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Mechanical Measurements Second Edition 2022 [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 560 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 1039 g, 2 Illustrations, color; 339 Illustrations, black and white; XXVII, 560 p. 341 illus., 2 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Jul-2021
  • Kirjastus: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • ISBN-10: 3030736199
  • ISBN-13: 9783030736194
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Mechanical Measurements Second Edition 2022Suurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 560 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 1039 g, 2 Illustrations, color; 339 Illustrations, black and white; XXVII, 560 p. 341 illus., 2 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Jul-2021
  • Kirjastus: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • ISBN-10: 3030736199
  • ISBN-13: 9783030736194
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9783030736194.html
Märksõnad:

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^This&nbsp;book&nbsp;focuses both on the basics and more complex topics in&nbsp;mechanical measurements&nbsp;such as measurement errors & statistical analysis of data, regression analysis, heat flux, measurement of&nbsp;pressure,&nbsp;and&nbsp;radiation&nbsp;properties of surfaces. End of chapter problems, solved illustrations,&nbsp;and exercise problems are presented throughout the book to augment learning. It&nbsp;is&nbsp;a useful reference for students in both undergraduate and postgraduate programs.

^

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Part I Measurements, Error Analysis and Design of Experiments
1 Measurements And Errors In Measurement
3(46)
1.1 Introduction
3(3)
1.1.1 Measurement Categories
4(1)
1.1.2 General Measurement Scheme
5(1)
1.1.3 Some Issues
5(1)
1.2 Errors in Measurement
6(2)
1.2.1 Systematic Errors (Bias)
6(1)
1.2.2 Random Errors
6(2)
1.3 Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data
8(35)
1.3.1 Statistical Analysis and Best Estimate from Replicate Data
8(1)
1.3.2 Error Distribution
9(3)
1.3.3 Principle of Least Squares
12(2)
1.3.4 Error Estimation - Single Sample
14(5)
1.3.5 Student t Distribution
19(3)
1.3.6 Test for Normality
22(8)
1.3.7 Non Parametric Tests
30(3)
1.3.8 Outliers and Their Rejection
33(10)
1.4 Propagation of Errors
43(3)
1.5 Specifications of Instruments and Their Performance
46(3)
2 Regression Analysis
49(30)
2.1 Introduction to Regression Analysis
49(2)
2.2 Linear Regression
51(6)
2.2.1 Linear Fit by Least Squares
51(2)
2.2.2 Uncertainties in the Fit Parameters
53(3)
2.2.3 Goodness of Fit and the Correlation Coefficient
56(1)
2.3 Polynomial Regression
57(6)
2.3.1 Method of Least Squares and Normal Equations
57(1)
2.3.2 Goodness of Fit and the Index of Correlation or R2
58(2)
2.3.3 Multiple Linear Regression
60(3)
2.4 General Non-linear Fit
63(3)
2.5 Χ2 Test of Goodness of Fit
66(4)
2.6 General Discussion on Regression Analysis Including Special Cases
70(9)
2.6.1 Alternate Procedures of Obtaining Fit Parameters
70(3)
2.6.2 Segmented or Piecewise Regression
73(6)
3 Design Of Experiments
79(30)
3.1 Design of Experiments
79(15)
3.1.1 Goal of Experiments
79(1)
3.1.2 Full Factorial Design
80(1)
3.1.3 2k Factorial Design
81(3)
3.1.4 More on Full Factorial Design
84(1)
3.1.5 One Half Factorial Design
85(3)
3.1.6 Other Simple Design
88(6)
Exercise I
94(15)
Part II Measurements of Temperature, Heat Flux, and Heat Transfer Coefficient
4 Measurements Of Temperature
109(88)
4.1 Introduction
109(1)
4.2 Thermometry or the Science and Art of Temperature Measurement
109(7)
4.2.1 Preliminaries
109(5)
4.2.2 Practical Thermometry
114(2)
4.3 Thermoelectric Thermometry
116(22)
4.3.1 Thermoelectric Effects
116(7)
4.3.2 On the Use of Thermocouple for Temperature Measurement
123(4)
4.3.3 Use of Thermocouple Tables and Practical Aspects of Thermoelectric Thermometry
127(11)
4.4 Resistance Thermometry
138(20)
4.4.1 Basic Ideas
138(1)
4.4.2 Platinum Resistance Thermometer and the Callendar Correction
139(3)
4.4.3 RTD Measurement Circuits
142(6)
4.4.4 Thermistors
148(10)
4.5 Pyrometry
158(15)
4.5.1 Radiation Fundamentals
159(3)
4.5.2 Brightness Temperature and the Vanishing Filament Pyrometer
162(6)
4.5.3 Total Radiation Pyrometer
168(1)
4.5.4 Ratio Pyrometer and the Two-Color Pyrometer
169(3)
4.5.5 Gas Temperature Measurement
172(1)
4.6 Other Temperature Measurement Techniques
173(11)
4.6.1 Liquid in Glass or Liquid in Metal Thermometers
174(3)
4.6.2 Bimetallic Thermometer
177(5)
4.6.3 Liquid Crystal Thermometers
182(1)
4.6.4 IC Temperature Sensor
183(1)
4.7 Measurement of Transient Temperature
184(13)
4.7.1 Temperature Sensor as a First-Order System---Electrical Analogy
184(2)
4.7.2 Response to Step Input
186(5)
4.7.3 Response to a Ramp Input
191(3)
4.7.4 Response to a Periodic Input
194(3)
5 Systematic Errors In Temperature Measurement
197(24)
5.1 Introduction
197(1)
5.2 Examples of Temperature Measurement
197(4)
5.2.1 Surface Temperature Measurement Using a Compensated Probe
197(1)
5.2.2 Measurement of Temperature Inside a Solid
198(1)
5.2.3 Measurement of Temperature of a Moving Fluid
199(1)
5.2.4 Summary of Sources of Error in Temperature Measurement
200(1)
5.3 Conduction Error in Thermocouple Temperature Measurement
201(9)
5.3.1 Lead Wire Model
201(1)
5.3.2 The Single Wire Model
201(2)
5.3.3 Heat Loss Through Lead Wire
203(1)
5.3.4 Typical Application and Thermometric Error
204(2)
5.3.5 Measurement of Temperature Within a Solid
206(4)
5.4 Measurement of Temperature of a Moving Fluid
210(11)
5.4.1 Temperature Error Due to Radiation
211(2)
5.4.2 Reduction of Radiation Error: Use of Radiation Shield
213(2)
5.4.3 Analysis of Thermometer Well Problem
215(6)
6 Heat Flux And Heat Transfer Coefficient
221(40)
6.1 Measurement of Heat Flux
221(21)
6.1.1 Foil-Type Heat Flux Gauge
221(5)
6.1.2 Transient Analysis of Foil Gauge
226(3)
6.1.3 Thin Film Sensors
229(1)
6.1.4 Cooled Thin Wafer Heat Flux Gauge
230(1)
6.1.5 Axial Conduction Guarded Probe
231(1)
6.1.6 Slug Type Sensor
232(3)
6.1.7 Slug Type Sensor Response Including Non-Uniformity in Temperature
235(3)
6.1.8 Thin Film Heat Flux Gauge---Transient Operation
238(4)
6.2 Measurement of Heat Transfer Coefficient
242(4)
6.2.1 Film Coefficient Transducer
242(1)
6.2.2 Cylindrical Heat Transfer Coefficient Probe
243(3)
Exercise II
246(15)
Part III Measurement of Pressure, Fluid Velocity, Volume Flow Rate, Stagnation, and Bulk Mean Temperatures 7 Measurement of Pressure
261(130)
7.1 Basics of Pressure Measurement
261(1)
7.2 U-Tube Manometer
262(11)
7.2.1 Well Type Manometer
265(3)
7.2.2 Dynamic Response of a U Tube Manometer
268(5)
7.3 Bourdon Gauge
273(1)
7.3.1 Dead Weight Tester
274(1)
7.4 Pressure Transducers
274(17)
7.4.1 Pressure Tube with Bonded Strain Gauge
275(4)
7.4.2 Bridge Circuits for Use with Strain Gauges
279(4)
7.4.3 Diaphragm/Bellows Type Transducer
283(5)
7.4.4 Capacitance Type Diaphragm Gauge
288(2)
7.4.5 Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer
290(1)
7.5 Measurement of Pressure Transients
291(6)
7.5.1 Thermal System
291(1)
7.5.2 Pressure Measurement in a Liquid System
292(1)
7.5.3 Pressure Measurement in a Gas System
292(1)
7.5.4 Transient Response of a Bellows Type Pressure Transducer
293(2)
7.5.5 Transients in a Force Balancing Element for Measuring Pressure
295(2)
7.6 Measurement of Vacuum
297(6)
7.6.1 McLeod Gauge
298(2)
7.6.2 Pirani Gauge
300(1)
7.6.3 Ionization Gauge
300(2)
7.6.4 Alphatron Gauge
302(1)
8 Measurement Of Fluid Velocity
303(40)
8.1 Introduction
303(1)
8.2 Pitot-Pitot Static and Impact Probes
304(13)
8.2.1 Pitot and Pitot Static Tube
304(4)
8.2.2 Effect of Compressibility
308(3)
8.2.3 Supersonic Flow
311(3)
8.2.4 Orientation Effects and Multi-hole Probes
314(3)
8.3 Velocity Measurement Based on Thermal Effects
317(11)
8.3.1 Hot Wire Anemometer
317(2)
8.3.2 Constant Temperature or CT Anemometer
319(1)
8.3.3 Useful Heat Transfer Correlation
320(1)
8.3.4 Constant Current or CC Anemometer
321(2)
8.3.5 Practical Aspects
323(2)
8.3.6 Measurement of Transients (Velocity Fluctuations)
325(1)
8.3.7 Directional Effects on Hot Wire Anemometer
326(2)
8.4 Doppler Velocimeter
328(7)
8.4.1 The Doppler Effect
328(2)
8.4.2 Ultrasonic Doppler Velocity Meter
330(2)
8.4.3 Laser Doppler Velocity Meter
332(3)
8.5 Time of Flight Velocimeter
335(8)
8.5.1 Simultaneous Measurement of Position and Velocity
339(1)
8.5.2 Cross Correlation Type Velocity Meter
340(3)
9 Volume Flow Rate
343(32)
9.1 Measurement of Volume Flow Rate
343(1)
9.2 Variable Area Type Flow Meters
344(17)
9.2.1 Principle of Operation
344(2)
9.2.2 Correction Factor
346(1)
9.2.3 Types of Variable Area Flow Meters
347(1)
9.2.4 Orifice Plate Meter
347(5)
9.2.5 Flow Nozzle
352(2)
9.2.6 Venturi Meter
354(2)
9.2.7 Effect of Compressibility in Gas Flow Measurement
356(2)
9.2.8 Sonic Orifice or the Sonic Nozzle
358(3)
9.2.9 Selection of Variable Area Flow Meters
361(1)
9.3 Rotameter or Drag Effect Flow Meter
361(5)
9.3.1 Rotameter Analysis
362(4)
9.4 Miscellaneous Types of Flow Meters
366(3)
9.4.1 Positive Displacement Meters
366(1)
9.4.2 Vortex Shedding Type Flow Meter
367(1)
9.4.3 Turbine Flow Meter
367(2)
9.5 Factors to Be Considered in the Selection of Flow Meters
369(1)
9.6 Calibration of Flow Meters
369(6)
9.6.1 Methods of Calibration
369(1)
9.6.2 Soap Film Burette
370(2)
9.6.3 Bell Prover System
372(1)
9.6.4 Flying Start---Flying Finish Method with Static Weighing
373(2)
10 Stagnation And Bulk Mean Temperature
375(16)
10.1 Stagnation Temperature Measurement
375(3)
10.1.1 Shielded Thermocouple Stagnation Temperature Probe
376(1)
10.1.2 Dual Thin Film Enthalpy Probe
377(1)
10.2 Bulk Mean Temperature
378(4)
10.2.1 Flow in a Rectangular Duct
380(2)
Exercise III
382(9)
Part IV Thermo-physical Properties, Radiation Properties of Surfaces, Gas Concentration, Force/Acceleration, torque, and Power
11 Measurement Of Thermophysical Properties
391(32)
11.1 Introduction
391(1)
11.2 Thermal Conductivity
392(1)
11.2.1 Basic Ideas
392(1)
11.3 Steady State Methods
393(9)
11.3.1 Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus: Solid Sample
393(3)
11.3.2 Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus: Liquid Sample
396(1)
11.3.3 Radial Heat Conduction Apparatus for Liquids and Gases
397(3)
11.3.4 Thermal Conductivity Comparator
400(2)
11.4 Transient Method
402(2)
11.4.1 Laser Flash Method
402(2)
11.5 Measurement of Heat Capacity
404(3)
11.5.1 Heat Capacity of a Solid
404(3)
11.5.2 Heat Capacity of Liquids
407(1)
11.6 Measurement of Calorific Value of Fuels
407(7)
11.6.1 Preliminaries
408(2)
11.6.2 The Bomb Calorimeter
410(3)
11.6.3 Continuous Flow Calorimeter
413(1)
11.7 Measurement of Viscosity of Fluids
414(9)
11.7.1 Laminar Flow in a Capillary
415(3)
11.7.2 Saybolt Viscometer
418(1)
11.7.3 Rotating Cylinder Viscometer
419(4)
12 Radiation Properties Of Surfaces
423(22)
12.1 Introduction
423(4)
12.1.1 Definitions
424(3)
12.2 Features of Radiation Measuring Instruments
427(2)
12.2.1 Components of a Reflectivity Measuring Instrument
428(1)
12.3 Integrating Sphere
429(6)
12.3.1 Hemispherical Emissivity
430(3)
12.3.2 Hemispherical Directional Reflectivity
433(1)
12.3.3 Directional Hemispherical Reflectivity
434(1)
12.4 Measurement of Emissivity
435(10)
12.4.1 Emissivity Measurement Using an Integrating Radiometer
436(1)
12.4.2 Measurement of Emissivity by Transient Cooling in Vacuum
436(3)
12.4.3 Calorimetric Method of Emissivity Measurement
439(3)
12.4.4 Commercial Portable Ambient Temperature Emissometer
442(3)
13 Gas Concentration
445(22)
13.1 Introduction
445(4)
13.1.1 Methods of Gas Concentration Measurement
448(1)
13.2 Non-Separation Methods
449(7)
13.2.1 Non-Dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR)
449(2)
13.2.2 Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL)
451(3)
13.2.3 Chemiluminescence NOx Detection
454(2)
13.3 Separation Methods
456(11)
13.3.1 Gas Chromatography
456(3)
13.3.2 Orsat Gas Analyzer
459(1)
13.3.3 Particulate Matter---Soot (or Smoke)
460(7)
14 Force/Acceleration, Torque, And Power
467(38)
14.1 Introduction
467(1)
14.2 Force Measurement
468(6)
14.2.1 Platform Balance
468(1)
14.2.2 Force to Displacement Conversion
469(4)
14.2.3 Proving Ring
473(1)
14.2.4 Conversion of Force to Hydraulic Pressure
473(1)
14.2.5 Piezoelectric Force Transducer
474(1)
14.3 Measurement of Acceleration
474(16)
14.3.1 Preliminary Ideas
475(1)
14.3.2 Characteristics of a Spring-Mass-Damper System
476(9)
14.3.3 Piezoelectric Accelerometer
485(1)
14.3.4 Laser Doppler Vibrometer
486(3)
14.3.5 Fiber Optic Accelerometer
489(1)
14.4 Measurement of Torque and Power
490(8)
14.4.1 Mechanical Brake Arrangement---Prony Brake
490(1)
14.4.2 Electric Generator as a Dynamometer
491(1)
14.4.3 Measure Shear Stress on the Shaft
492(3)
14.4.4 Tachometer---Mechanical Device
495(1)
14.4.5 Non-Contact Optical RPM Meter
495(3)
Exercise IV
498(7)
Part V Data Manipulation and Examples from Laboratory Practice
15 Data Manipulation
505(24)
15.1 Introduction
505(1)
15.2 Mechanical Signal Conditioning
506(2)
15.2.1 Betz Manometer
506(2)
15.2.2 Optical Measurement of Twist Angle in a Wire
508(1)
15.3 Electrical/Electronic Signal Conditioning
508(21)
15.3.1 Signal Conditioning
509(1)
15.3.2 Signal Amplification and Manipulation
509(13)
15.3.3 Digital Panel Meter or Digital Voltmeter
522(2)
15.3.4 Current Loop
524(5)
16 Examples From Laboratory Practice
529(10)
16.1 Introduction
529(1)
16.2 Thermocouple Calibration Using a Data Logger
530(3)
16.3 Calibration of a Digital Differential Pressure Gauge
533(1)
16.4 Signal Conditioning for Torque Measurement Using Strain Gauges
534(2)
16.5 Software
536(2)
Exercise V
538(1)
Appendix A Bibliographic Notes and References 539(6)
Appendix B Useful Tables 545(10)
Index 555
Prof. S.P. Venkateshan obtained his Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, in 1977. After spending three years at Yale University, he joined the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras in 1982. He retired as Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering in 2012. Subsequently, he served IIT Madras as Professor Emeritus till November 2016. He has taught subjects related to heat transfer, thermodynamics, measurements, and computational methods. His research interests include radiation heat transfer, conjugate heat transferexperimental and numerical, measurement of thermophysical properties by inverse heat transfer methods, and instrumentation. He has graduated 30 doctoral candidates and 25 masters candidates. He was also Head of Regional Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre (RSIC) at IIT Madras. In addition to more than 200 published research papers to his credit, Prof.Venkateshan has also authored several books.