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Mathematics Via Problems: Part 1: Algebra [Pehme köide]

  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 196 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 400 g
  • Sari: MSRI Mathematical Circles Library
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Mar-2021
  • Kirjastus: American Mathematical Society
  • ISBN-10: 1470448785
  • ISBN-13: 9781470448783
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 196 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 400 g
  • Sari: MSRI Mathematical Circles Library
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Mar-2021
  • Kirjastus: American Mathematical Society
  • ISBN-10: 1470448785
  • ISBN-13: 9781470448783
Teised raamatud teemal:
This book is a translation from Russian of Part I of the book Mathematics Through Problems: From Olympiads and Math Circles to Profession. The other two parts, Geometry and Combinatorics, will be published soon.

The main goal of this book is to develop important parts of mathematics through problems. The author tries to put together sequences of problems that allow high school students (and some undergraduates) with strong interest in mathematics to discover and recreate much of elementary mathematics and start edging into the sophisticated world of topics such as group theory, Galois theory, and so on, thus building a bridge (by showing that there is no gap) between standard high school exercises and more intricate and abstract concepts in mathematics.

Definitions and/or references for material that is not standard in the school curriculum are included. However, many topics in the book are difficult when you start learning them from scratch. To help with this, problems are carefully arranged to provide gradual introduction into each subject. Problems are often accompanied by hints and/or complete solutions.

The book is based on classes taught by the author at different times at the Independent University of Moscow, at a number of Moscow schools and math circles, and at various summer schools. It can be used by high school students and undergraduates, their teachers, and organizers of summer camps and math circles.

In the interest of fostering a greater awareness and appreciation of mathematics and its connections to other disciplines and everyday life, MSRI and the AMS are publishing books in the Mathematical Circles Library series as a service to young people, their parents and teachers, and the mathematics profession.
Foreword xi
Problems, exercises, circles, and Olympiads xi
Why this book, and how to use it xii
English-language references xiii
Introduction xv
What this book is about and who it is for xv
Learning by doing problems xvi
A message xvii
A. Ya. Kanel-Belov
Olympiads and mathematics xvii
Research problems for high school students xviii
How this book is organized xviii
Sources and literature xviii
Acknowledgments xix
Grant support xix
Numbering and notation xx
Notation xx
Chapter 1 Divisibility
1(16)
1 Divisibility (1)
1(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
2(2)
2 Prime numbers (1)
4(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
5(1)
3 Greatest common divisor (GCD) and least common multiple (LCM) (1)
6(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
7(1)
4 Division with remainder and congruences (1)
8(1)
Hints
9(1)
5 Linear Diophantine equations (2)
10(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
11(1)
6 Canonical decomposition (2*)
12(2)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
14(1)
7 Integer points under a line (2*)
14(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
15(2)
Chapter 2 Multiplication modulo p
17(14)
1 Fermat's Little Theorem (2)
17(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
18(1)
2 Primality tests (3*)
19(1)
S. V. Konyagin
Hints
20(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
20(1)
3 Quadratic residues (2*)
21(1)
Hints
22(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
22(1)
4 The law of quadratic reciprocity (3*)
23(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
24(2)
5 Primitive roots (3*)
26(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
27(1)
6 Higher degrees (3*)
28(1)
A. Ya. Kanel-Belov
A. B. Skopenkov
Hints
29(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
29(2)
Chapter 3 Polynomials and complex numbers
31(28)
1 Rational and irrational numbers (1)
31(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
32(2)
2 Solving polynomial equations of the third and fourth degrees (2)
34(1)
Hints
35(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
36(2)
3 Bezout's Theorem and its corollaries (2)
38(2)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
40(1)
4 Divisibility of polynomials (3*)
41(1)
A. Ya. Kanel-Belov
A. B. Skopenkov
Hints and answers
42(1)
5 Applications of complex numbers (3*)
43(2)
Hints and answers
45(1)
6 Vieta's Theorem and symmetric polynomials (3*)
46(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
47(1)
7 Diophantine equations and Gaussian integers (4*)
47(2)
A.Ya. Kanel-Belov
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
49(2)
8 Diagonals of regular polygons (4*)
51(1)
I. N. Shnurnikov
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
52(1)
9 A short refutation of Borsuk's conjecture
53(3)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
56(3)
Chapter 4 Permutations
59(10)
1 Order, type, and conjugacy (1)
59(3)
Hints and answers
62(1)
2 The parity of a permutation (1)
62(1)
Hints and answers
63(1)
3 The combinatorics of equivalence classes (2)
64(4)
Answers
68(1)
Chapter 5 Inequalities
69(16)
1 Towards Jensen's inequality (2)
69(2)
Hints
71(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
72(1)
2 Some basic inequalities (2)
73(2)
Hints
75(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
75(1)
3 Applications of basic inequalities (3*)
75(2)
M. A. Bershtein
Hints
77(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
78(4)
4 Geometric interpretation (3*)
82(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
83(2)
Chapter 6 Sequences and limits
85(20)
1 Finite sums and differences (3)
85(1)
Hints
86(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
87(1)
2 Linear recurrences (3)
88(1)
Hints
89(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
90(1)
3 Concrete theory of limits (4*)
90(2)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
92(1)
4 How does a computer calculate the square root? (4*)
93(1)
A.C. Vorontsov
A. I. Sgibnev
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
94(1)
5 Methods of series summation (4*)
95(3)
Hints
98(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
98(1)
6 Examples of transcendental numbers
99(1)
6.A Introduction (1)
99(1)
6.B Problems (3*)
100(1)
6.C Proof of Liouville's Theorem (2)
101(1)
6.D Simple proof of Mahler's Theorem (3*)
102(3)
Chapter 7 Functions
105(18)
1 The graph and number of roots of a cubic polynomial
105(1)
1.A Introduction
105(1)
1.B Problems
106(1)
Hints
107(1)
1.C Statements of the main results
107(2)
1.D Proofs
109(3)
2 Introductory analysis of polynomials (2)
112(2)
Hints
114(1)
3 The number of roots of a polynomial (3*)
115(2)
Hints
117(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
117(1)
4 Estimations and inequalities (4*)
118(1)
V. A. Senderov
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
119(1)
5 Applications of compactness (4*)
119(2)
A. Ya. Kanel-Belov
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
121(2)
Chapter 8 Solving algebraic equations
123(66)
1 Introduction and statement of results
123(1)
1.A What is this chapter about?
123(2)
1.B Constructibility (1)
125(1)
1.C Insolvability in real radicals
126(2)
1.D Insolvability in complex radicals (2)
128(2)
I.E What is special about our proofs
130(1)
1.F Historical comments
131(1)
1.G Constructions with compass and straightedge (1)
132(1)
Hints
133(1)
2 Solving equations: Lagrange's resolvent method
133(1)
2.A Definition of expressibility in radicals of a polynomial (1)
133(2)
2.B Solution of equations of low degrees (2)
135(2)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
137(2)
2.C A reformulation of the constructibility in Gauss's Theorem (2)
139(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
140(1)
2.D Idea of the proof of constructibility in Gauss's Theorem (2)
140(2)
2.E Proof of the constructibility in Gauss's Theorem (3)
142(1)
2 F. Efficient proofs of constructibility (4*)
143(5)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
148(1)
3 Problems on insolvabilty in radicals
149(1)
3.A Representability using only one square root (1-2)
150(1)
First hints
151(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
152(2)
3.B Multiple square root extractions (3*)
154(2)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
156(2)
3.C Representing a number using only one cube root (2)
158(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
159(3)
3.D Representing a number using only one root of prime order (3*)
162(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
163(2)
3.E There is only one way to solve a quadratic equation (2)
165(2)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
167(1)
3.F Insolvability "in real polynomials" (2)
168(2)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
170(1)
3.G Insolvability "in polynomials" (3)
170(1)
Suggestions, solutions, and answers
171(1)
3 H. Insolvability in complex numbers (4*)
172(1)
3.1 Expressibility with a given number of radicals (4*)
173(2)
4 Proofs of insolvability in radicals
175(1)
4.A Fields and their extensions (2)
175(1)
4.B Insolvability "in real polynomials" (3)
176(1)
4.C Insolvability "in polynomials" (3)
177(2)
4.D Non-constructibility in Gauss's Theorem (3*)
179(2)
4.E Insolvability "in real numbers"
181(1)
4.F Insolvability "in numbers" (4*)
182(2)
4.G Kronecker's Theorem (4*)
184(3)
4.H The real analogue of Kronecker's Theorem (4*)
187(2)
Bibliography 189(6)
Index 195
Arkadiy Skopenkov, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Russia, and Independent University of Moscow, Russia.