Foreword |
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xi | |
Problems, exercises, circles, and Olympiads |
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xi | |
Why this book, and how to use it |
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xii | |
English-language references |
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xiii | |
Introduction |
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xv | |
What this book is about and who it is for |
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xv | |
Learning by doing problems |
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xvi | |
A message |
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xvii | |
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Olympiads and mathematics |
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xvii | |
Research problems for high school students |
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xviii | |
How this book is organized |
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xviii | |
Sources and literature |
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xviii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
Grant support |
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xix | |
Numbering and notation |
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xx | |
Notation |
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xx | |
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1 | (16) |
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1 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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5 | (1) |
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3 Greatest common divisor (GCD) and least common multiple (LCM) (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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7 | (1) |
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4 Division with remainder and congruences (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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5 Linear Diophantine equations (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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11 | (1) |
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6 Canonical decomposition (2*) |
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12 | (2) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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14 | (1) |
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7 Integer points under a line (2*) |
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14 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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15 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Multiplication modulo p |
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17 | (14) |
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1 Fermat's Little Theorem (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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20 | (1) |
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3 Quadratic residues (2*) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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22 | (1) |
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4 The law of quadratic reciprocity (3*) |
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23 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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29 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Polynomials and complex numbers |
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31 | (28) |
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1 Rational and irrational numbers (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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32 | (2) |
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2 Solving polynomial equations of the third and fourth degrees (2) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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36 | (2) |
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3 Bezout's Theorem and its corollaries (2) |
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38 | (2) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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40 | (1) |
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4 Divisibility of polynomials (3*) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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5 Applications of complex numbers (3*) |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (1) |
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6 Vieta's Theorem and symmetric polynomials (3*) |
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46 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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47 | (1) |
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7 Diophantine equations and Gaussian integers (4*) |
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47 | (2) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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49 | (2) |
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8 Diagonals of regular polygons (4*) |
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51 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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52 | (1) |
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9 A short refutation of Borsuk's conjecture |
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53 | (3) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (10) |
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1 Order, type, and conjugacy (1) |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (1) |
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2 The parity of a permutation (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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3 The combinatorics of equivalence classes (2) |
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64 | (4) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (16) |
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1 Towards Jensen's inequality (2) |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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72 | (1) |
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2 Some basic inequalities (2) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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75 | (1) |
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3 Applications of basic inequalities (3*) |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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78 | (4) |
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4 Geometric interpretation (3*) |
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82 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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83 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Sequences and limits |
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85 | (20) |
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1 Finite sums and differences (3) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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90 | (1) |
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3 Concrete theory of limits (4*) |
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90 | (2) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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92 | (1) |
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4 How does a computer calculate the square root? (4*) |
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93 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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94 | (1) |
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5 Methods of series summation (4*) |
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95 | (3) |
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98 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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98 | (1) |
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6 Examples of transcendental numbers |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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6.C Proof of Liouville's Theorem (2) |
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101 | (1) |
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6.D Simple proof of Mahler's Theorem (3*) |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (18) |
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1 The graph and number of roots of a cubic polynomial |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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1.C Statements of the main results |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (3) |
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2 Introductory analysis of polynomials (2) |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (1) |
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3 The number of roots of a polynomial (3*) |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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117 | (1) |
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4 Estimations and inequalities (4*) |
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118 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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119 | (1) |
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5 Applications of compactness (4*) |
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119 | (2) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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121 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Solving algebraic equations |
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123 | (66) |
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1 Introduction and statement of results |
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123 | (1) |
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1.A What is this chapter about? |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (1) |
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1.C Insolvability in real radicals |
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126 | (2) |
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1.D Insolvability in complex radicals (2) |
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128 | (2) |
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I.E What is special about our proofs |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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1.G Constructions with compass and straightedge (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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2 Solving equations: Lagrange's resolvent method |
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133 | (1) |
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2.A Definition of expressibility in radicals of a polynomial (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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2.B Solution of equations of low degrees (2) |
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135 | (2) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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137 | (2) |
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2.C A reformulation of the constructibility in Gauss's Theorem (2) |
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139 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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140 | (1) |
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2.D Idea of the proof of constructibility in Gauss's Theorem (2) |
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140 | (2) |
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2.E Proof of the constructibility in Gauss's Theorem (3) |
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142 | (1) |
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2 F. Efficient proofs of constructibility (4*) |
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143 | (5) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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148 | (1) |
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3 Problems on insolvabilty in radicals |
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149 | (1) |
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3.A Representability using only one square root (1-2) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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152 | (2) |
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3.B Multiple square root extractions (3*) |
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154 | (2) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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156 | (2) |
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3.C Representing a number using only one cube root (2) |
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158 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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159 | (3) |
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3.D Representing a number using only one root of prime order (3*) |
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162 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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163 | (2) |
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3.E There is only one way to solve a quadratic equation (2) |
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165 | (2) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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167 | (1) |
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3.F Insolvability "in real polynomials" (2) |
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168 | (2) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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170 | (1) |
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3.G Insolvability "in polynomials" (3) |
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170 | (1) |
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Suggestions, solutions, and answers |
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171 | (1) |
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3 H. Insolvability in complex numbers (4*) |
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172 | (1) |
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3.1 Expressibility with a given number of radicals (4*) |
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173 | (2) |
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4 Proofs of insolvability in radicals |
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175 | (1) |
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4.A Fields and their extensions (2) |
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175 | (1) |
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4.B Insolvability "in real polynomials" (3) |
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176 | (1) |
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4.C Insolvability "in polynomials" (3) |
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177 | (2) |
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4.D Non-constructibility in Gauss's Theorem (3*) |
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179 | (2) |
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4.E Insolvability "in real numbers" |
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181 | (1) |
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4.F Insolvability "in numbers" (4*) |
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182 | (2) |
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4.G Kronecker's Theorem (4*) |
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184 | (3) |
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4.H The real analogue of Kronecker's Theorem (4*) |
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187 | (2) |
Bibliography |
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189 | (6) |
Index |
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195 | |