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Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms: Invertebrates and Entomopathogens 2nd edition [Kõva köide]

Edited by (USDA-ARS, National Biological Control Laboratory, Stoneville, MS, USA), Edited by (USDA-ARS, National Biological Control Laboratory, Stoneville, MS, USA), Edited by (USDA-ARS, SAA, SE Fruit and Tree Nut Research Unit, Byron, GA, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 640 pages, kõrgus x laius: 276x216 mm, kaal: 1930 g, 100 illustrations; Illustrations
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Sep-2022
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128221062
  • ISBN-13: 9780128221068
Teised raamatud teemal:
Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms: Invertebrates and Entomopathogens 2nd editionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 640 pages, kõrgus x laius: 276x216 mm, kaal: 1930 g, 100 illustrations; Illustrations
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Sep-2022
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128221062
  • ISBN-13: 9780128221068
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780128221068.html
Märksõnad:

Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms: Invertebrates and Entomopathogens, Second Edition explores the latest advancements and technologies for large-scale rearing and manipulation of natural enemies while presenting ways of improving success rate, predictability of biological control procedures, and demonstrating their safe and effective use. Organized into three sections, Parasitoids and Predators, Pathogens, and Invertebrates for Other Applications, this second edition contains important new information on production technology of predatory mites and hymenopteran parasitoids for biological control, application of insects in the food industry and production methods of insects for feed and food, and production of bumble bees for pollination.

Beneficial organisms include not only insect predators and parasitoids, but also mite predators, nematodes, fungi, bacteria and viruses. In the past two decades, tremendous advances have been achieved in developing technology for producing these organisms. Despite that and the globally growing research and interest in biological control and biotechnology applications, commercialization of these technologies is still in progress. This is an essential reference and teaching tool for researchers in developed and developing countries working to produce “natural enemies in biological control and integrated pest management programs.

  • Highlights the most advanced and current techniques for mass production of beneficial organisms and methods of evaluation and quality assessment
  • Presents methods for developing artificial diets and reviews the evaluation and assurance of the quality of mass-produced arthropods
  • Provides an outlook of the growing industry of insects as food and feed and describes methods for mass producing the most important insect species used as animal food and food ingredients
List of contributors
xv
Preface xix
Section I
1 Introduction
3(10)
Norman C. Leppla
Juan A. Morales-Ramos
David I. Shapiro-Han
M. Guadalupe Rojas
1.1 Challenges of mass-producing beneficial organisms
3(2)
1.2 Challenges of arthropod mass production for biological control
5(1)
1.3 Challenges of mass-producing pathogens for biological control
6(1)
1.4 Challenges of mass-producing invertebrates for their products and ecological services
7(6)
References
8(4)
Further reading
12(1)
2 Production of coleopteran predators
13(24)
Eric W. Riddick
2.1 Introduction
13(3)
2.1.1 Aims of this chapter
13(1)
2.1.2 Predatory beetles in culture
13(1)
2.1.3 Overview of the content
13(3)
2.2 Foods and production of predators
16(7)
2.2.1 Feeding preferences and natural prey
16(1)
2.2.2 Feeding on factitious foods and plant products
16(2)
2.2.3 Feeding on artificial diets
18(5)
2.3 Rearing density and production
23(2)
2.3.1 Crowding
23(1)
2.3.2 Cannibalism
23(1)
2.3.3 Design of oviposition substrates and rearing enclosures
24(1)
2.3.4 Rearing scale
25(1)
2.4 Temperature and production
25(2)
2.4.1 Optimizing temperature for rearing
25(1)
2.4.2 Reducing temperature for cold storage
26(1)
2.5 Quality control and production
27(2)
2.5.1 Safeguards against unwanted pathogens and parasites
27(1)
2.5.2 Preventing colony deterioration
28(1)
2.5.3 In-shipment, postshipment and prerelease assessments
28(1)
2.6 Conclusions and recommendations
29(8)
2.6.1 Synthesis
29(1)
2.6.2 Future research
29(1)
Acknowledgments
29(1)
References
30(7)
3 Production of heteropteran predators
37(34)
Patrick De Clercq
Thomas A. Coudron
Eric W. Riddick
3.1 Introduction
37(2)
3.2 Foods
39(12)
3.2.1 Natural prey
39(1)
3.2.2 Factitious prey
40(3)
3.2.3 Artificial diets
43(8)
3.3 Plant materials and alternatives
51(4)
3.3.1 Plant substrates
51(2)
3.3.2 Artificial substrates
53(2)
3.4 Abiotic conditions
55(1)
3.4.1 Optimal climatic conditions for rearing
55(1)
3.4.2 Cold storage
55(1)
3.5 Crowding and cannibalism
56(1)
3.6 Microorganisms
57(1)
3.7 Breeding and colony maintenance
57(2)
3.8 Mass-rearing systems
59(1)
3.9 Conclusion
60(11)
Acknowledgments
60(1)
References
60(11)
4 Production of dipteran parasitoids
71(30)
Maria Luisa Dindo
Simon Grenier
4.1 Introduction
71(1)
4.2 Dipteran parasitoids as biocontrol agents
71(4)
4.2.1 Tachinidae
72(2)
4.2.2 Other dipteran parasitoids
74(1)
4.2.3 Side effects
75(1)
4.3 Aspects of dipteran parasitoid biology of special interest for production
75(4)
4.3.1 Host range
75(1)
4.3.2 Oviposition strategies
76(2)
4.3.3 Host---parasitoid interactions
78(1)
4.4 Production techniques
79(10)
4.4.1 In vivo production
79(2)
4.4.2 In vitro production
81(3)
4.4.3 Adult maintenance
84(2)
4.4.4 Sterilization and antimicrobial agents
86(1)
4.4.5 Quality control
87(2)
4.4.6 Storage and shipment procedures
89(1)
4.5 Perspectives and concluding remarks
89(12)
References
90(11)
5 Production of hymenopteran parasitoids
101(56)
Juan A. Morales-Ramos
John A. Goolsby
Chris Geden
M. Guadalupe Rojas
M.D. Garcia-Cancino
B. Rodriguez-Velez
Hugo Arredondo-Bernal
Matthew A. Ciomperlik
Gregory S. Simmons
Juli R. Gould
Kim A. Hoelmer
5.1 Introduction
101(1)
5.2 Mass rearing of aphelinid parasitoids of the silverleaf whitefly
102(1)
5.3 Laboratory culture
102(3)
5.3.1 Plant culture
102(1)
5.3.2 Whitefly oviposition
103(1)
5.3.3 Parasitoid culture
103(2)
5.4 Outdoor field cage production
105(1)
5.4.1 Plant culture
105(1)
5.4.2 Whitefly oviposition
105(1)
5.4.3 Parasitoid culture
105(1)
5.5 Large-scale greenhouse-based system
106(6)
5.5.1 Plant production
106(2)
5.5.2 Insect and disease control
108(1)
5.5.3 Whitefly colony
109(1)
5.5.4 Parasitoid production
109(1)
5.5.5 Parasitoid processing
110(2)
5.5.6 Storage of parasitoid pupae
112(1)
5.6 Final remarks
112(1)
5.7 Production of Tamarixia radiata Watson parasitoid of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama
112(1)
5.8 Diaphorina citri
113(1)
5.8.1 Taxonomy
113(1)
5.8.2 Origin and distribution
113(1)
5.8.3 Ecology and habits
113(1)
5.9 Tamarixia radiata
114(2)
5.9.1 Taxonomy
114(1)
5.9.2 Origin and distribution
115(1)
5.9.3 Ecology and habits
115(1)
5.10 Mass production
116(1)
5.10.1 Infrastructure, equipment, and materials
116(1)
5.11 Host plant production
117(5)
5.11.1 Characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of using Murraya paniculata
117(4)
5.11.2 Seed collection
121(1)
5.11.3 Pulping and transport of fruit
121(1)
5.11.4 Seed drying and storage
121(1)
5.12 Production of Murraya paniculata
122(1)
5.12.1 Substrate preparation
122(1)
5.13 Sowing
122(1)
5.13.1 Transplanting and watering
122(1)
5.13.2 Fertilization
122(1)
5.13.3 Pruning
122(1)
5.13.4 Uses and reuse of plants
123(1)
5.14 Host insect production
123(2)
5.14.1 Environmental conditions for rearing
123(1)
5.14.2 Selection of adults for reproduction
124(1)
5.15 Parasitoid production
125(3)
5.15.1 Obtaining broodstock
125(1)
5.15.2 Environmental conditions for breeding
125(1)
5.15.3 Parasitization
126(1)
5.15.4 Collection of adults
126(1)
5.15.5 Handling and packaging prior to release
126(2)
5.16 Breeds of Tamarixia radiata established in other countries
128(6)
5.17 Production of parasitoids of muscoid flies
134(1)
5.18 Host production
135(1)
5.19 Parasitoid rearing and housing
136(4)
5.19.1 Host: Parasitoid ratios
139(1)
5.19.2 Use of killed host pupae for parasitoid production
139(1)
5.19.3 Disease concerns
140(1)
5.20 Production of Catolaccus grandis (Burks) parasitoid of the boll weevil
140(8)
5.20.1 In vivo production
141(2)
5.20.2 Factitious hosts
143(2)
5.20.3 In vitro production
145(3)
5.21 Final remarks and future perspective
148(9)
USDA disclaimer
148(1)
References
148(7)
Further reading
155(2)
6 Mass-production of arthropods for biological control of weeds: a global perspective
157(38)
Patrick J. Moran
Rosemarie De Clerck-Floate
Martin P. Hill
S. Raghu
Quentin Paynter
John A. Goolsby
6.1 Introduction
157(1)
6.1.1 Theory and rationale for biological control of weeds
157(1)
6.1.2 Scope of chapter
158(1)
6.2 Scope of mass-rearing of biological control agents of weeds
158(3)
6.2.1 Definition of mass-rearing of weed biological control agents
158(1)
6.2.2 Summary of the extent of use of mass-rearing in weed biological control
158(3)
6.2.3 Benefits of mass-rearing in biological weed control
161(1)
6.3 Critical factors in the design and use of mass-rearing protocols in biological weed control
161(2)
6.3.1 Decision-making regarding the need for mass-rearing
161(1)
6.3.2 Decision-making regarding the feasibility of mass-rearing
161(1)
6.3.3 Critical factors in the design of mass-rearing protocols
162(1)
6.3.4 Implementation of mass-rearing
162(1)
6.4 Case studies on mass-rearing in biological weed control
163(19)
6.4.1 United States
163(3)
6.4.2 Canada
166(3)
6.4.3 South Africa
169(4)
6.4.4 Australia
173(6)
6.4.5 New Zealand
179(3)
6.5 Summary and conclusions
182(1)
6.5.1 Conclusions from case studies
182(1)
6.6 Recommendations
183(12)
6.6.1 Measuring and communicating benefits of mass-rearing
183(1)
6.6.2 Keeping mass-rearing at the forefront of implementation
184(1)
6.6.3 Frontiers in mass-rearing of weed biological control agents
184(1)
Acknowledgments
184(1)
References
184(11)
7 Mass production of predatory mites: state of the art and future challenges
195(38)
Dominiek Vangansbeke
Marcus V.A. Duarte
Apostolos Pekas
Felix Wackers
Karel Bolckmans
7.1 Introduction
195(1)
7.1.1 Mites and their importance as biocontrol agents
195(1)
7.1.2 Brief historical overview
195(1)
7.2 Phytoseiidae
196(2)
7.2.1 Lifestyles of phytoseiid predatory mites
196(2)
7.2.2 Mass-rearing systems for phytoseiid predatory mites
198(1)
7.3 System 1: both tetranychid prey mites and predatory mites are produced on plants in greenhouses
198(1)
7.4 System 2: tetranychid prey mites are reared on plants in greenhouses. The predator is reared in climate rooms on detached leaves with prey mites
198(2)
7.5 System 3: tetranychid prey mites are reared on plants in greenhouses. The predator is reared in a climate room on pure prey mite stages
200(1)
7.6 System 4: predatory mites are grown on factitious food sources
201(10)
7.6.1 Factitious prey mites
201(7)
7.6.2 Other factitious food
208(3)
7.7 System 5: predatory mites grown on plants or parts thereof using pollen
211(1)
7.8 System 6: predatory mites are grown on artificial diet
212(2)
7.8.1 From laboratory colony to mass production scale: a huge step
213(1)
7.9 Prey mite
214(1)
7.9.1 Suitable species
214(1)
7.9.2 Suitable life stages
214(1)
7.9.3 Suitable diet/rearing substrate
214(1)
7.9.4 Predatonprey ratio
215(1)
7.10 Climate management
215(1)
7.10.1 Carbon dioxide concentration
215(1)
7.10.2 Temperature and metabolic heat
215(1)
7.10.3 Relative humidity and substrate moisture content
216(1)
7.11 Intraspecific competition
216(1)
7.12 Contamination management
217(1)
7.13 Nonphytoseiid predatory mites
217(1)
7.13.1 Soil predatory mites
217(1)
7.13.2 Poultry mite predators
218(1)
7.13.3 Prostigmatid predators
218(1)
7.14 Diseases
218(3)
7.14.1 Spider mites---the case of Neozygites
219(1)
7.14.2 Astigmatid prey mites
219(1)
7.14.3 Predatory mites
220(1)
7.15 Challenges and future prospects
221(12)
7.15.1 Off-plant rearing systems for types I and IV predatory mites
221(1)
7.15.2 Artificial diets
221(1)
7.15.3 Role of endosymbionts
222(1)
7.15.4 Automation
222(1)
7.15.5 Strain selection
222(1)
7.15.6 Genetic variation
223(1)
References
223(10)
8 Artificial diet development for entomophagous arthropods
233(28)
Juan A. Morales-Ramos
M. Guadalupe Rojas
Thomas A. Coudron
Man P. Huynh
Deyu Zou
Kent S. Shelby
8.1 Introduction
233(2)
8.1.1 Levels of development
234(1)
8.1.2 Degrees of difficulty
235(1)
8.2 Arthropod nutrition
235(2)
8.2.1 Carbohydrate
235(1)
8.2.2 Lipid
236(1)
8.2.3 Protein
236(1)
8.2.4 Vitamins
236(1)
8.2.5 Minerals
237(1)
8.3 Determining the basic diet formulation
237(3)
8.3.1 Chemical analysis
237(2)
8.3.2 Water content
239(1)
8.3.3 Macronutrient ratios
240(1)
8.4 Presentation
240(2)
8.4.1 Feeding adaptations
241(1)
8.4.2 Encapsulation of liquid diets
241(1)
8.4.3 Gels and carriers for solid formulations
241(1)
8.4.4 Feeding stimulants
242(1)
8.5 Diet refining
242(7)
8.5.1 Improving diet quality
242(2)
8.5.2 From chemically defined to economically sound
244(3)
8.5.3 Industrialized insect components
247(1)
8.5.4 Dietary self-selection
248(1)
8.5.5 Diet preservation
249(1)
8.6 Future perspectives
249(6)
8.6.1 Multiple diet component testing
249(3)
8.6.2 Multiomic assessment of diet quality
252(2)
8.6.3 Endosymbionts
254(1)
8.7 Concluding remarks
255(6)
References
255(6)
9 Concepts and methods of quality assurance for mass-reared parasitoids and predators
261(32)
Norman C. Leppla
9.1 Introduction
261(2)
9.2 Quality assurance in the marketplace
263(1)
9.3 Customer involvement in quality assurance
264(1)
9.4 Building a complete quality assurance system
264(4)
9.4.1 Management
265(1)
9.4.2 Methods development
266(1)
9.4.3 Material
266(1)
9.4.4 Production
266(1)
9.4.5 Research
266(1)
9.4.6 Utilization
267(1)
9.4.7 Personnel
267(1)
9.4.8 Quality control
268(1)
9.5 Quality assessments of mass-reared natural enemies
268(4)
9.6 Quality assurance and control data acquisition and analysis
272(1)
9.7 Quality assurance system review
273(3)
9.7.1 Approach
275(1)
9.7.2 Review of functions (successes and failures)
275(1)
9.7.3 Conclusions
275(1)
9.7.4 Recommendations (based on evidence and insights)
275(1)
9.8 Research on quality assessment for mass-reared parasitoids and predators
276(2)
9.9 Conclusion
278(15)
Acknowledgements
279(1)
References
279(14)
Section II
10 Production of entomopathogenic nematodes
293(24)
David I. Shapiro-Ilan
Luis Garrigos Leite
Richou Han
10.1 Introduction
293(3)
10.2 In vivo production
296(3)
10.2.1 Basic method
296(1)
10.2.2 Factors affecting efficiency
297(1)
10.2.3 Recent advances and future directions
298(1)
10.3 In vitro production---solid culture
299(2)
10.3.1 Basic method
299(1)
10.3.2 Factors affecting efficiency
300(1)
10.3.3 Recent advances and future directions
301(1)
10.4 In vitro production---liquid culture
301(3)
10.4.1 Basic method
301(2)
10.4.2 Factors affecting efficiency
303(1)
10.4.3 Recent advances and future directions
304(1)
10.5 Analysis and conclusion
304(4)
10.5.1 Comparison of production methods
304(2)
10.5.2 Strain selection, improvement and stability
306(2)
10.6 Conclusion
308(9)
References
308(9)
11 Mass production of entomopathogenic fungi---state of the art
317(42)
Stefan T. Jaronski
11.1 Introduction
317(1)
11.2 Production methods for the important insect pathogenic fungi
318(23)
11.2.1 Lagenidium giganteum
318(1)
11.2.2 Leptolegnia chapmani
319(1)
11.2.3 Coelomomyces spp. Keilin
319(1)
11.2.4 Entomophthorales
319(2)
11.2.5 Microsporidia
321(1)
11.2.6 Ascomycetes Hypocreales
322(19)
11.3 Process and quality control in mass production
341(1)
11.4 Current knowledge about the effect of cultural conditions on propagule attributes
342(3)
11.4.1 Ageofconidia
342(1)
11.4.2 Conidia produced under certain nutrient conditions or under osmotic stress
343(1)
11.4.3 Conidia produced after photoirradiation during vegetative growth
344(1)
11.5 The challenge in mass production of entomopathogenic fungi
345(14)
References
346(13)
12 Commercial production of entomopathogenic bacteria
359(16)
Terry L. Couch
Trevor A. Jackson
Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
12.1 Introduction
359(1)
12.2 Biology of commercial entomopathogens
360(1)
12.3 Pathogenesis and pest control impact
361(2)
12.4 Culture selection and maintenance
363(1)
12.5 Inoculum preparation
363(1)
12.6 Fermentation
364(3)
12.7 Recovery and concentration steps
367(1)
12.8 Formulation
368(1)
12.9 Formulation standardization
369(1)
12.10 Quality assurance methods
369(1)
12.11 Conclusion
370(5)
References
370(5)
13 Production of entomopathogenic viruses
375(32)
Steven Reid
Henry de Malmanche
Leslie Chan
Holly Popham
Monique M. van Oers
13.1 Introduction
375(3)
13.1.1 General introduction
375(1)
13.1.2 Entomopathogenic viruses
375(1)
13.1.3 Baculoviruses
376(2)
13.2 In vivo production of baculovirus-based biopesticides
378(2)
13.2.1 Introduction
378(1)
13.2.2 Increased adoption of nucleopolyhedrovirus products
379(1)
13.2.3 Production using infected larvae
379(1)
13.2.4 Challenges for existing baculovirus pesticides and the case for in vitro production
380(1)
13.3 In vitro production---current status
380(7)
13.3.1 Introduction
380(1)
13.3.2 Cell lines available
381(3)
13.3.3 Virus isolates available
384(1)
13.3.4 Low-cost media
384(1)
13.3.5 Current status of bioreactor-based production---HearNPV as a case study
385(2)
13.4 Limitations to bioreactor production of baculovirus-based pesticides
387(5)
13.4.1 Lack of a chemically defined media
387(1)
13.4.2 Low budded virus titers
388(1)
13.4.3 Occlusion-derived viruses produced in cell culture may have a lower speed of kill
389(1)
13.4.4 Viral genome instability during in vitro passaging
389(2)
13.4.5 Complications with high-density cell culture
391(1)
13.5 Future research directions for bioreactor production of baculovirus-based pesticides
392(4)
13.5.1 Chemically defined media for insect cell culture
392(1)
13.5.2 Genomics/transcriptomics of insect cell lines
393(1)
13.5.3 Metabolomics of insect cell lines
394(1)
13.5.4 Genetically modified viruses
394(1)
13.5.5 Future potential
395(1)
13.6 Conclusion
396(11)
Acknowledgements
397(1)
References
397(10)
14 Formulations of entomopathogens as bioinsecticides
407(24)
Robert Behle
Tim Birthisel
14.1 Introduction
407(3)
14.1.1 Goals and benefits of formulations
408(1)
14.1.2 Challenges of microbial pesticides
409(1)
14.2 Biological considerations
410(5)
14.2.1 Biological attributes for the microbe
410(4)
14.2.2 Potential hazards
414(1)
14.3 Physical considerations
415(7)
14.3.1 Cost
415(1)
14.3.2 Formulation form
416(1)
14.3.3 Ingredients
417(1)
14.3.4 Processing
418(2)
14.3.5 Mixing/handling/packaging
420(1)
14.3.6 Consumer esthetics
421(1)
14.3.7 Application
421(1)
14.4 Additional considerations on formulation
422(1)
14.4.1 Sources of technologies
422(1)
14.4.2 Legal requirements
422(1)
14.4.3 Current effective formulations
422(1)
14.4.4 Unique applications
422(1)
14.5 Conclusions and future of biopesticide formulations
423(8)
USDA disclaimer
424(1)
References
424(7)
15 Mass production of entomopathogens in less industrialized countries
431(34)
David Grzywacz
Sean Moore
Belinda Luke
Sevgan Subramanian
David Moore
R.J. Rabindra
15.1 Introduction
431(1)
15.2 Issues and opportunities for entomopathogen uptake in less industrialized countries
431(1)
15.3 Practical constraints for entomopathogen uptake in developing countries
432(1)
15.4 Production of entomopathogens in less industrialized countries
433(1)
15.5 Production of entomopathogenic fungi
434(2)
15.5.1 The LUBILOSA system
434(1)
15.5.2 The Caroni system
435(1)
15.6 Additional examples from other countries
436(2)
15.6.1 China
436(1)
15.6.2 India
437(1)
15.6.3 Brazil
437(1)
15.6.4 Cuba
437(1)
15.6.5 Honduras
438(1)
15.6.6 Kenya and South Africa
438(1)
15.7 Other systems
438(1)
15.8 Mass production of baculoviruses
439(8)
15.8.1 Country case studies
444(3)
15.9 Other production systems
447(1)
15.10 Generic production issues
448(3)
15.10.1 Product quality
448(1)
15.10.2 Scale of production and application rates
449(1)
15.10.3 Safety
450(1)
15.10.4 Economics of production
450(1)
15.11 Requirements for establishing biopesticide industries in less-industrialized countries
451(14)
15.11.1 Research and information
451(3)
15.11.2 Registration and regulation in less-industrialized countries
454(1)
15.11.3 Responsibility
455(1)
15.11.4 Future
455(1)
Acknowledgments
456(1)
References
456(9)
Section III
16 Potential and challenges for the use of insects as feed for aquaculture
465(28)
Laura Gasco
Ilaria Biasato
Paula Enes
Francesco Gai
16.1 Introduction
465(2)
16.2 Insects in aquafeeds: performances and digestibility
467(5)
16.2.1 Insect proteins: effects on fish meal and soybean meal sparing
467(3)
16.2.2 Insect fat and oils: effects on fish and soybean oil sparing
470(2)
16.3 Insects and fish health
472(13)
16.3.1 Gut morphology
472(1)
16.3.2 Immune response
473(7)
16.3.3 Oxidative status
480(3)
16.3.4 Gut microbiota
483(2)
16.4 Challenges and future perspectives
485(1)
16.5 Conclusions
486(7)
References
486(7)
17 The role of insects for poultry feed: present and future perspective
493(18)
Elizabeth A. Koutsos
Paul H. Patterson
Kimberly A. Livingston
Tarra A. Freel
17.1 Introduction
493(1)
17.2 General nutrient composition of insects and insect-derived ingredients
493(7)
17.2.1 Impacts of processing method and form
497(1)
17.2.2 Functional aspects of insects in poultry diets
498(2)
17.3 Insects in meat bird production
500(1)
17.3.1 Broilers
500(1)
17.3.2 Other meat birds
501(1)
17.4 Insects in egg layer production
501(2)
17.5 Impact of insect-derived ingredients on behavior and welfare
503(1)
17.6 Barriers and hurdles for use of insects in poultry diets
504(1)
17.6.1 Organic classification
505(1)
17.7 Summary and the conclusions
505(6)
References
505(6)
18 Insects as food for insectivores
511(30)
Mark D. Finke
Dennis Oonincx
18.1 Introduction
511(1)
18.2 Nutrient content of insects
511(10)
18.2.1 Protein and amino acids
511(2)
18.2.2 Fats and fatty acids
513(1)
18.2.3 Carbohydrates
514(1)
18.2.4 Fiber and chitin
514(1)
18.2.5 Minerals
515(2)
18.2.6 Vitamins and carotenoids
517(3)
18.2.7 Other nutrients
520(1)
18.3 Effects of insect size/life stage on nutrient composition
521(1)
18.4 Effects of insect diet on insect nutrient composition
522(1)
18.5 Effects of environment on insect composition
523(1)
18.5.1 Temperature
523(1)
18.5.2 Humidity
523(1)
18.5.3 Photoperiod
524(1)
18.6 Nutrient requirements of insectivores including nutrient availability
524(1)
18.6.1 Availability and digestibility
524(1)
18.7 Enhancing the nutrient composition of insects as food for insectivores
525(3)
18.7.1 Gut loading
525(1)
18.7.2 Dusting
526(1)
18.7.3 Feeding nutrient enhanced diets during growth
527(1)
18.8 Other considerations
528(2)
18.8.1 Pathogens/parasites
528(1)
18.8.2 Heavy metals
528(1)
18.8.3 Mycotoxins
529(1)
18.8.4 Other toxins
529(1)
18.8.5 Uric acid
529(1)
18.9 Conclusions
530(11)
References
530(11)
19 Production of solitary bees for pollination in the United States
541(18)
Stephen S. Peterson
Derek R. Artz
19.1 Introduction
541(1)
19.2 The alfalfa leafcutting bee
541(6)
19.3 The alkali bee
547(1)
19.4 The blue orchard bee
548(5)
19.5 Other solitary bees of interest for pollination
553(1)
19.6 Concluding remarks
554(5)
Acknowledgments
554(1)
References
554(5)
20 Production of bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for pollination and research
559(22)
Genevieve Rowe
Mallory A. Hagadorn
Thuy-Tien T. Lindsay
Rosemary Malfi
Neal M. Williams
James P. Strange
20.1 An introduction to rearing bumblebees
559(1)
20.2 Bumblebee lifecycle
560(2)
20.3 Pathogens, parasites, and pests---an overview
562(1)
20.4 Rearing facilities
562(4)
20.4.1 General setup and equipment
562(2)
20.4.2 Environmental conditions
564(1)
20.4.3 Bumblebee rearing units
565(1)
20.5 Nutrition
566(4)
20.5.1 Nectar substitute
566(3)
20.5.2 Pollen provisions
569(1)
20.5.3 Pollen preparation
569(1)
20.6 Gyne collection and transportation
570(1)
20.7 Installing gynes and stimulating broodiness
571(1)
20.8 Colony care and senescence
571(2)
20.8.1 Sanitation
572(1)
20.8.2 Deploying colonies into the wild
573(1)
20.9 Mating trials
573(1)
20.10 Overwintering gynes
574(1)
20.11 Closing remarks
574(7)
References
575(6)
21 Current and potential benefits of mass earthworm culture
581(13)
Christopher N. Lowe
Kevin R. Butt
Rhonda L. Sherman
21.1 Introduction
581(2)
21.1.1 Ecological groupings
581(1)
21.1.2 Selection of species
582(1)
21.1.3 Cultivation techniques
583(1)
21.2 Current applications
583(9)
21.2.1 As a protein source
583(2)
21.2.2 In organic waste management
585(1)
21.2.3 As fishing bait
586(1)
21.2.4 In soil restoration
587(1)
21.2.5 In agro-ecosystems
588(1)
21.2.6 In laboratory experimentation
589(2)
21.2.7 In ecotoxicology
591(1)
21.3 The future for mass earthworm culture
592(2)
References 594(5)
Index 599
Dr. Morales main expertise is in mass production of arthropods, insect nutritional ecology and thedevelopment of rearing methods and mechanization of rearing processes for beneficial arthropods.Between 1992 and 1998, he developed mass propagation technology for the boll weevil parasitoidCatolaccus grandis. This research earned him the USDA-ARS scientist of the year award in 2002.During 1998 and 2004 he developed termite and ant baiting systems. This research earned him theUSDA-ARS technology transfer award and the Federal Laboratory Consortium regional excellence intechnology transfer award in 2004. Since 2004, he has developed novel rearing methods forpredatory mites and other beneficial arthropods. This included new technology for separation ofmealworm sizes for infection with entomopathogenic nematodes, novel methods for mass producingTenebrio molitor, mechanized methods to pack T. molitor cadavers infected with nematodes, andmechanized methods for infecting T. molitor larvae with entomopathogenic nematodes. The work onthe in-vivo production of entomopathogenic nematodes using T. molitor earn him the NationalFederal laboratory Consortium award of excellence in technology transfer in 2013. Dr. Morales-Ramos has produced a total of 104 publications and 12 patents; his is currently the project leader ofthe project titled Mass Production of Biological Control Agents”. Dr. Morales-Ramos recently editedthe book titled Mass production of Beneficial Organisms” published in January 2014 by Elsevier. Dr. Rojas main expertise is in insect nutrition, nutritional ecology and the development of artificialdiets for biological control agents and bait matrixes to control termites and ants. Between 1993 to1998 she developed an artificial diet for the boll weevil parasitoid Catolaccus grandis. Between 1998and 2004, she developed bait matrices for control of the Formosan subterranean termite andhousehold ants, both of which were successfully commercialized by Ensystex and FMC, and still aresold world-wide. This work earned her the USDA-ARS technology transfer award and the FederalLaboratory Consortium regional excellence in technology transfer award in 2004. Since 2004, she hasdeveloped artificial diets for predatory mites and other insect predators and improved susceptibilityof Tenebrio molitor to entomopathogenic nematodes. The work on the in-vivo production ofentomopathogenic nematodes using T. molitor earned her the National Federal laboratory Consortium award of excellence in technology transfer in 2013. Dr. Rojas has produced a total of 99 publications and holds 12 patents, her current responsibilities include principal scientist on 3 different research agreements with 3 different companies including Syngenta Bioline, Kopert, and Monsanto. ”. Dr. Rojas recently co-edited the book titled Mass production of Beneficial Organisms” published in January 2014 by Elsevier.