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List of Figures and Tables |
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xiii | |
| Preface |
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xvii | |
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The Terms ``German-Speaking Mathematician,'' ``Forced,'' and ``Voluntary Emigration'' |
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1 | (12) |
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The Notionan of ``Mathematician'' Plus Quantitative Figures on Persecution |
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13 | (17) |
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30 | (29) |
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32 | (4) |
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36 | (4) |
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40 | (12) |
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The Economic Troubles in German Science as a Stimulus to Emigration |
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40 | (2) |
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National Isolation, Xenophobia, and Anti-Semitism as European Phenomena |
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42 | (3) |
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Personal Risks with Early Emigration |
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45 | (1) |
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The Ambiguous Interconnection between Social Hierarchies, Traditions at Home, and Internationalization in Mathematics |
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46 | (1) |
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The American Interest in Immigration (Pull-Factor) |
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47 | (4) |
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The Start of Economic Problems in America Around 1930 Foreshadowing Later Problems Incurred during Forced Emigration |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (7) |
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The Failed Appointments of C. Caratheodory and S. Bochner at Harvard |
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52 | (1) |
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Early Emigration from Austria as Exemplified |
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53 | (3) |
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The Problems of Early Emigration as Exemplified |
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56 | (3) |
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Pretexts, Forms, and the Extent of Emigration and Persecution |
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59 | (31) |
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The Nazi Policy of Expulsion |
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60 | (6) |
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The Political Position of Mathematicians, Affected and Unaffected by Persecution |
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66 | (6) |
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72 | (18) |
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The Pseudo-Legalism of the Methods of Expulsion |
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72 | (1) |
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Student Boycotts as a Means of Expelling Unwanted Docents |
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72 | (1) |
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The Racist ``German Mathematics'' (Deutsche Mathematik) of Ludwig Bieberbach as an Ideology Supportive of the Expulsions |
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73 | (1) |
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Personal Denunciations as Instruments of Expulsion |
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73 | (4) |
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Political Reasons for Emigration beyond Anti-Semitism |
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77 | (2) |
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Cheating Emigrants out of Their Pensions |
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79 | (1) |
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Increasing Restrictions Imposed upon ``Non-Aryan'' Students |
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80 | (1) |
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Political Position of Emigrants before 1933: German Nationalism, Illusions, and General Lack of Prescience |
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80 | (3) |
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First Reactions by the Victims: Readiness to Compromise and to Justify, Adoption of the Martyr's Role |
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83 | (3) |
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The Partial Identity of Interests between the Regime and the ``Unaffected'' German Mathematicians |
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86 | (2) |
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Reactions to the Expulsions from Abroad |
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88 | (2) |
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Obstacles to Emigration out of Germany after 1933, Failed Escape, and Death |
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90 | (12) |
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92 | (10) |
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Obstacles to Emigration from Germany |
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92 | (2) |
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Unsuccessful Attempts at Emigration, Mathematicians Murdered |
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94 | (8) |
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Alternative (Non-American) Host Countries |
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102 | (47) |
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Documents and Problems Pertaining to the Various---Often Temporary---Host Countries outside of the United States |
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104 | (45) |
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Diminishing Ties with Germany and Self-Image of the Refugees |
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149 | (37) |
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152 | (15) |
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Concern for the Fate of Relatives Left Behind |
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152 | (1) |
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The Emotional Ties to Germany and to German Mathematics on the Part of the Emigrants |
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153 | (3) |
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Maintenance and Gradual Restriction of the Emigrants' Personal and Scientific Relations to Germany |
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156 | (1) |
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Conflicting Opinions on Mathematicians Remaining in Germany and on Those Who Returned in Spite of Chances Abroad |
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157 | (3) |
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Political Information, Caution, and Self-Censorship in the Contact between Emigrants and Mathematicians Remaining in Germany |
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160 | (2) |
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Condemnation of Former Colleagues' Commitment to the Nazis by Emigrants |
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162 | (3) |
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Self-Selection by Emigrants |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (19) |
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Richard Courant's Gradual Estrangement from Germany |
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167 | (4) |
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Concern for the Future of German Applied Mathematics and the Young Generation: Richard von Mises and Theodor von Karman Supporting Walter Tollmien's Return to Germany |
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171 | (4) |
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Controversial Judgments about the Return of an Established Mathematician to Germany: Eberhard Hopf |
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175 | (1) |
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The Lack of Demarcation toward Mathematicians Remaining in Germany: The Example of Gumbel's Only Partially Successful Book Free Science (1938) |
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176 | (4) |
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The Aftereffects of Previous Political Conflicts in Emigration: The Case Rudolf Luneburg |
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180 | (6) |
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The American Reaction to Immigration: Help and Xenophobia |
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186 | (44) |
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General Trends in American Immigration Policies |
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186 | (3) |
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Consequences for the Immigration of Scholars |
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189 | (3) |
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The Relief Organizations, Particularly in the United States |
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192 | (12) |
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204 | (10) |
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Competition on the American Job Market and Attempts to Keep the Immigrants away from America |
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204 | (1) |
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``Selection'' of Immigrants to Be Promoted and Bureaucratic Obstacles on the Part of the Americans |
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205 | (2) |
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Special Problems for Female Immigrants |
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207 | (1) |
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Political Mistrust on the American Side |
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207 | (1) |
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The Priority of Private Foundations and Pure Research Institutions in Helping the Immigrants |
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208 | (1) |
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The Restricted Scope and Possibilities Available to the German Mathematicians' Relief Fund |
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209 | (1) |
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Further Motives for Xenophobia: Mental Borders, Anti-Semitism, Differences in the Science Systems, Professional Jealousy |
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210 | (3) |
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Decline of Xenophobia in Connection with Political Events on the Eve of World War II |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (16) |
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The Case of the Female Emigrant Emmy Noether |
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214 | (3) |
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A Case of the Exploitation of Immigrants by an Engineer at Cornell (M. G. Malti) |
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217 | (1) |
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Five Case Studies about Academic Anti-Semitism in the USA |
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218 | (1) |
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Consideration of anti-Semitism in the Policies of the relief organizations |
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218 | (1) |
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Examples of American nationalist and racist propaganda aimed at immigrants |
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219 | (1) |
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Problems in relationships between assimilated (in particular baptized) and Orthodox Jews in America |
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219 | (4) |
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The anti-Semitism of George David Birkhoff |
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223 | (5) |
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Declining academic anti-Semitism in the USA after 1945 |
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228 | (2) |
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Acculturation, Political Adaptation, and the American Entrance into the War |
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230 | (37) |
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General Problems of Acculturation |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (2) |
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Problems of Adaptation in Teaching and Research |
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235 | (1) |
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Age-Related Problems and Pensions |
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236 | (1) |
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The Influence of War Conditions |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (22) |
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The General Requirement of ``Adaptability'' |
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237 | (3) |
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Problems Arising from the Loss of Status Due to Emigration and from the Widespread principle of Seniority in Academic Promotions |
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240 | (2) |
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Different Traditions in Teaching and Unfamiliar Teaching Loads |
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242 | (1) |
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Extraordinary Solutions for Outstanding Immigrants |
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243 | (2) |
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Individualistic European versus Cooperative American Working Style |
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245 | (2) |
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Problems of Moral Prudishness in the United States: The Extreme Case of Carl Ludwig Siegel |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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The Need for Publications in the Language of the Host Country |
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248 | (1) |
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Support by Immigrants for Economic and Social Reform, in Particular for New Deal Positions |
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249 | (1) |
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Pressure to Adapt Politically and Political Mistrust against Immigrants on the Part of the Americans |
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250 | (2) |
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Waning Political Restraint on Immigrants after Obtaining American Citizenship and the Impact of the American Entrance into the War |
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252 | (5) |
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Personal Failure of Immigrants in the United States, Due to Age-and Pension-Related Problems |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (8) |
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The Tragic Fate of a Political Emigrant: Emil Julius Gumbel |
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259 | (3) |
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A Case of Failed Accommodation by an Older Immigrant: Felix Bernstein |
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262 | (5) |
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The Impact of Immigration on American Mathematics |
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267 | (52) |
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The ``Impact of Immigration'' Viewed from Various Global, Biographical, National, or Nonmathematical Perspectives |
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270 | (6) |
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The Institutional and Organizational Impact |
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276 | (2) |
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The Impact of German-Speaking Immigration in Applied Mathematics |
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278 | (6) |
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The Inner-Mathematical Impact of German-Speaking Immigration on the United States |
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284 | (1) |
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The Impact of the ``Noether School'' and of German Algebra in General |
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285 | (9) |
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Differences in Mentality, the History and Foundations of Mathematics |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (14) |
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The Heterogeneity of the ``German-Speaking'' Emigration, in Particular Differences between German and Austrian Traditions in Mathematics |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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The Profits of Emigration for International Communication |
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297 | (1) |
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Impact of the Institutional Side of German Mathematics (Educational System, Libraries) |
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298 | (1) |
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The Development of New Mathematical Centers in the United States |
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298 | (2) |
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Inner-Mathematical Impact on Individual Disciplines |
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300 | (10) |
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310 | (9) |
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The Failure of Richard Brauer's Book on Algebra in 1935, or the Paradoxical Victory of ``Talmudic Mathematics'' Due to Nazi Rule |
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310 | (5) |
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Late American Criticism of ``German Algebra,'' a Controversy between Garrett Birkhoff and B. L. van der Waerden in the 1970s and Commentary by G.-C. Rota in 1989 |
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315 | (4) |
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Epilogue: The Postwar Relationship of German and American Mathematicians |
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319 | (22) |
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327 | (10) |
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The New Wave of Emigration after the War |
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327 | (1) |
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Remigration and Obstacles to It |
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327 | (1) |
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Resumption of Scientific Communication |
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328 | (1) |
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Compensation for the Emigrants |
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329 | (2) |
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Political ``Coping with the Past'' (``Vergangenheitsbewaltigung'') |
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331 | (6) |
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337 | (4) |
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A Case of Failed Compensation: Max Dehn |
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337 | (4) |
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Appendix 1 Lists of Emigrated (after 1933), Murdered, and Otherwise Persecuted German-Speaking Mathematicians (as of 2008) |
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341 | (25) |
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List of German-Speaking Mathematicians Who Emigrated during the Nazi Period (First Generation) |
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343 | (15) |
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List of German-Speaking Mathematicians Who Were Murdered or Driven to Suicide by the Nazis |
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358 | (2) |
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List of German-Speaking Mathematicians Persecuted in Other Manners (Includes Teachers of Mathematics and is Probably Incomplete) |
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360 | (6) |
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Appendix 2 Excerpt from a Letter by George David Birkhoff from Paris (1928) to His Colleague-Mathematicians at Harvard Concerning the Possibility of or Desirability to Hire Foreigners |
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366 | (2) |
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Appendix 3.1 Report Compiled by Harald Bohr ``Together with Different German Friends'' in May 1933 Concerning the Present Conditions in German Universities, in Particular with Regard to Mathematics and Theoretical Physics |
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368 | (4) |
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Appendix 3.2 Translation of a Letter from Professor Karl Lowner of the University of Prague to Professor Louis L. Silverman (Dartmouth College) Dated August 2, 1933 |
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372 | (2) |
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Appendix 3.3 Richard von Mises's ``Position toward the Events of Our Time'' in November 1933 |
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374 | (2) |
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Appendix 3.4 Report by Artur Rosenthal (Heidelberg) from June 1935 on the Boycott of His and Heinrich Liebmann's Mathematical Courses |
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376 | (2) |
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Appendix 3.5 Max Pinl---Later the Author of Pioneering Reports (1969-72) on Mathematical Refugees---in a Letter to Hermann Weyl on the Situation in Czechoslovakia Immediately after the Munich Dictate of September 29, 1938 |
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378 | (2) |
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Appendix 4.1 A Letter by Emmy Noether of January 1935 to the Emergency Committee in New York Regarding Her Scientific and Political Interests during Emigration |
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380 | (1) |
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Appendix 4.2 Richard Courant's Resignation from the German Mathematicians' Association DMV in 1935 |
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381 | (2) |
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Appendix 4.3 Von Mises in His Diary about His Second Emigration, from Turkey to the USA, in 1939 |
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383 | (5) |
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Appendix 4.4 Hermann Weyl to Harlow Shapley on June 5, 1943, Concerning the Problems of the Immigrant from Gottingen, Felix Bernstein |
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388 | (2) |
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Appendix 5.1 Richard Courant in October 1945 to the American Authorities Who Were Responsible for German Scientific Reparation |
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390 | (3) |
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Appendix 5.2 Max Dehn's Refusal to Rejoin the German Mathematicians' Association DMV in 1948 |
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393 | (1) |
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Appendix 6 Memoirs for My Children (1933/1988) |
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394 | (21) |
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| Archives, Unprinted Sources, and Their Abbreviations |
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415 | (6) |
| References |
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421 | (24) |
| Photographs Index and Credits |
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445 | (4) |
| Subject Index |
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449 | (12) |
| Name Index |
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461 | |
