Preface |
|
xi | |
Authors |
|
xvii | |
|
|
xix | |
|
1 Background and Motivation |
|
|
1 | (26) |
|
1.1 Pragmatic approach to problem solving |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
1.2 Problem solving skills |
|
|
2 | (3) |
|
1.3 Mathematics versus statistics |
|
|
5 | (3) |
|
1.4 A look at modern drug development |
|
|
8 | (7) |
|
1.4.1 Stages of drug development |
|
|
11 | (3) |
|
1.4.2 Factors that have had an impact on drug development |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
1.5 Statistics and evidence-based science |
|
|
15 | (5) |
|
1.6 In summary: what this book is all about |
|
|
20 | (5) |
|
Introduction to Chapters 2, 3, and 4 |
|
|
25 | (2) |
|
2 Statistical Programming |
|
|
27 | (16) |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
2.2 Asking the right questions |
|
|
28 | (2) |
|
2.3 Choice of statistical and presentation software |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
2.4.2 SAS Certification---Is it worth the time and efforts? |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
2.5 Data access, data creation and data storage |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
2.6 Getting data from external files |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
|
37 | (2) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
2.7.3 Going from vertical to horizontal datasets and vice versa |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
2.8 Why do we need basic knowledge of the Macro language? |
|
|
39 | (3) |
|
2.8.1 Open code vs. DATA step |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
2.8.2 Loops in the open code (inside macros) and nested macros |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
2.8.3 Use of pre-written (by others) macro code |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
|
43 | (24) |
|
|
43 | (2) |
|
3.2 Design of data collection |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
3.3 Organization of data collection |
|
|
46 | (2) |
|
3.4 Data cleaning or verification |
|
|
48 | (2) |
|
3.5 Re-structuring of the data |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
50 | (2) |
|
|
52 | (13) |
|
|
65 | (2) |
|
|
67 | (48) |
|
|
67 | (4) |
|
4.2 The biostatistician's role |
|
|
71 | (7) |
|
4.3 Background assessment: what do we start with? |
|
|
78 | (6) |
|
4.4 A minimal sufficient set of tools for the biostatistician |
|
|
84 | (13) |
|
4.4.1 Knowledge of the disease area |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
4.4.2 Knowledge of the regulatory landscape |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
4.4.3 Understanding of the clinical trial protocol |
|
|
87 | (3) |
|
4.4.4 Knowledge of statistical methodologies for protocol development |
|
|
90 | (3) |
|
4.4.5 Statistical software |
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
4.4.6 Communication skills |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
4.4.7 Knowledge of processes |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
4.5 Advanced biostatistics toolkit |
|
|
97 | (12) |
|
|
98 | (2) |
|
4.5.2 Basket, umbrella, platform trials and master protocols |
|
|
100 | (2) |
|
4.5.3 Dose-finding methods |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
4.5.4 Multiplicity issues |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
104 | (2) |
|
4.5.6 Quantitative decision-making support |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
4.5.7 Digital development |
|
|
107 | (2) |
|
|
109 | (2) |
|
Introduction to Chapters 5, 6, and 7 |
|
|
111 | (4) |
|
5 Development of New Validated Scoring Systems |
|
|
115 | (18) |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
5.2 Recognition of problem existence |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
5.3 Study of available methods and tools with consequent realization that they are insufficient |
|
|
117 | (4) |
|
5.4 Clear formulation and formalization of the main task to be solved |
|
|
121 | (3) |
|
|
124 | (5) |
|
5.6 Are we finished? Not in the regulatory setting! |
|
|
129 | (2) |
|
5.7 Assessment of created by-products as potentially new tools, skills and methods |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
5.8 Generalization of all achievements and evaluation of potential applications in the real world |
|
|
131 | (2) |
|
6 Resurrecting a Failed Clinical Program |
|
|
133 | (26) |
|
6.1 Preamble: what we are dealing with |
|
|
133 | (2) |
|
|
135 | (23) |
|
6.2.1 Studying drugs with dosage that depends on needs |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
6.2.2 Separation of toxicity and efficacy effects in safety outcome misbalance |
|
|
139 | (3) |
|
6.2.3 Creation of a PK model for the transfusion field |
|
|
142 | (7) |
|
6.2.4 Mystery of the transfusion trigger |
|
|
149 | (4) |
|
6.2.5 The rise and fall of the HBOC field |
|
|
153 | (5) |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
7 Can One Predict Unpredictable? |
|
|
159 | (30) |
|
7.1 Personal disclaimer/preamble |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
7.2 First, what can we do? |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
7.3 Problems in planning of the open-ended projects |
|
|
161 | (15) |
|
7.3.1 Extraneous vs. overlooked parts in preliminary planning |
|
|
162 | (4) |
|
7.3.2 Level of uncertainty of elementary tasks |
|
|
166 | (6) |
|
7.3.3 Terminology and definitions |
|
|
172 | (4) |
|
7.4 Estimating distribution of time to completion of an open-ended project |
|
|
176 | (11) |
|
7.4.1 Surprising results of first test runs of the algorithm |
|
|
177 | (3) |
|
7.4.2 The nature of estimates for elementary tasks |
|
|
180 | (3) |
|
7.4.3 Estimation for a single branch |
|
|
183 | (3) |
|
7.4.4 How to analyze the results? |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
187 | (2) |
Appendix A Relativistic and Probabilistic Functions |
|
189 | (4) |
Appendix B Manual for Successful Crusade in Defense of Patients' Rights |
|
193 | (4) |
Afterword |
|
197 | (4) |
Final Remark |
|
201 | (2) |
Bibliography |
|
203 | (10) |
Index |
|
213 | |