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Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells [Kõva köide]

Edited by (Monash University, Victoria, Australia), Series edited by (University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia), Edited by (Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia), Edited by (University of California, Riverside, USA)
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Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel CellsSuurem pilt
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Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9783527330423.html
There are a large number of books available on fuel cells; however, the majority are on specific types of fuel cells such as solid oxide fuel cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, or on specific technical aspects of fuel cells, e.g., the system or stack engineering. Thus, there is a need for a book focused on materials requirements in fuel cells. Key Materials in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells is a concise source of the most important and key materials and catalysts in low-temperature fuel cells. A related book will cover key materials in high-temperature fuel cells. The two books form part of the "Materials for Sustainable Energy & Development" series.
Key Materials in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells brings together world leaders and experts in this field and provides a lucid description of the materials assessment of fuel cell technologies. With an emphasis on the technical development and applications of key materials in low-temperature fuel cells, this text covers fundamental principles, advancement, challenges, and important current research themes. Topics covered include: proton exchange membrane fuel cells, direct methanol and ethanol fuel cells, microfluidic fuel cells, biofuel cells, alkaline membrane fuel cells, functionalized carbon nanotubes as catalyst supports, nanostructured Pt catalysts, non-PGM catalysts, membranes, and materials modeling.
This book is an essential reference source for researchers, engineers and technicians in academia, research institutes and industry working in the fields of fuel cells, energy materials, electrochemistry and materials science and engineering.
Series Editor's Preface xiii
About the Series Editor xv
About the Volume Editors xvii
List of Contributors
xix
1 Key Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells: An Introduction
1(2)
Bradley P. Ladewig
Benjamin M. Asquith
Jochen Meier-Haack
Reference
2(1)
2 Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
3(30)
Rhodri Jervis
Daniel J.L. Brett
2.1 Fuel Cells
3(1)
2.2 PEM Fuel Cell Principles
4(7)
2.2.1 Equilibrium Kinetics
4(3)
2.2.2 Butler--Volmer Kinetics
7(1)
2.2.3 Exchange Current Density
8(2)
2.2.4 The Fuel Cell Polarization Curve
10(1)
2.3 Alkaline Fuel Cells
11(14)
2.3.1 The ORR Mechanism
12(1)
2.3.2 The HOR in Alkaline
13(2)
2.3.3 The Aqueous Electrolyte AFC
15(1)
2.3.4 The AAEM Fuel Cell
16(1)
2.3.4.1 AAEM Principles
16(1)
2.3.4.2 Alkaline Membranes
17(2)
2.3.4.3 AAEM Fuel Cell Examples
19(6)
2.4 Summary
25(8)
References
26(7)
3 Catalyst Support Materials for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
33(36)
Xin Wang
Shuangyin Wang
3.1 Introduction
33(1)
3.2 Current Status of Support Materials and Role of Carbon as Support in Fuel Cells
34(1)
3.3 Novel Carbon Materials as Electrocatalyst Support for Fuel Cells
35(19)
3.3.1 Mesoporous Carbon as Support Materials for Fuel Cells
35(4)
3.3.2 Graphite Nanofibers as Support Materials for Fuel Cells
39(3)
3.3.3 Carbon Nanotubes as Support Materials for Fuel Cells
42(7)
3.3.4 Graphene as Support Materials for Fuel Cells
49(3)
3.3.5 Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Materials
52(2)
3.4 Conductive Metal Oxide as Support Materials
54(2)
3.5 Metal Carbides and Metal Nitrides as Catalyst Supports
56(1)
3.6 Conducting Polymer as Support Materials for Fuel Cells
57(1)
3.7 Conducting Polymer-Grafted Carbon Materials
58(1)
3.8 3M Nanostructured Thin Film as Support Materials for Fuel Cells
59(1)
3.9 Summary and Outlook
60(9)
References
61(8)
4 Anode Catalysts for Low-Temperature Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells
69(42)
Wenzhen Li
4.1 Introduction
69(2)
4.2 Anode Catalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: Improved Performance of Binary and Ternary Catalysts
71(2)
4.2.1 Principles of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
71(1)
4.2.2 Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysts for Methanol Electrooxidation
71(2)
4.3 Anode Catalysts for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells: Break C---C Bond to Achieve Complete 12-Electron-Transfer Oxidation
73(6)
4.3.1 Principles of PEM-Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells
74(1)
4.3.2 Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysts for Ethanol Electrooxidation
74(3)
4.3.3 Anion Exchange Membrane-Based Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells (AEM-DEFCs)
77(1)
4.3.4 Anode Catalysts for AEM-DEFCs
78(1)
4.4 Anode Catalysts for Direct Polyol Fuel Cells (Ethylene Glycol, Glycerol): Cogenerate Electricity and Valuable Chemicals Based on Anion Exchange Membrane Platform
79(5)
4.4.1 Overview of Electrooxidation of Polyols
79(2)
4.4.2 Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysts for Ethylene Glycol Electrooxidation
81(1)
4.4.3 Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysts for Glycerol Electrooxidation
82(2)
4.5 Synthetic Methods of Metal Electrocatalysts
84(7)
4.5.1 Impregnation Method
86(1)
4.5.2 Colloidal Method
87(1)
4.5.2.1 Polyol Method
87(2)
4.5.2.2 Organic-Phase Method
89(1)
4.5.3 Microemulsion Method
90(1)
4.5.4 Other Methods
90(1)
4.6 Carbon Nanomaterials as Anode Catalyst Support
91(5)
4.6.1 Carbon Nanotubes
91(3)
4.6.2 Carbon Nanofibers
94(1)
4.6.3 Ordered Mesoporous Carbons
94(1)
4.6.4 Graphene Sheets
95(1)
4.7 Future Challenges and Opportunities
96(15)
Acknowledgments
97(1)
References
97(14)
5 Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
111(14)
Bradley P. Ladewig
Benjamin M. Asquith
Jochen Meier-Haack
5.1 Introduction
111(1)
5.2 Basic Principles of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Operation
111(1)
5.3 Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
112(6)
5.3.1 Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes
113(1)
5.3.2 Poly(styrene)-Based Electrolytes
114(1)
5.3.3 Poly(arylene ether)-Type Polymers
115(1)
5.3.4 Poly(ether ether) Ketone-Type Polymers
115(1)
5.3.5 Polybenzimidazoles
116(1)
5.3.6 Polysulfones and Polyethersulfones
116(1)
5.3.7 Polyimides
117(1)
5.3.8 Grafted Polymer Electrolyte Membranes
117(1)
5.3.9 Block Copolymers
117(1)
5.3.10 Composite Polymer Membranes
118(1)
5.4 Membrane Properties Summary
118(2)
5.5 Conclusions
120(5)
References
120(5)
6 Hydroxide Exchange Membranes and lonomers
125(20)
Shuang Gu
Junhua Wang
Bingzi Zhang
Robert B. Kaspar
Yushan Yan
6.1 Introduction
125(1)
6.1.1 Definition
125(1)
6.1.2 Functions
125(1)
6.1.3 Features
126(1)
6.2 Requirements
126(2)
6.2.1 High Hydroxide Conductivity
126(1)
6.2.2 Excellent Chemical Stability
127(1)
6.2.3 Sufficient Physical Stability
127(1)
6.2.4 Controlled Solubility
128(1)
6.2.5 Other Important Properties
128(1)
6.3 Fabrications and Categories
128(2)
6.3.1 Polymer Functionalization
128(1)
6.3.2 Monomer Polymerization
129(1)
6.3.3 Membrane Radiation Grafting
129(1)
6.3.4 Reinforcement Methods
130(1)
6.4 Structure and Properties of Cationic Functional Group
130(4)
6.4.1 Quaternary Nitrogen-Based Cationic Functional Groups
130(1)
6.4.1.1 Tetraalkyl Ammonium
130(2)
6.4.1.2 Cycloalkyl Ammonium
132(1)
6.4.1.3 Pyridinium
133(1)
6.4.1.4 Guanidinium
133(1)
6.4.1.5 Imidazolium
133(1)
6.4.2 Quaternary Phosphorus-Based Cationic Functional Groups
134(1)
6.5 Structure and Properties of Polymer Main Chain
134(4)
6.5.1 Chemical Structure
134(3)
6.5.1.1 Aromatic Main-Chain Polymers
137(1)
6.5.1.2 Aliphatic Main-Chain Polymers
137(1)
6.5.2 Sequential Structure
138(1)
6.6 Structure and Properties of Chemical Cross-Linking
138(2)
6.6.1 Chemical Structure
138(2)
6.6.2 Physical Structure
140(1)
6.7 Prospective
140(5)
References
141(4)
7 Materials for Microbial Fuel Cells
145(22)
Yanzhen Fan
Hong Liu
7.1 Introduction
145(1)
7.2 MFC Configuration
146(1)
7.3 Anode Materials
147(3)
7.3.1 Solid Carbon Materials
147(1)
7.3.2 Granular Carbon Materials
148(1)
7.3.3 Fiber Carbon Materials
148(1)
7.3.4 Porous Carbon Materials
149(1)
7.3.5 Modification of Anode Materials
149(1)
7.4 Cathode
150(6)
7.4.1 Catalyst Binders
151(1)
7.4.2 Diffusion Layers
152(1)
7.4.3 Current Collector
152(1)
7.4.4 Cathode Fouling
152(1)
7.4.5 Cathode Catalysts
153(1)
7.4.5.1 Pt Cathode Modified with Nanomaterials
153(1)
7.4.5.2 Cathode with Non-Pt Metal Catalyst
153(1)
7.4.5.3 Carbon Cathodes
154(1)
7.4.5.4 Conductive Polymers
155(1)
7.4.5.5 Biocathodes
155(1)
7.5 Separators
156(2)
7.5.1 Cation Exchange Membranes
156(1)
7.5.2 Anion Exchange Membranes
157(1)
7.5.3 Biopolar Membranes
157(1)
7.5.4 Filtration Membranes
157(1)
7.5.5 Porous Fabrics
158(1)
7.6 Outlook
158(9)
References
160(7)
8 Bioelectrochemical Systems
167(18)
Falk Harnisch
Korneel Rabaey
8.1 Bioelectrochemical Systems and Bioelectrocatalysis
167(1)
8.2 On the Nature of Microbial Bioelectrocatalysis
167(2)
8.3 Microbial Electron Transfer Mechanisms
169(4)
8.3.1 Direct Electron Transfer
170(2)
8.3.2 Mediated Electron Transfer (MET)
172(1)
8.3.2.1 MET Based on Secondary Metabolites
173(1)
8.3.2.2 MET Based on Primary Metabolites
173(1)
8.4 From Physiology to Technology: Microbial Bioelectrochemical Systems
173(2)
8.5 Application Potential of BES Technology
175(1)
8.6 Characterization of BESs and Microbial Bioelectrocatalysts
176(3)
8.6.1 Electrochemical Methods
176(1)
8.6.1.1 Polarization Curves
176(1)
8.6.1.2 Voltammetry
177(1)
8.6.1.3 Spectroelectrochemical and Further Techniques
178(1)
8.6.2 Biological Methods
178(1)
8.7 Conclusions
179(6)
Acknowledgments
180(1)
References
180(5)
9 Materials for Microfluidic Fuel Cells
185(30)
Seyed Ali Mousavi Shaegh
Nam-Trung Nguyen
9.1 Introduction
185(2)
9.2 Fundamentals
187(3)
9.3 Membraneless LFFC Designs and the Materials in Use
190(13)
9.3.1 Flow Architecture and Fabrication of Flow-Over Design
197(3)
9.3.2 Flow Architecture and Fabrication of Flow-Through Design
200(1)
9.3.3 Flow Architecture and Fabrication of LFFC with Air-Breathing Cathode
201(2)
9.3.4 Performance Comparison
203(1)
9.4 Fuel, Oxidant, and Electrolytes
203(7)
9.4.1 Fuel Types
203(4)
9.4.2 Oxidant Types
207(1)
9.4.3 Electrolyte Types
208(2)
9.5 Conclusions
210(5)
References
211(4)
10 Progress in Electrocatalysts for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells
215(26)
Luhua Jiang
Gongquan Sun
10.1 Introduction
215(1)
10.2 Developing an Effective Method to Prepare Electrocatalysts
216(2)
10.2.1 Carbon-Supported Platinum
216(1)
10.2.2 Carbon-Supported Platinum--Ruthenium
217(1)
10.3 Electrocatalysts for ORR
218(4)
10.3.1 Highly Active PtFe Electrocatalysts for ORR
218(1)
10.3.2 Methanol-Tolerant PtPd Electrocatalysts for ORR
219(3)
10.4 Electrocatalysts for MOR
222(4)
10.4.1 Composition Screening for Electrocatalysts toward MOR
222(1)
10.4.2 Carbon-Supported Platinum--Ruthenium for MOR
223(3)
10.5 Electrocatalysts for Ethanol Electrooxidation
226(9)
10.5.1 Composition Screening for Electrocatalysts toward EOR
227(2)
10.5.2 PtSn/C for Ethanol Electrooxidation
229(5)
10.5.3 IrSn/C for Ethanol Electrooxidation
234(1)
10.6 Conclusions
235(6)
References
235(6)
Index 241
Associate Professor Bradley Ladewig is an academic in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Monash University, Australia, where he leads a research group developing membrane materials and technologies for clean energy applications. He has a wide range of experience as a chemical engineering researcher, including in membrane development for direct methanol fuel cells, testing and modeling of combined heat and power PEM fuel cell systems, and desalination membrane development. Recently he has worked on several collaborative projects in the field of direct carbon fuel cells, metal organic framework materials as gas sorbents and membrane components, and low-cost microfluidic sensors based on paper and thread substrates. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Chemical Engineers.

Professor San Ping Jiang is a professor at the Curtin Centre for Advanced Energy Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Australia and Adjunct Professor of the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China. He also holds Visiting/Guest Professorships at Wuhan University of Technology, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Sichung University, and Shandong University. Dr. Jiang has broad experience in both academia and industry, having held positions at Nanyang Technological University, the CSIRO Manufacturing Science and Technology Division in Australia, and Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd (CFCL). His research interests encompass solid oxide fuel cells, proton exchange and direct methanol fuel cells, and direct alcohol fuel cells.

Professor Yushan Yan is Distinguished Engineering Professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Delaware. Prior to that he was a Professor at The University of California, Riverside, and before that worked for AlliedSignal Inc. as a Senior Staff Engineer and Project Manager. His research focuses on zeolite thin films for semiconductors and aerospace applications and new materials for cheaper and durable fuel cells. He is co-Founder and Director of the start-up companies Full Cycle Energy and Zeolite Materials Solutions (ZSM).