5 | (1) |
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Marine Microbes Show Great Variation In Size |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (8) |
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The World&Apos;s Oceans And Seas Form An Interconnected Water System |
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6 | (2) |
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The Upper Surface Of The Ocean Is In Constant Motion Owing To Winds |
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8 | (1) |
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Deep-Water Circulation Systems Transport Water Between The Ocean Basins |
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8 | (1) |
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Light And Temperature Have Important Effects On Microbial Processes |
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9 | (1) |
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Microbes Occur In All The Varied Habitats Found In The Oceans |
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10 | (1) |
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Seawater Is A Complex Mixture Of Inorganic And Organic Compounds, Colloids, And Gels |
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10 | (4) |
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The Sea Surface Is Covered By A Gelatinous Biofilm |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (5) |
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Microbes Play A Major Role In Marine Sediments |
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14 | (2) |
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Deep Marine Sediments Contain A Vast Reservoir Of Ancient Microbes |
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16 | (1) |
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Microbes Colonize Surfaces Through Formation Of Biofilms And Mats |
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16 | (3) |
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Some Examples Of Special Habitats-The Deep Sea, Polar Oceans, Coral Reefs, And Living Organisms |
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19 | (6) |
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Microbial Activity At Hydrothermal Vents Fuels An Oasis Of Life In The Deep Sea |
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19 | (2) |
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Cold Seeps Also Support Diverse Life Based On Chemosynthesis |
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21 | (1) |
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Microbes Inhabit The Interface Of Brine Pools In The Deep Sea |
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21 | (1) |
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Microbes In Sea Ice Form An Important Part Of The Food Web In Polar Regions |
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22 | (3) |
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Microbial Activity Underpins Productive Food Webs In Coral Reefs |
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25 | (1) |
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Living Organisms Are The Habitats Of Many Microbes |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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References And Further Reading |
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26 | (3) |
| Chapter 2 Methods In Marine Microbiology |
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29 | (36) |
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30 | (2) |
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Sampling The Marine Environment Requires Special Techniques |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (6) |
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Light And Electron Microscopy Are Used To Study Morphology And Structure Of Microbes |
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32 | (1) |
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Epifluorescence Light Microscopy Enables Enumeration Of Marine Microbes |
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33 | (2) |
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Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Enables Recognition Of Living Microbes Within Their Habitat |
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35 | (1) |
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Flow Cytometry Measures The Number And Size Of Particles |
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35 | (1) |
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Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (Fish) Allows Visualization And Quantification Of Specific Microbes |
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36 | (2) |
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Cultivation Of Microorganisms |
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38 | (4) |
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Different Microorganisms Require Specific Culture Media And Conditions For Growth |
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38 | (2) |
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Enrichment Culture Selects For Microbes With Specific Growth Requirements |
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40 | (1) |
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Phenotypic Testing Is Used For Characterization Of Many Cultured Bacteria |
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40 | (2) |
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Analysis Of Microbial Cell Components Can Be Used For Bacterial Classification And Identification |
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42 | (1) |
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Methods Based On DNA And RNA Analysis |
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42 | (15) |
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Nucleic Acid-Based Methods Have Transformed Understanding Of Marine Microbial Diversity And Ecology |
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42 | (1) |
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Amplification And Sequencing Of Ribosomal RNA Genes Is Widely Used In Microbial Systematics And Diversity Studies |
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42 | (3) |
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Isolation Of Genomic DNA Or RNA Is The First Step In All Nucleic Acid-Based Investigations |
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45 | (1) |
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The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Forms The Basis Of Many Techniques |
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45 | (2) |
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Genomic Fingerprinting Can Be Used To Assess Diversity Of Cultured Isolates |
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47 | (1) |
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Determination Of DNA Properties Is Used In Bacterial And Archaeal Taxonomy |
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48 | (1) |
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DNA Sequence Data Are Used For Identification And Phylogenetic Analysis |
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48 | (1) |
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DGGE And TRFLP Can Be Used To Assess Composition Of Microbial Communities |
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49 | (1) |
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Advances In DNA Sequencing Enable Improved Microbial Community Analysis |
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50 | (2) |
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Elucidating The Full Genome Sequence Of Microbes Provides Insights Into Their Functional Roles |
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52 | (1) |
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Metabarcoding And Metagenomics Have Led To Major Advances In Microbial Community Analysis |
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53 | (2) |
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Omics Technologies Provide Information About The Functional Gene Composition Of A Microbial Community |
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55 | (1) |
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Genomes Can Now Be Obtained From Single Cells In Environmental Samples |
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56 | (1) |
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In Situ Activity Of Microbial Communities |
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57 | (5) |
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Microelectrodes And Biosensors Measure Microbial Processes At The Microhabitat Scale |
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57 | (1) |
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Radioisotopes Can Be Used To Detect Metabolic Activity In A Community |
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57 | (1) |
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Stable-Isotope Probing (Sip) Tracks Fluxes Of Nutrients In Communities |
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58 | (1) |
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Nanosims Allows Metabolic Transfers To Be Measured At Subcellular Levels |
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58 | (1) |
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Microarrays Enable Assessment Of Gene Activity In The Environment |
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59 | (1) |
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Metatranscriptomics, Metaproteomics, And Metabolomics Reveal Microbial Activities In The Environment |
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59 | (1) |
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Microfluidics Enables Study Of Microscale Processes |
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60 | (1) |
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Mesocosm Experiments Attempt To Simulate Natural Conditions |
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60 | (1) |
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Remote Sensing Permits Global Analysis Of Microbial Activities |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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References And Further Reading |
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62 | (3) |
| Chapter 3 Metabolic Diversity And Ecophysiology |
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65 | (48) |
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A Brief Overview Of Cell Structure And Function |
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66 | (7) |
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Bacteria And Archaea Show A Variety Of Cell Forms And Structural Features |
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66 | (1) |
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The Cytoplasmic Membrane Controls Cell Processes Via Transport Of Ions And Molecules |
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66 | (1) |
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Cells May Contain Organelles, Microcompartments, And Inclusion Bodies |
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67 | (1) |
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The Nature Of The Cell Envelope Has A Major Effect On Physiology |
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68 | (1) |
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Genome Size And Organization Determines Bacterial And Archaeal Lifestyles |
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69 | (4) |
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Microbes Use A Variety Of Mechanisms To Regulate Cellular Activities |
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73 | (1) |
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Sources Of Energy And Carbon |
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73 | (1) |
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Microbes Obtain Energy From Light Or Oxidation Of Compounds |
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73 | (1) |
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Microbes Differ In Their Source Of Carbon To Make Cellular Material |
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74 | (1) |
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Phototrophy And Chemotrophy |
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74 | (9) |
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Phototrophy Involves Conversion Of Light Energy To Chemical Energy |
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74 | (2) |
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Oxygenic Photosynthesis Involves Two Distinct But Coupled Photosystems |
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76 | (1) |
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Anaerobic Anoxygenic Photosynthesis Uses Only One Type Of Reaction Center |
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76 | (1) |
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Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophy Is Widespread In Planktonic Bacteria |
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77 | (1) |
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Some Phototrophs Use Rhodopsins As Light-Harvesting Pigments |
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77 | (2) |
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Chemolithotrophs Use Inorganic Electron Donors As A Source Of Energy And Reducing Power |
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79 | (1) |
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Many Bacteria Oxidize Sulfur Compounds |
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80 | (1) |
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Many Chemolithotrophs Use Hydrogen As An Electron Donor |
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81 | (1) |
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Bacterial And Archaeal Nitrification Is A Major Process In The Marine Nitrogen Cycle |
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81 | (1) |
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Ammonia Can Also Support Anaerobic Chemolithoautotrophy |
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82 | (1) |
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Carbon And Nitrogen Fixation |
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83 | (2) |
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The Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) Cycle Is The Main Method Of Carbon Fixation In Autotrophs |
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83 | (1) |
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Some Archaea And Bacteria Use Alternative Pathways To Fix CO2 |
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83 | (1) |
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Fixation Of Nitrogen Makes This Essential Element Available For Building Cellular Material In All Life |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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Many Marine Microbes Obtain Energy By The Fermentation Of Organic Compounds |
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85 | (1) |
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Anaerobic Respiration Has Major Importance In Marine Processes |
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86 | (1) |
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Nitrate Reduction And Denitrification Release Nitrogen And Other Gases |
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86 | (1) |
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Sulfate Reduction Is A Major Process In Marine Sediments |
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86 | (1) |
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Microbial Production And Oxidation Of Methane |
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87 | (3) |
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Methanogenesis Is Unique To The Archaea |
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87 | (1) |
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Methane Is Produced In The Surface Ocean By Bacterial Cleavage Of Phosphonates |
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88 | (1) |
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Anaerobic Oxidation Of Methane (AOM) In Sediments Is Coupled To Sulfate Reduction |
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88 | (2) |
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Many Marine Microbes Oxidize Methane And Other C1 Compounds |
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90 | (1) |
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Nutrient Acquisition And Microbial Growth |
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90 | (15) |
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Microbial Metabolism Depends On Nutrient Uptake |
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90 | (2) |
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Acquisition Of Iron Is A Major Challenge For Marine Microbes |
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92 | (1) |
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Marine Bacterioplankton Use Two Trophic Strategies |
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92 | (1) |
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Growth Rate And Turnover Of Organic Material Depend On Nutrient Concentrations |
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93 | (1) |
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Copiotrophic Marine Bacteria May Show Rapid Growth In Culture |
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93 | (1) |
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Bacteria Adapt To Starvation By Coordinated Changes To Cell Metabolism |
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94 | (1) |
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Some Bacteria Enter A &Quot;viable But Nonculturable&Quot; State In The Environment |
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95 | (1) |
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Many Bacteria Use Motility To Search For Nutrients And Optimal Conditions |
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95 | (2) |
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Flagella Also Have A Mechanosensory Function |
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97 | (3) |
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Microbes Also Respond To Light, Magnetic Fields, And Other Stimuli |
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100 | (1) |
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Gliding And Twitching Motility Occur On Surfaces |
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100 | (1) |
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Microbes Colonize Surfaces Via Formation Of Biofilms |
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101 | (1) |
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Pili Are Important For Bacterial Attachment To Surfaces And Genetic Exchange |
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102 | (1) |
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Antagonistic Interactions Between Microbes Occur On Particles Or Surfaces |
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102 | (1) |
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Quorum Sensing Is An Intercellular Communication System For Regulation Of Gene Expression |
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102 | (3) |
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Physical Effects On Microbial Growth And Survival |
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105 | (4) |
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Most Marine Microbes Grow At Low Temperatures |
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105 | (1) |
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Microbes Growing In Hydrothermal Systems Are Adapted To Very High Temperatures |
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105 | (1) |
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Microbes That Inhabit The Deep Ocean Must Withstand A Very High Hydrostatic Pressure |
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106 | (1) |
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Ultraviolet Irradiation Has Lethal And Mutagenic Effects |
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107 | (1) |
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Bacterial Bioluminescence May Protect Bacteria From ROS And UV Damage |
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108 | (1) |
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Microbes Use Various Mechanisms To Prevent Osmotic Damage |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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References And Further Reading |
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109 | (4) |
| Chapter 4 Diversity Of Marine Bacteria |
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113 | (36) |
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Overview Of Bacterial Diversity |
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114 | (6) |
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Understanding Of Diversity Has Been Revolutionized By Phylogenetic And Genomic Techniques |
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114 | (1) |
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Bacterial Systematics Is In Transition Due To Application Of Genomic Methods |
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115 | (3) |
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OTUs And ASVs Are Used To Represent Diversity In Community Analyses |
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118 | (1) |
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Marine Microbial Communities Show High Alpha Diversity |
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119 | (1) |
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A Tour Of The Bacterial Aquarium |
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120 | (24) |
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The Proteobacteria Account For About Half Of All Bacterial Ocean Diversity |
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121 | (1) |
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Members Of The Class Alphaproteobacteria Are The Most Abundant Marine Bacteria |
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121 | (1) |
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The Order Caulobacterales Contains Prosthecate Bacteria |
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121 | (2) |
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Several Alphaproteobacterial Genera Show Magnetotaxis |
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123 | (1) |
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Magnetotaxis Is Also Found In Other Classes And Phyla |
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124 | (1) |
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The Order Betaproteobacteriales Includes Many Rare OTUs |
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124 | (1) |
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The Gammaproteobacteria Is A Very Large And Diverse Class |
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124 | (2) |
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The Gammaproteobacteria Includes Many Uncultivated Species Of Sulfide-Oxidizing Bacteria (SOB) |
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126 | (1) |
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The Family Vibrionaceae Includes Many Important Pathogens And Symbionts |
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127 | (1) |
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Members Of The Order Oceanospirillales Break Down Complex Organic Compounds |
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127 | (1) |
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The Family Thiotrichaceae Includes Some Important Sob |
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128 | (1) |
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The Proposed Phylum Desulfobacterota Contains Anaerobic Sulfate- Or Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) |
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129 | (1) |
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The Proposed Phylum Epsilonbactereota Contains Major Contributors To Productivity At Hydrothermal Vents |
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129 | (3) |
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Myxobacteria Have A Complex Life Cycle |
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132 | (1) |
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The Bdellovibrionales Contains Predatory Bacteria |
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132 | (1) |
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Members Of The Zetaproteobacteria Are Microaerophilic Iron-Oxidizers |
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133 | (1) |
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Members Of The Cyanobacteria Carry Out Oxygenic Photosynthesis |
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133 | (1) |
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A Genome-Based Classification Of The Cyanobacteria Is Under Development |
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134 | (1) |
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Prochlorococcus Is The Most Abundant Photosynthetic Organism |
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134 | (2) |
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Synechococcus Spp. Dominate The Upper Photic Zone |
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136 | (1) |
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Some Free-Living And Symbiotic Cyanobacteria Fix Nitrogen |
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136 | (3) |
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Filamentous Cyanobacteria Are Important In The Formation Of Microbial Mats |
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139 | (1) |
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Members Of The Planctomycetes Have Atypical Cell Structure |
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139 | (1) |
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The Phylum Bacteroidetes Has A Major Role In Nutrient Cycling Via Degradation Of Polymers |
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140 | (1) |
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Members Of The Phylum Chloroflexi Are Widespread But Poorly Characterized |
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141 | (1) |
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The Phyla Aquificae And Thermotogae Are Deeply Branching Primitive Thermophiles |
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141 | (1) |
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The Firmicutes Are A Major Branch Of Gram-Positive Bacteria |
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142 | (1) |
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Members Of The Actinobacteria Are A Rich Source Of Secondary Metabolites, Including Antibiotics |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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References And Further Reading |
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144 | (5) |
| Chapter 5 Marine Archaea |
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149 | (16) |
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Several Aspects Of Cell Structure And Function Distinguish The Archaea And Bacteria |
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150 | (1) |
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New Phylogenomic Methods Have Led To Recognition Of Multiple Phyla Of The Archaea |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (5) |
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Many Members Of The Euryarchaeota Produce Methane |
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151 | (2) |
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Anaerobic Oxidation Of Methane (AOM) In Sediments Is Carried Out By Syntrophic Archaea |
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153 | (1) |
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The Class Thermococci Contains Hyperthermophiles Found At Hydrothermal Vents |
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154 | (1) |
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Archaeoglobus And Ferroglobus Are Hyperthermophilic Sulfate-Reducers And Iron-Oxidizers |
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155 | (1) |
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The Euryarchaeota Contains Extreme Halophiles |
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155 | (1) |
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Uncultivated Members Of The Euryarchaeota Are Abundant In The Plankton |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Members Of The Crenarchaeota Are Thermophiles Occurring In Hydrothermal Vents |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (4) |
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A Single Glade Of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea Comprises 20% Of The Picoplankton |
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157 | (4) |
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161 | (1) |
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Nanoarchaeum Is An Obligate Parasite Of Another Archaeon |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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References And Further Reading |
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162 | (3) |
| Chapter 6 Marine Eukaryotic Microbes |
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165 | (30) |
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166 | (20) |
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Protists Are A Highly Diverse Collection Of Unicellular Eukaryotic Microbes |
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166 | (1) |
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Protists Show Enormous Diversity And Classification Systems Are Regularly Revised |
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167 | (1) |
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The -Omics Approaches Have Some Limitations For Understanding Protist Diversity |
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168 | (1) |
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Picoeukaryotes Play A Major Role In Ocean Food Webs |
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169 | (1) |
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Heterotrophic Flagellated Protists Play A Major Role In Grazing Of Other Microbes |
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169 | (1) |
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Heterotrophic Flagellated Protists Have Different Feeding Mechanisms |
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170 | (2) |
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Many Protists Are Mixotrophic |
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172 | (1) |
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The Choanoflagellates Have A Unique Morphology And Feeding Mechanism |
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172 | (1) |
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Dinoflagellates Have Several Critical Roles In Marine Systems |
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173 | (2) |
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Dinoflagellates And Other Protists Undertake Diel Vertical Migration |
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175 | (1) |
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Some Dinoflagellates Exhibit Bioluminescence |
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176 | (1) |
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The Ciliates Are Voracious Grazers Of Other Protists And Bacteria |
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177 | (1) |
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The Haptophytes (Prymnesiophytes) Are Some Of The Most Abundant Components Of Ocean Phytoplankton |
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178 | (3) |
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Diatoms Are Extremely Diverse And Abundant Primary Producers In The Oceans |
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181 | (2) |
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Other Stramenopiles May Cause Harmful Blooms |
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183 | (1) |
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Thraustochytrids And Labyrinthulids Are Active Degraders Of Organic Matter |
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183 | (1) |
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Photosynthetic Prasinophytes Are Abundant Members Of The Picoplankton |
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184 | (1) |
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Amoebozoa Are Important Grazers Of Particle- Associated Bacteria |
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184 | (1) |
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Radiolarians And Foraminifera Have Highly Diverse Morphologies With Mineral Shells |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (3) |
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The Fungi Form A Distinct Monophyletic Group On A Branch Within The Nucletmycea |
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186 | (1) |
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Fungi Are Increasingly Recognized To Be Major Components Of The Marine Microbiome |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (3) |
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References And Further Reading |
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192 | (3) |
| Chapter 7 Marine Viruses |
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195 | (24) |
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Viruses Are Highly Diverse Non-Cellular Microbes |
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196 | (4) |
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Phages Are Viruses That Infect Bacterial And Archaeal Cells |
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200 | (1) |
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The Life Cycle Of Phages Shows A Number Of Distinct Stages |
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201 | (1) |
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Lysogeny Occurs When The Phage Genome Is Integrated Into The Host Genome |
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201 | (4) |
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Loss Of Viral Infectivity Arises From Damage To The Nucleic Acid Or Capsid |
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205 | (1) |
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Measurement Of Virus Production Rates Is Important For Quantifying Virus-Induced Mortality |
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205 | (1) |
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Viral Mortality &Quot;lubricates&Quot; The Biological Pump |
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206 | (1) |
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Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (Ncldvs) Are Important Pathogens Of Microalgae And Other Protists |
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206 | (4) |
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Other Giant Viruses Are Abundant Pathogens Of Heterotrophic Protists |
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210 | (1) |
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RNA Viruses Also Infect Protists |
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211 | (1) |
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Viral Mortality Plays A Major Role In Structuring Diversity Of Microbial Communities |
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212 | (2) |
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Marine Viruses Show Enormous Genetic Diversity |
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214 | (1) |
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Viromes Are Creators Of Genetic Diversity And Exchange |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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References And Further Reading |
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215 | (4) |
| Chapter 8 Microbes In Ocean Processes-Carbon Cycling |
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219 | (16) |
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Physical Factors And Biotic Processes Determine The Fate Of Carbon In The Oceans |
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221 | (1) |
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Marine Phytoplankton Are Responsible For About Half Of The Global Primary Production |
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222 | (2) |
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There Are Wide Geographical And Seasonal Variations In Primary Production |
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224 | (2) |
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Dark Ocean Carbon Fixation Makes A Major Contribution To Primary Production |
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226 | (1) |
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Classic Food Chain And Microbial Loop Processes Occur In The Epipelagic |
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226 | (1) |
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The Microbial Loop Results In Retention Of Dissolved Nutrients |
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227 | (1) |
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The Biological Pump Transports Fixed Carbon To The Deep Ocean And Sediments |
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228 | (1) |
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Carbon Export Of Primary Production May Change Due To Ocean Warming And Acidification |
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228 | (1) |
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Ingestion Of Bacteria By Protists Plays A Key Role In The Microbial Loop |
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229 | (1) |
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The Viral Shunt Catalyzes Nutrient Regeneration In The Upper Ocean |
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230 | (1) |
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Microbial Processes Alter The Composition Of Dom |
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231 | (1) |
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Eutrophication Of Coastal Waters Stimulates Microbial Activity |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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References And Further Reading |
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233 | (2) |
| Chapter 9 Microbes In Ocean Processes-Nitrogen, Sulfur, Iron, Phosphorus, And Silicon Cycling |
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235 | (24) |
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236 | (5) |
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Key Elements Act As Limiting Nutrients For Phytoplankton |
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236 | (1) |
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Productivity Of Surface Waters Shows Marked Geographical Variations |
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236 | (1) |
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Ocean Microbes Require Iron |
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237 | (1) |
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Terrestrial Runoff, Dust, And Volcanic Ash Are Major Sources Of Iron Input |
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|
237 | (1) |
|
Hydrothermal Vents And Glacial Melting Also Supply Iron To The Oceans |
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238 | (3) |
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Whales And Seabirds Play A Major Role In Supply Of Iron To Phytoplankton |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (6) |
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There Have Been Major Shifts In Our Understanding Of The Marine Nitrogen Cycle |
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241 | (1) |
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Diazotrophs Incorporate Atmospheric Nitrogen Into Organic Material |
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241 | (2) |
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Fixed Nitrogen Is Returned To The Inorganic Pool By Ammonification And Nitrification |
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243 | (1) |
|
Assimilation Of Ammonium And Nitrate Fuels Growth Of Phytoplankton And Other Microbes |
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244 | (1) |
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Nitrate Reduction, Denitrification, And Anammox Reactions Return Nitrogen To Its Elemental Form And Other Gases |
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244 | (1) |
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Diverse Microbial Metabolic Processes Occur In Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs) |
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245 | (2) |
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Microbial Processes In Sediments Are A Major Contributor To Nitrogen Cycling |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (5) |
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The Oceans And Sediments Contain Large Quantities Of Sulfur Compounds |
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247 | (1) |
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Metabolism Of Organic Sulfur Compounds Is Especially Important In Surface Waters |
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248 | (1) |
|
DMSP Production Leads To Release Of The Climate-Active Gas Dimethyl Sulfide (DMS) |
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248 | (4) |
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252 | (1) |
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Phosphorus Is Often A Limiting Or Co-Limiting Nutrient |
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252 | (1) |
|
Marine Microbes Are Adapted To Low And Variable Levels Of Phosphorus |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (2) |
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Silicification Of Diatoms Is An Economic Process For Construction Of A Cell Wall |
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253 | (1) |
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Diatom Blooms Depend On The Availability Of Silica In The Environment |
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254 | (1) |
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Eutrophication Alters The Silicon Balance In Coastal Zones |
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|
254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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References And Further Reading |
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255 | (4) |
| Chapter 10 Microbial Symbioses Of Marine Animals |
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259 | (32) |
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Symbioses Occur In Many Forms |
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260 | (1) |
|
Chemosynthetic Bacterial Endosymbionts Of Animals Were Discovered At Hydrothermal Vents |
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260 | (4) |
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A Wide Range Of Other Chemosynthetic Endosymbioses Occurs In The Deep Sea |
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264 | (2) |
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Chemosynthetic Symbioses Are Also Widespread In Shallow-Water Sediments |
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266 | (3) |
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Animals Colonizing Whale Falls Depend On Autotrophic And Heterotrophic Symbionts |
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269 | (1) |
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Sea Squirts Harbor Photosynthetic Bacteria |
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269 | (1) |
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Endosymbionts Of Bryozoans Produce Compounds That Protect The Host From Predation |
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270 | (3) |
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Sponges Contain Dense Communities Of Specific Microbes |
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273 | (2) |
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Many Marine Invertebrates Depend On Photosynthetic Endosymbionts |
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275 | (1) |
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Zooxanthellae (Symbiodiniaceae) Show Extensive Genetic Diversity And Host Specificity |
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275 | (1) |
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Many Corals Are Dependent On Zooxanthellae For Nutrition |
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276 | (2) |
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Coral Bleaching Occurs When The Host-Symbiont Interactions Are Uncoupled |
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278 | (2) |
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The Coral Holobiont Contains Multiple Microbial Partners |
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280 | (1) |
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Zooxanthellae Boost The Growth Of Giant Clams |
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281 | (3) |
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Some Fish And Invertebrates Employ Symbiotic Bacteria To Make Light |
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284 | (2) |
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The Bobtail Squid Uses Bacterial Bioluminescence For Camouflage |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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References And Further Reading |
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288 | (3) |
| Chapter 11 Microbial Diseases Of Marine Organisms |
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291 | (40) |
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Diseases Of Marine Organisms Have Major Ecological And Economic Impact |
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292 | (1) |
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Diseases Of Corals, Sponges, And Echinoderms |
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292 | (12) |
|
Infectious Diseases Threaten The Survival Of Corals |
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292 | (1) |
|
Vibrios Are Associated With Many Coral Diseases |
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293 | (2) |
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The Fungus Aspergillus Sydowii Caused Mass Mortality Of Sea Fans In The Caribbean Sea |
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|
295 | (1) |
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Black Band Disease Of Corals Is A Disease Of Corals Worldwide |
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295 | (3) |
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White Plague And White Pox Are Major Diseases Affecting Caribbean Reefs |
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298 | (1) |
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Protistan Parasites May Cause Tissue Necrosis And Skeletal Erosion |
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299 | (1) |
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Viruses Have A Pivotal Role In Coral Health |
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300 | (1) |
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Sponge Disease Is A Poorly Investigated Global Phenomenon |
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|
301 | (2) |
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Mass Mortalities Of Echinoderms Have Caused Major Shifts In Reef And Coastal Ecology |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (2) |
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Bacteria Are A Major Cause Of Disease In Molluscs |
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304 | (1) |
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Several Protistan Diseases Affect Culture Of Oysters And Mussels |
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305 | (1) |
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Virus Infections Are A Major Problem In Oyster Culture |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (3) |
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Bacteria Cause Epizootics With High Mortalities In Crustaceans |
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|
306 | (1) |
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Expansion Of Crustacean Aquaculture Is Threatened By Viral Diseases |
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|
307 | (2) |
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Parasitic Dinoflagellates Also Cause Disease In Crustaceans |
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|
309 | (1) |
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309 | (11) |
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Microbial Diseases Of Fish Cause Major Losses In Aquaculture And Natural Populations |
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309 | (1) |
|
Microbial Infections Of Fish Cause A Variety Of Disease Signs |
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|
310 | (1) |
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Fish-Pathogenic Bacteria Possess A Range Of Virulence Mechanisms |
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|
311 | (1) |
|
Vibrios Are Responsible For Some Of The Main Infections Of Marine Fish |
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|
311 | (2) |
|
Pasteurellosis Affects Warm-Water Marine Fish |
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|
313 | (1) |
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Aeromonas Salmonicida Has A Broad Geographic Range Affecting Fish In Fresh And Marine Waters |
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|
314 | (1) |
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Marine Flexibacteriosis Is Caused By A Weakly Virulent Opportunist Pathogen |
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|
315 | (1) |
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Piscirickettsia And Francisella Are Intracellular Proteobacteria Infecting Salmon And Cod |
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|
316 | (1) |
|
Intracellular Gram-Positive Bacteria Cause Chronic Infections Of Fish |
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|
316 | (1) |
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Some Gram-Positive Cocci Affect The Central Nervous System Of Fish |
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|
317 | (1) |
|
Viruses Cause Numerous Diseases Of Marine Fish |
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|
318 | (1) |
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Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA) Is One Of The Most Serious Diseases In Salmon Culture |
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|
318 | (1) |
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Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHs) Virus Infects Many Species Of Wild Fish |
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|
318 | (1) |
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Lymphocystis Virus Causes Chronic Skin Infection Of Fish |
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|
319 | (1) |
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Birnaviruses Appear To Be Widespread In Marine Fish And Invertebrates |
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|
319 | (1) |
|
Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) Is An Emerging Disease With Major Impact |
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|
319 | (1) |
|
Protists Cause Disease In Fish Via Infections, Toxins, And Direct Physical Effects |
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|
319 | (1) |
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320 | (3) |
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Dinoflagellate And Diatom Toxins Affect Marine Mammals |
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|
320 | (1) |
|
Virus Disease Cause Mass Mortalities In Cetaceans And Pinnipeds |
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|
321 | (1) |
|
Viruses From Nine Different Families Have Been Linked To Diseases Of Marine Mammals |
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|
321 | (2) |
|
Several Species Of Bacteria And Fungi Infect Marine Mammals |
|
|
323 | (1) |
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|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Sea Turtles Are Affected By A Virus Promoting Growth Of Tumors |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Diseases Of Seagrasses And Seaweeds |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
Heterokont Protists Cause Ecologically Important Mortality Of Seagrasses |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Bacteria, Fungi, And Viruses Infect Marine Macroalgae |
|
|
324 | (2) |
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|
|
326 | (1) |
|
References And Further Reading |
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|
326 | (5) |
| Chapter 12 Marine Microbes As Agents Of Human Disease |
|
331 | (24) |
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|
332 | (9) |
|
Pathogenic Vibrios Are Common In Marine And Estuarine Environments |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Vibrio Cholerae Is An Autochthonous Aquatic Bacterium |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Complex Regulatory Networks Control Human Colonization And Virulence Of V. Cholerae |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Mobile Genetic Elements Play A Major Role In The Biology Of Vibrio Spp. |
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
Non-O1 And Non-O139 Serotypes Of Vibrio Cholerae Are Widely Distributed In Coastal And Estuarine Waters |
|
|
335 | (2) |
|
Vibrio Vulnificus Is A Deadly Opportunistic Pathogen |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
Pathogenicity Of V. Vulnificus Is Due To The Interaction Of Multiple Gene Products |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Environmental Factors Affect The Pathogenicity Of V. Vulnificus |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Is The Leading Cause Of Seafood-Associated Gastroenteritis |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Microbes Associated With Fish And Marine Mammals Can Be Transmitted To Humans |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
Diseases Caused By Marine Microbial Toxins |
|
|
341 | (10) |
|
Scombroid Fish Poisoning Results From Bacterial Enzyme Activity |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Botulism Is A Rare Lethal Intoxication From Seafood |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Fugu Poisoning Is Caused By A Neurotoxin Of Bacterial Origin |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
TTX Is Widespread Amongst Marine Animals |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Some Dinoflagellates And Diatoms Produce Harmful Toxins |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Is Caused By Saxitoxins Produced By Dinoflagellates |
|
|
344 | (2) |
|
Brevetoxin Causes Illness Via Ingestion Or Inhalation During Red Tides |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Dinophysiotoxins And Azaspiracid Toxins From Shellfish Result In Gastrointestinal Symptoms |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning Is Caused By Toxic Diatoms |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning Has A Major Impact On The Health Of Tropical Islanders |
|
|
347 | (2) |
|
Bacteria Influence The Production Of HAB Toxins |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Dinoflagellate And Diatom Toxins May Be Antipredator Defense Mechanisms |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Complex Factors Affect The Incidence Of HABs And Toxin-Associated Diseases |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Coastal Waters Must Be Regularly Monitored To Assess The Development Of HAbs |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
References And Further Reading |
|
|
352 | (3) |
| Chapter 13 Microbial Aspects Of Marine Biofouling, Biodeterioration, And Pollution |
|
355 | (32) |
|
Biofouling And Biodeterioration |
|
|
356 | (5) |
|
Microbial Biofilms Initiate The Process Of Biofouling |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Microbes Induce Corrosion Of Metals, Alloys, And Composite Materials |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Microbes Cause Biodeterioration Of Timber And Marine Wooden Structures |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Microbial Growth And Metabolism Cause Spoilage Of Seafood Products |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Processing, Packaging, And Inhibitors Of Spoilage Are Used To Extend Shelf-Life |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Some Seafood Products Are Made By Deliberate Manipulation Of Microbial Activities |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Marine Pollution By Sewage And Wastewater |
|
|
361 | (11) |
|
Coastal Pollution By Wastewater Is A Source Of Human Disease |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Human Viral Pathogens Occur In Sewage- Polluted Seawater |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Fecal Indicator Organisms (FIOs) Are Used To Assess Public Health Risks |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Coliforms And E. Coli Are Unreliable FIOs For Seawater Monitoring |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Enterococci Are More Reliable Flos For Seawater Monitoring |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Molecular-Based Methods Permit Quicker Analysis Of Indicator Organisms And Microbial Source Tracking |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Various Alternative Indicator Species Have Been Investigated |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Countries Have Different Quality Standards For Bathing Waters |
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
Shellfish From Sewage-Polluted Waters Can Cause Human Infection |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Microbiological Standards Are Used For Classification Of Shellfish Production Areas |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Direct Testing For Pathogens In Shellfish Is Possible With Molecular Methods |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Oil And Other Chemical Pollution |
|
|
372 | (7) |
|
Oil Pollution Of The Marine Environment Is A Major Problem |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Microbes Naturally Degrade Oil In The Sea |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Physical And Biological Processes Affect The Fate Of Oil Spills |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Bioremediation Of Oil Spills May Be Enhanced By Emulsifiers And Nutrients |
|
|
373 | (3) |
|
Microbes Can Detoxify Heavy Metals From Contaminated Sediments |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Microbial Systems Can Be Used For Ecotoxicological Testing |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Microbial Adsorption And Metabolism Affect Accumulation Of Mercury |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Microbial Cycling Is Important In The Distribution Of Persistent Organic Pollutants |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Plastic Pollution Of The Oceans Is A Major Global Problem |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (3) |
|
References And Further Reading |
|
|
382 | (5) |
| Chapter 14 Marine Microbial Biotechnology |
|
387 | (24) |
|
Enzymes From Marine Microbes Have Many Applications |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
DNA Polymerases From Hydrothermal Vent Organisms Are Widely Used In Molecular Biology |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Metagenomics And Bioinformatics Lead To New Biotechnological Developments |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Polymers From Marine Bacteria Have Many Applications |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Microalgae Can Produce Biofuels And Edible Oils |
|
|
391 | (2) |
|
Marine Microbes Are A Rich Source Of Biomedical Products |
|
|
S393 | |
|
Many Bioactive Compounds From Marine Invertebrates Are Produced By Microbes |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
With So Much Potential From The Sea, Why Are There So Few New Drugs? |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Study Of Complex Microbial Communities May Lead To New Antibiotics |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Marine Microbes Provide Various Health- Promoting Products |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Marine Microbes Have Applications In Biomimetics, Nanotechnology, And Bioelectronics |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Microbial Biotechnology Has Many Applications In Aquaculture |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Antimicrobial Agents Are Widely Used In Aquaculture |
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
Antimicrobial Resistance (Amr) Is A Major Problem In Aquaculture |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Vaccination Of Finfish Is Widely Used In Aquaculture |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Recombinant DNA Technology Is Used To Produce Vaccines For Diseases Caused By Viruses And Some Bacteria |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Live Attenuated Vaccines Are Effective But Not Widely Used |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
DNA Vaccination Depends On Fish Cells Expressing A Protective Antigen |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Probiotics, Prebiotics, And Immunostimulants Are Widely Used In Aquaculture |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
References And Further Reading |
|
|
406 | (3) |
|
|
|
409 | (2) |
| Index |
|
411 | |
