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Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms: Invertebrates and Entomopathogens [Kõva köide]

Edited by (USDA-ARS, National Biological Control Laboratory, Stoneville, MS, USA), Edited by (USDA-ARS, National Biological Control Laboratory, Stoneville, MS, USA), Edited by (USDA-ARS, SAA, SE Fruit and Tree Nut Research Unit, Byron, GA, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 764 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, kaal: 1340 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Dec-2013
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0123914531
  • ISBN-13: 9780123914538
Teised raamatud teemal:
Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms: Invertebrates and EntomopathogensSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 764 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, kaal: 1340 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Dec-2013
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0123914531
  • ISBN-13: 9780123914538
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780123914538.html

Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms: Invertebrates and Entomopathogens is an essential reference and teaching tool for researchers in developed and developing countries working to produce "natural enemies" in biological control and integrated pest management programs.

As we become aware of the negative impact of pesticides in human health and on the environment, interest is rapidly increasing in developing biological pest control alternatives. Tremendous advances have been made in beneficial organism technology, such as insect predators and parasitoids, mite predators, entomopathogenic nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. However, developing techniques to mass produce these biological control agents is not enough if the cost of commercialization is prohibitive. Advancing mass production to the level of economic feasibility is critical, so these new technologies can compete in the open market.

This book educates academic and industry researchers, and enables further development of mass production so new technologies can compete in the open market. It is also an excellent resource for those researching beneficial arthropod mass production and technologies for other uses, including for study and application in biotechnology and biomedical research.

  • Focuses on techniques for mass production of beneficial organisms and methods of evaluation and quality assessment
  • Organizes and presents the most advanced and current knowledge on methods to mass produce beneficial organisms in response to the increased global demand for alternatives to chemical pesticides for biological control producers
  • Includes a team of highly respected editors and authors with broad expertise in these areas

Arvustused

"covers the topic of large scale production of a huge range of insects and entomopathogens, plus some useful additional topics covering areas such as diet development, quality assurance and formulationas a reference point for information on starting up production in any of the areas covered, this book would be a useful source of updated information." --Society for Invertebrate Pathology Newsletter, June 2014

Muu info

A key reference and teaching tool for researchers and academics working with and producing "natural enemies" in biological control as well as those studying beneficial arthropod mass production in bioscience
Contributors xix
Section I
1 Introduction
Norman C. Leppla
Juan A. Morales-Ramos
David I. Shapiro-Ilan
M. Guadalupe Rojas
1.1 Challenges of Mass Producing Beneficial Organisms
3(4)
1.2 Challenges of Arthropod Mass Production for Biological Control
7(2)
1.3 Challenges of Mass Producing Pathogens for Biological Control
9(2)
1.4 Challenges of Mass Rearing Invertebrates for their Products and Ecological Services
11(6)
References
12(5)
2 Production of Coleopteran Predators
Eric W. Riddick
Hongyin Chen
2.1 Introduction
17(5)
2.1.1 Aims of this
Chapter
17(1)
2.1.2 Predatory Beetles in Culture
18(1)
2.1.3 Overview of the Content
18(4)
2.2 Foods and Production of Predators
22(12)
2.2.1 Feeding Preferences and Natural Prey
22(1)
2.2.2 Feeding on Factitious Foods and Plant Products
23(3)
2.2.3 Feeding on Artificial Diets
26(8)
2.3 Rearing Density and Production
34(4)
2.3.1 Crowding
34(1)
2.3.2 Cannibalism
35(1)
2.3.3 Design of Oviposition Substrates and Rearing Enclosures
36(1)
2.3.4 Rearing Scale
37(1)
2.4 Temperature and Production
38(4)
2.4.1 Optimizing Temperature for Rearing
38(1)
2.4.2 Reducing Temperature for Cold Storage
39(3)
2.5 Quality Control and Production
42(2)
2.5.1 Safeguards against Unwanted Pathogens and Parasites
42(1)
2.5.2 Preventing Colony Deterioration
42(1)
2.5.3 In-Shipment, Post Shipment, and Prerelease Assessments
43(1)
2.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
44(13)
2.6.1 Synthesis
44(1)
2.6.2 Future Research
45(1)
Acknowledgments
45(1)
References
46(9)
Further Reading
55(2)
3 Production of Heteropteran Predators
Patrick De Clercq
Thomas A. Coudron
Eric W. Riddick
3.1 Introduction
57(4)
3.2 Foods
61(18)
3.2.1 Natural Prey
61(2)
3.2.2 Factitious Prey
63(4)
3.2.3 Artificial Diets
67(12)
3.3 Plant Materials and Alternatives
79(5)
3.3.1 Plant Substrates
79(2)
3.3.2 Artificial Substrates
81(3)
3.4 Crowding and Cannibalism
84(1)
3.5 Microorganisms
85(1)
3.6 Breeding and Colony Maintenance
86(2)
3.7 Mass-Rearing Systems
88(1)
3.8 Conclusions
89(12)
Acknowledgments
90(1)
References
90(10)
Further Reading
100(1)
4 Production of Dipteran Parasitoids
Maria Luisa Dindo
Simon Grenier
4.1 Introduction
101(1)
4.2 Dipteran Parasitoids as Biocontrol Agents
102(7)
4.2.1 Tachinidae
102(5)
4.2.2 Other Dipteran Parasitoids
107(1)
4.2.3 Side Effects
108(1)
4.3 Aspects of Dipteran Parasitoid Biology of Special Interest for Production
109(5)
4.3.1 Host Range
109(1)
4.3.2 Oviposition Strategies
110(2)
4.3.3 Host--Parasitoid Interactions
112(2)
4.4 Production Techniques
114(15)
4.4.1 In Vivo Production
114(4)
4.4.2 In Vitro Production
118(5)
4.4.3 Adult Maintenance
123(3)
4.4.4 Quality Control
126(2)
4.4.5 Storage and Shipment Procedures
128(1)
4.5 Perspectives and Concluding Remarks
129(16)
References
131(14)
5 Mass Rearing Bemisia Parasitoids for Support of Classical and Augmentative Biological Control Programs
John A. Goolsby
Matthew A. Ciomperlik
Gregory S. Simmons
Charles J. Pickett
Juli A. Gould
Kim A. Hoelmer
5.1 Introduction
145(3)
5.2 Laboratory Culture
148(2)
5.3 Outdoor Field Cage Production
150(2)
5.4 Large-Scale Greenhouse-Based System
152(8)
5.5 Conclusion
160(1)
5.6 USDA Disclaimer
161(2)
References
162(1)
Further Reading
162(1)
6 Mass Rearing of the Stem-Galling Wasp Tetramesa romana, a Biological Control Agent of the Invasive Weed Arundo donax
Patrick J. Moran
John A. Goolsby
Alexis E. Racelis
Allen C. Cohen
Matthew A. Ciomperlik
K. Rod Summy
Don P.A. Sands
Alan A. Kirk
6.1 Introduction
163(8)
6.1.1 Critical Needs in a Mass Rearing Program for Biological Weed Control
164(2)
6.1.2 Mass Rearing of Weed Biological Control Agents: Past Successes
166(3)
6.1.3 The Critical Need for Mass Rearing Programs for Exotic Invasive Environmental Weeds
169(1)
6.1.4 Arundo donax as an Invasive Weed
170(1)
6.2 Biological, Ecological, and Behavioral Information about the Arundo Wasp
171(6)
6.2.1 Discovery and Characterization
171(3)
6.2.2 Considerations for Mass Rearing of the Arundo Wasp
174(3)
6.3 A Plant-Based Mass Rearing System for the Arundo Wasp
177(5)
6.3.1 Description of the Mass Rearing System
177(4)
6.3.2 Output of the Mass Rearing System
181(1)
6.4 Challenges Encountered and Addressed in the Development of Mass Rearing
182(3)
6.4.1 Challenges to Efficient Mass Rearing
182(1)
6.4.2 Key Challenges Addressed in Mass Rearing
183(2)
6.5 Use of Mass Reared Arundo Wasps for Biological Control of Arundo
185(1)
6.5.1 Use of Cold Inebriation to Prolong Wasp Life
185(1)
6.5.2 Packaging of Wasps for Field Release
185(1)
6.5.3 Status of the Arundo Wasp Mass Release Program
186(1)
6.6 Investigations into an Artificial Diet for Rearing of the Arundo Wasp
186(5)
6.6.1 Nutritional Needs and Feeding Constraints
186(1)
6.6.2 Novel Feeding Modality of the Arundo Wasp Larva
187(1)
6.6.3 Diet Components Evaluated for the Arundo Wasp
187(3)
6.6.4 Conclusions: Artificial Diet Development
190(1)
6.7 Conclusions and Future Directions
191(12)
6.7.1 Success of the Mass Rearing System for the Arundo Wasp
191(1)
6.7.2 Mass Rearing of Biological Control Agents and Invasive Grasses
191(1)
Acknowledgments
192(1)
References
192(11)
7 Artificial Diet Development for Entomophagous Arthropods
Juan A. Morales-Ramos
M. Guadalupe Rojas
Thomas A. Coudron
7.1 Introduction
203(4)
7.1.1 Levels of Development
204(2)
7.1.2 Degrees of Difficulty
206(1)
7.2 Arthropod Nutrition
207(4)
7.2.1 Carbohydrates
207(1)
7.2.2 Lipids
208(1)
7.2.3 Proteins
209(1)
7.2.4 Vitamins
209(1)
7.2.5 Minerals
210(1)
7.3 Determining the Basic Formulation
211(4)
7.3.1 Chemical Analysis
211(3)
7.3.2 Water Content
214(1)
7.3.3 Basic Nutrient Ratios
215(1)
7.4 Presentation
215(3)
7.4.1 Feeding Adaptations
216(1)
7.4.2 Encapsulation of Liquid Diets
217(1)
7.4.3 Gels and Carriers for Solid Formulations
218(1)
7.5 Diet Refining
218(9)
7.5.1 Improving Diet Quality
219(3)
7.5.2 From Chemically Defined to Economically Sound
222(5)
7.5.3 Diet Preservation
227(1)
7.6 Future Perspectives
227(6)
7.6.1 Nutri-Omics
227(3)
7.6.2 Dietary Self-Selection
230(2)
7.6.3 Endosymbionts
232(1)
7.7 Concluding Remarks
233(8)
References
234(7)
8 Life Tables as Tools of Evaluation and Quality Control for Arthropod Mass Production
Maribel Portilla
Juan A. Morales-Ramos
M. Guadalupe Rojas
Carlos A. Blanco
8.1 Introduction
241(1)
8.2 Life Table
242(7)
8.2.1 Life Table Construction
243(4)
8.2.2 Demographic Parameters and Life History Analysis
247(2)
8.3 Case Studies
249(23)
8.3.1 Complete Cohort Life Table of the Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
250(6)
8.3.2 Abridged Cohort Life Table for the CBB, Hypothenemus hampei, at Different Temperatures Using an Artificial Diet
256(5)
8.3.3 Life Tables for Cephalonomia stephanoderis and Prorops nasuta (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) Ectoparasitoids of Hypothenemus hampei, Using an Artificial Diet
261(6)
8.3.4 Comparison of Demographic Parameters of Perillus bioculatus Feeding on Factitious Prey (Anthonomus grandis) Larvae and Natural Prey (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) Eggs
267(5)
8.4 Concluding Remarks
272(5)
References
273(4)
9 Concepts and Methods of Quality Assurance for Mass-Reared Parasitoids and Predators
Norman C. Leppla
9.1 Introduction
277(3)
9.2 Quality Assurance in the Marketplace
280(2)
9.3 Customer Involvement in Quality Assurance
282(1)
9.4 Building a Complete Quality Assurance System
283(5)
9.4.1 Management
283(2)
9.4.2 Methods Development
285(1)
9.4.3 Materials
285(1)
9.4.4 Production
285(1)
9.4.5 Research
286(1)
9.4.6 Utilization
286(1)
9.4.7 Personnel
287(1)
9.4.8 Quality Control
288(1)
9.5 Quality Assessments of Mass-Reared Natural Enemies
288(6)
9.6 Quality Assurance and Control Data Acquisition and Analysis
294(1)
9.7 Quality Assurance System Review
295(5)
9.8 Research on Quality Assessment for Mass-Reared Parasitoids and Predators
300(3)
9.9 Conclusion
303(18)
Acknowledgments
305(1)
References
305(16)
Section II
10 Production of Entomopathogenic Nematodes
David I. Shapiro-Ilan
Richou Han
Xuehong Qiu
10.1 Introduction
321(5)
10.2 In Vivo Production
326(5)
10.2.1 Basic Method
326(1)
10.2.2 Factors Affecting Efficiency
327(2)
10.2.3 Recent Advances and Future Directions
329(2)
10.3 In Vitro Production: Solid Culture
331(4)
10.3.1 Basic Method
331(2)
10.3.2 Factors Affecting Efficiency
333(1)
10.3.3 Recent Advances and Future Directions
334(1)
10.4 In Vitro Production: Liquid Culture
335(4)
10.4.1 Basic Method
335(2)
10.4.2 Factors Affecting Efficiency
337(1)
10.4.3 Recent Advances and Future Directions
338(1)
10.5 Analysis and Conclusion
339(18)
10.5.1 Comparison of Production Methods
339(2)
10.5.2 Strain Selection, Improvement and Stability
341(4)
10.5.3 Conclusion
345(1)
References
346(11)
11 Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Fungi: State of the Art
Stefan T. Jaronski
11.1 Introduction
357(3)
11.2 Production Methods for the Important Insect Pathogenic Fungi
360(31)
11.2.1 Lagenidium giganteum (Schenk)
360(1)
11.2.2 Leptolegnia chapmani
361(1)
11.2.3 Coelomomyces spp. Keilin
361(1)
11.2.4 Entomophthorales
361(4)
11.2.5 Microsporidia
365(1)
11.2.6 Ascomycete Hypocreales
366(25)
11.3 Process and Quality Control in Mass Production
391(2)
11.4 Current Knowledge about Effect of Cultural Conditions on Propagule Attributes
393(4)
11.4.1 Age of Conidia
394(1)
11.4.2 Conidia Produced under Certain Nutrient Conditions or under Osmotic Stress
395(2)
11.4.3 Conidia Produced after Photoirradiation
397(1)
11.5 The Challenge in Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Fungi
397(18)
References
400(15)
12 Commercial Production of Entomopathogenic Bacteria
Terry L. Couch
Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
12.1 Biology of Commercial Bacterial Entomopathogens
415(2)
12.2 Biology of Commercial Bacterial Entomopathogens
417(2)
12.3 Pathogenesis and Pest Control Impact
419(2)
12.4 Culture Selection and Maintenance
421(1)
12.5 Inoculum Preparation for Entomopathogenic Bacteria
422(1)
12.6 Fermentation Medium Selection
423(3)
12.7 Recovery and Concentration Steps
426(1)
12.7.1 Recovery
426(1)
12.8 Formulation Selection
427(3)
12.9 Formulation Standardization
430(1)
12.10 Quality Assurance Methods
430(1)
12.11 Conclusion
431(6)
References
431(4)
Further Reading
435(2)
13 Production of Entomopathogenic Viruses
Steve Reid
Leslie Chan
Monique M. van Oers
13.1 Introduction
437(5)
13.1.1 Entomopathogenic Viruses
438(1)
13.1.2 Baculoviruses
438(4)
13.2 In Vivo Production of Baculovirus-Based Biopesticides
442(2)
13.3 In Vitro Production: Current Status
444(10)
13.3.1 Cell Lines Available
444(1)
13.3.2 Virus Isolates Available
445(2)
13.3.3 Low-Cost Media
447(2)
13.3.4 Current Status of Bioreactor-Based Production: HearNPV as a Case Study
449(5)
13.4 Limitations to Bioreactor Production of Baculovirus-Based Pesticides
454(8)
13.4.1 Lack of a Chemically Defined Media
454(1)
13.4.2 Low Budded Virus Titers
455(1)
13.4.3 ODVs Produced in Cell Culture May Have a Lower Speed of Kill
456(1)
13.4.4 Viral Genome Instability during In Vitro Passaging
457(4)
13.4.5 Complications with High-Density Cell Culture
461(1)
13.5 Future Research Directions for Bioreactor Production of Baculovirus-Based Pesticides
462(5)
13.5.1 Chemically Defined Media for Insect Cell Culture
462(1)
13.5.2 Genomics/Transcriptomics of Insect Cell Lines
463(1)
13.5.3 Metabolomics of Insect Cell Lines
464(1)
13.5.4 Genetically Modified Cell Lines/Viruses
464(2)
13.5.5 Future Potential
466(1)
13.6 Conclusions
467(16)
Acknowledgments
470(1)
References
470(13)
14 Formulations of Entomopathogens as Bioinsecticides
Robert Behle
Tim Birthisel
14.1 Introduction
483(5)
14.1.1 Goals and Benefits of Formulations
484(2)
14.1.2 Challenges of Microbial Pesticides
486(2)
14.2 Biological Considerations
488(9)
14.2.1 Biological Attributes for the Microbe
488(6)
14.2.2 Potential Hazards
494(3)
14.3 Physical Considerations
497(11)
14.3.1 Cost
497(1)
14.3.2 Formulation Form
498(2)
14.3.3 Ingredients
500(2)
14.3.4 Processing
502(4)
14.3.5 Mixing, Handling, and Packaging
506(1)
14.3.6 Consumer Aesthetics
506(1)
14.3.7 Application
507(1)
14.4 Additional Considerations on Formulation
508(2)
14.4.1 Sources of Technologies
508(1)
14.4.2 Legal Requirements
508(1)
14.4.3 Current Effective Formulations
509(1)
14.4.4 Unique Applications
509(1)
14.5 Conclusions and Future of Biopesticide Formulations
510(9)
References
511(8)
15 Mass Production of Entomopathogens in Less Industrialized Countries
David Grzywacz
David Moore
R.J. Rabindra
15.1 Introduction
519(1)
15.2 Issues and Opportunities for Entomopathogen Uptake in Less Industrialized Countries
520(1)
15.3 Practical Constraints for Entomopathogen Uptake in Developing Countries
520(1)
15.4 Production of Entomopathogens in Less Industrialized Countries
521(1)
15.5 Production of Entomopathogenic Fungi
522(5)
15.5.1 The LUBILOSA System
524(1)
15.5.2 The Caroni System
525(2)
15.6 Additional Examples from Other Countries
527(2)
15.6.1 China
527(1)
15.6.2 Brazil
527(1)
15.6.3 Cuba
527(1)
15.6.4 Honduras
528(1)
15.6.5 Kenya and South Africa
528(1)
15.7 Other Systems
529(1)
15.8 Mass Production of Baculoviruses
529(10)
15.8.1 Country Case Studies
536(3)
15.9 Other Production Systems
539(2)
15.10 Generic Production Issues
541(5)
15.10.1 Product Quality
541(1)
15.10.2 Product Quantity
542(3)
15.10.3 Safety
545(1)
15.10.4 Economics
546(1)
15.11 Requirements for Establishing Biopesticide Industries in LICs
546(19)
15.11.1 Research and Information
546(5)
15.11.2 Registration and Regulation in LIC
551(1)
15.11.3 Responsibility
552(1)
15.11.4 Future
552(1)
Acknowledgments
553(1)
References
553(12)
Section III
16 Insect Protein as a Partial Replacement for Fishmeal in the Diets of Juvenile Fish and Crustaceans
Eric W. Riddick
16.1 Introduction
565(1)
16.1.1 The Need for Alternatives to Fishmeal
565(1)
16.1.2 Aims of this
Chapter
566(1)
16.1.3 Overview of the Content
566(1)
16.2 Model Insects and Potential as Feed for Fish
566(6)
16.2.1 Oriental Silkworm Moth and Relatives
566(2)
16.2.2 House Fly and Black Soldier Fly
568(3)
16.2.3 Yellow Mealworm and Superworm
571(1)
16.3 Challenges and Opportunities to Expansion of Market for Insects as Feed
572(3)
16.3.1 Artificial Diets
572(2)
16.3.2 Scale-Up of Production
574(1)
16.4 Quality Control and Production
575(1)
16.4.1 Maintenance of Long-Term Insect Colonies
575(1)
16.4.2 Colony Hygiene and Preventing Disease Transmission
575(1)
16.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
576(7)
16.5.1 Synthesis
576(2)
16.5.2 Future Research
578(1)
Acknowledgments
579(1)
References
579(4)
17 Insects as Food for Insectivores
Mark D. Finke
Dennis Oonincx
17.1 Introduction
583(1)
17.2 Nutrient Content of Insects
584(13)
17.2.1 Protein and Amino Acids
584(2)
17.2.2 Fats and Fatty Acids
586(3)
17.2.3 Carbohydrates
589(1)
17.2.4 Fiber and Chitin
589(1)
17.2.5 Minerals
590(2)
17.2.6 Vitamins and Carotenoids
592(5)
17.3 Effects of Insect Size/Life Stage on Nutrient Composition
597(2)
17.4 Effects of Insect Diet on Insect Nutrient Composition
599(2)
17.5 Effects of Environment on Insect Composition
601(2)
17.5.1 Temperature
601(1)
17.5.2 Humidity
602(1)
17.5.3 Photoperiod
603(1)
17.6 Nutrient Requirements of Insectivores, Including Diet Availability
603(1)
17.6.1 Availability and Digestibility
604(1)
17.7 Enhancing the Nutrient Composition of Insects as Food for Insectivores
604(3)
17.7.1 Gut Loading
605(1)
17.7.2 Dusting
606(1)
17.8 Other Considerations
607(1)
17.8.1 Pathogens/Parasites
607(1)
17.8.2 Toxins
607(1)
17.9 Conclusions
608(9)
References
608(9)
18 Insects for Human Consumption
Marianne Shockley
Aaron T. Dossey
18.1 Introduction
617(1)
18.2 Historic and Cultural Precedents for Insects as Food
618(8)
18.2.1 History of Human Insect Consumption
620(1)
18.2.2 Overview of Insect-Eating Cultures in Modern Times
621(1)
18.2.3 Cultural Acceptance of Edible Insects
622(3)
18.2.4 Social Change, Food Choice, and Perceptions
625(1)
18.3 Nutritional and Human Health Value of Insects
626(7)
18.3.1 Animal-versus Plant-Based Food and Protein
627(1)
18.3.2 Nutrient Content of Insects
627(2)
18.3.3 Global Malnutrition and How Insects Can Help
629(3)
18.3.4 Insects in Medicine and Drug Discovery
632(1)
18.4 Insects as a Sustainable Source of Human Food
633(6)
18.4.1 Environmental Footprint of Insects versus Vertebrate Livestock
635(2)
18.4.2 Insects as Animal Feed
637(1)
18.4.3 Considerations for Insect-Based Food Production, Processing, and Safety
638(1)
18.5 Current Examples of Mass-Produced Insects with Potential as Human Food
639(4)
18.5.1 Orthoptera
640(1)
18.5.2 Diptera
640(2)
18.5.3 Coleoptera
642(1)
18.5.4 Lepidoptera
642(1)
18.6 Potential Products and Byproducts from Mass-Produced Food or Feed Insects
643(2)
18.6.1 Alternative "Meats"
643(1)
18.6.2 Protein and Nutritional Supplements
644(1)
18.6.3 Chitin: Opportunities for New Products from Insects
644(1)
18.6.4 Novelty Products
645(1)
18.7 Conclusions and a Call to Action
645(8)
References
647(6)
19 Production of Solitary Bees for Pollination in the United States
Stephen S. Peterson
Derek R. Artz
19.1 Introduction
653(1)
19.2 The Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee
654(8)
19.3 The Alkali Bee
662(2)
19.4 The Blue Orchard Bee
664(9)
19.6 Other Solitary Bees of Interest for Pollination
673(1)
19.7 Concluding Remarks
674(9)
Acknowledgments
675(1)
References
675(8)
20 Current and Potential Benefits of Mass Earthworm Culture
Christopher N. Lowe
Kevin R. Butt
Rhonda L. Sherman
20.1 Introduction
683(5)
20.1.1 Ecological Groupings
684(1)
20.1.2 Selection of Species
685(1)
20.1.3 Cultivation Techniques
685(3)
20.2 Current Applications
688(12)
20.2.1 As a Protein Source
688(1)
20.2.2 In Organic Waste Management
689(2)
20.2.3 As Fishing Bait
691(1)
20.2.4 In Soil Restoration
692(2)
20.2.5 In Agro-Ecosystems
694(2)
20.2.6 In Laboratory Experimentation
696(3)
20.2.7 In Ecotoxicology
699(1)
20.3 The Future for Mass Earthworm Culture
700(11)
References
703(6)
Further Reading
709(2)
Index 711
Dr. Morales main expertise is in mass production of arthropods, insect nutritional ecology and thedevelopment of rearing methods and mechanization of rearing processes for beneficial arthropods.Between 1992 and 1998, he developed mass propagation technology for the boll weevil parasitoidCatolaccus grandis. This research earned him the USDA-ARS scientist of the year award in 2002.During 1998 and 2004 he developed termite and ant baiting systems. This research earned him theUSDA-ARS technology transfer award and the Federal Laboratory Consortium regional excellence intechnology transfer award in 2004. Since 2004, he has developed novel rearing methods forpredatory mites and other beneficial arthropods. This included new technology for separation ofmealworm sizes for infection with entomopathogenic nematodes, novel methods for mass producingTenebrio molitor, mechanized methods to pack T. molitor cadavers infected with nematodes, andmechanized methods for infecting T. molitor larvae with entomopathogenic nematodes. The work onthe in-vivo production of entomopathogenic nematodes using T. molitor earn him the NationalFederal laboratory Consortium award of excellence in technology transfer in 2013. Dr. Morales-Ramos has produced a total of 104 publications and 12 patents; his is currently the project leader ofthe project titled Mass Production of Biological Control Agents”. Dr. Morales-Ramos recently editedthe book titled Mass production of Beneficial Organisms” published in January 2014 by Elsevier. Dr. Rojas main expertise is in insect nutrition, nutritional ecology and the development of artificialdiets for biological control agents and bait matrixes to control termites and ants. Between 1993 to1998 she developed an artificial diet for the boll weevil parasitoid Catolaccus grandis. Between 1998and 2004, she developed bait matrices for control of the Formosan subterranean termite andhousehold ants, both of which were successfully commercialized by Ensystex and FMC, and still aresold world-wide. This work earned her the USDA-ARS technology transfer award and the FederalLaboratory Consortium regional excellence in technology transfer award in 2004. Since 2004, she hasdeveloped artificial diets for predatory mites and other insect predators and improved susceptibilityof Tenebrio molitor to entomopathogenic nematodes. The work on the in-vivo production ofentomopathogenic nematodes using T. molitor earned her the National Federal laboratory Consortium award of excellence in technology transfer in 2013. Dr. Rojas has produced a total of 99 publications and holds 12 patents, her current responsibilities include principal scientist on 3 different research agreements with 3 different companies including Syngenta Bioline, Kopert, and Monsanto. ”. Dr. Rojas recently co-edited the book titled Mass production of Beneficial Organisms” published in January 2014 by Elsevier.