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Matriarchy in Bronze Age Crete: A Perspective from Archaeomythology and Modern Matriarchal Studies [Pehme köide]

(Oakton Community College (Des Plaines, Illinois USA))
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 280 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 245x174x12 mm, kaal: 1220 g, 16 colour figures
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Jun-2022
  • Kirjastus: Archaeopress Archaeology
  • ISBN-10: 1803270446
  • ISBN-13: 9781803270449
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 280 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 245x174x12 mm, kaal: 1220 g, 16 colour figures
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Jun-2022
  • Kirjastus: Archaeopress Archaeology
  • ISBN-10: 1803270446
  • ISBN-13: 9781803270449
Teised raamatud teemal:
Matriarchy in Bronze Age Crete: A Perspective from Archaeomythology and Modern Matriarchal Studies offers a very different perspective of Crete than is usually found in academic writing; making a compelling case for a matriarchal Bronze Age Crete.





Bronze Age Crete evokes for many the image of an exceptionally sophisticated civilization: peaceful, artistic, and refined; a society in which women were highly visible and important, and the supreme deity was a Goddess. Yet, despite the fact that authorities acknowledge that the preeminent deity of Crete was a Female Divine, and that women played a major role in Cretan society, there is a gap in the scholarly literature, and a lively, ongoing debate regarding the centrality of women and the existence of matriarchy in Bronze Age Crete.





The purpose of this work is to fill that gap, and to advance the debate over whether or not ancient Crete was a woman-centered and matriarchal society toward a more complex, detailed, and certain conclusion. To that end this publication utilises the field of modern matriarchal studies, with its carefully elucidated definition of the term matriarchy, and employs the methodology of archaeomythology the use of historical, mythological, linguistic, and folkloric as well as archaeological sources.





Given its scope, the volume will be of interest to scholars and students in the fields encompassed by archaeomythology, as well as the fields of womens studies, womens history, womens spirituality, and modern matriarchal studies.
List of Figures
iv
Preface v
Introduction vi
Topic and inquiry questions vi
Personal relationship to topic viii
Scope and limitations of the study ix
Key definitions x
Explanation of capitalization of Goddess xvii
Significance of the study: academic, social, personal, and spiritual xviii
Academic significance xviii
Social significance xix
Personal and spiritual significance xix
Conclusion xix
Chapter 1 Literature Review
1(16)
Women's Spirituality
1(1)
Anthropological, archaeological, and historical evidence for matriarchy
2(1)
Archaeological and mythological evidence for Bronze Age Crete as a Goddess-centered society
3(5)
Archaeological, archaeomythological, and historical evidence for Bronze Age Crete as a woman-centered society
8(1)
Bull-leaping
8(1)
Women and/or the Goddess in frescoes, statues, and seals
9(2)
Women's legal rights in marriage, divorce, and property
11(1)
Archaeologists divided on Crete as a matriarchy
11(3)
Evidence for male rulership?
14(2)
Conclusion
16(1)
Chapter 2 Methodology
17(19)
Archaeomythology
18(1)
Components of archaeomythology: archaeology
19(9)
Components of archaeomythology: mythology
28(3)
Components of archaeomythology: linguistics
31(1)
Dating system used within this work
32(2)
Conclusion
34(2)
Chapter 3 Theoretical Context: Matriarchy / Patriarchy Debates
36(22)
Historical background to the debates over matriarchy
36(4)
The twentieth century debates over matriarchy
40(9)
The late twentieth century/early twenty-first century debates over matriarchy
49(9)
Chapter 4 The Mother Goddess of Crete: Interpreting the Archaeological Record, Iconography, and Sacred Sites, Using Cultural Context, Mythology, and Historical Correlates
58(36)
The Mother Goddess of Anatolia
58(7)
Attributes and iconographic forms of the Minoan Mother Goddess
65(6)
The character of Minoan religion and the Minoan Mother Goddess
71(14)
The pantheon of deities: one Goddess or many? Minoan gods
85(7)
The Minoan Mother Goddess defined
92(1)
Conclusion
93(1)
Chapter 5 Analysis of the Iconography of the Mother Goddess in Crete
94(60)
Cretan Neolithic Mother Goddess figurines
94(1)
The controversy surrounding the interpretation of Neolithic female figurines
95(3)
A new interpretation of Ucko's `sexless' figurines
98(5)
The Ierapetra Snake Goddess
103(2)
The Goddess at the Eileithyia cave at Amnisos
105(4)
The Early Minoan Period
109(1)
The Goddess of Myrtos
110(1)
The Koumasa I Goddess
111(3)
The Mochlos Goddess
114(2)
Conclusion: Early Minoan Mother Goddesses
116(1)
The Old Palace Period, c. 2100-1700 BC
117(1)
The Bowl of the Snake Goddess and the Fruitstand of the Goddess of the Lilies
118(5)
The New Palace Period, c. 1700-1450 BC
123(1)
The Snake Goddesses from the Temple Repositories at Knossos
123(6)
The Minoan frescoes
129(1)
The fresco in room 14 of Ayia Triadha
130(3)
The frescoes at Xeste 3 at Thera, Akrotiri
133(4)
The eruption at Thera and the arrival of the Mycenaeans
137(1)
The Third Palatial and Postpalatial Periods, c. 1450-1070 BC
138(1)
The Ayia Triadha Sarcophagus
139(4)
The Mountain Mother seal impression
143(3)
The Goddesses with Upraised Arms
146(6)
Conclusion
152(2)
Chapter 6 The Role of Women in Bronze Age Crete: Bull-Leapers, Priestesses, Queens, and Property Holders
154(37)
Bull-leaping
154(4)
Women in Minoan frescoes
158(7)
Mythology and the position of women in Minoan society
165(1)
The Law Code of Gortyn and the position of women in Minoan and post-Minoan society
166(4)
Women's preeminence in Minoan art
170(11)
Glyptic art and what it reveals about women in Minoan society
181(10)
Chapter 7 Models of Rulership: the Paucity of Images of Male Rulers; the Images of Female Rulers
191(25)
Possible candidates for the title of Priest-King
191(4)
The Lily Prince
195(1)
Shared rulership
196(3)
A Hittite storm god as representative of the Minoan king?
199(6)
Male figures in spirally wound garments
205(2)
The Master Impression
207(5)
Minoan art shows no male ruler, but rather, important women, priestesses or Goddesses
212(4)
Chapter 8 Was Bronze Age Crete a Matriarchy?
216(25)
Does a definition of patriarchy apply to Minoan Crete?
216(1)
Sanday's, Eisler's, Gimbutas's, and Du's definitions and their application to Minoan Crete
217(2)
Goettner-Abendroth's definition of matriarchy at the economic level and its application to Minoan Crete
219(12)
Goettner-Abendroth's definition of matriarchy at the political level and its application to Minoan Crete
231(3)
Goettner-Abendroth's definition of matriarchy at the social level and its application to Minoan Crete
234(3)
Goettner-Abendroth's definition of matriarchy at the spiritual level and its application to Minoan Crete
237(1)
Conclusion: based on Goettner-Abendroth's definition of matriarchy, Minoan Crete was a matriarchal society
238(3)
References 241
Joan Marie Cichon, a retired history professor and reference librarian, has a PhD in Philosophy and Religion from the California Institute of Integral Studies. She has published articles on the Cretan Mother Goddess, the origins of the Eleusinian Mysteries, and archaeomythology. For the past twenty-five years she has spent several months in Crete each year studying, visiting archaeological sites and museums, and exploring the island. This publication is a product of her ongoing research interests.