Traditional, national and medium-specific regulatory models in communications policy in the East and West have become outdated. New, medium-neutral and internationally oriented regulatory models are replacing them. This book discusses how these new regulatory models can contribute to the emergence of an open society - that is, a society in which all have access to society's information and communication resources in a non-discriminatory and affordable way. Experts from the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University, The Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR) of the University of Amsterdam, and other experts from Finland, the United Kingdom and Belgium address this question. The papers in this volume discuss key issues in the development of communications policies for open societies. These issues focus on the social responsibilities of media in a changing society; the role of competition in stimulating media innovation and diversity; and the potential of new media in strengthening user's autonomy and empowerment. Expressing different historical contexts, the editors approach the issues from very different perspectives, but with the common objective of understanding the converging media dynamics in East and West. The resulting mix contributes to the debate surrounding the communications policies that will stimulate the development of global openness in the 21st century.
Media and Open Societies An Introduction 1(13) Jan Van Cuilenburg Richard van Der Wurff Introduction 1(1) Communications Policies, Media and Open Societies 1(1) Communications Policies in East and West 2(1) Outline of the Book 3(6) References 9(4) Part I MEDIA FOR OPEN SOCIETIES: RESPONSIBILITY AND RECEPTIVENESS Media for an Open and Receptive Society On the Economic and Cultural Foundations of Open and Receptive Media Diversity 13(11) Jan Van Cuilenburg Introduction 13(1) Communication Toward Open Societies 14(1) On Tolerance 15(2) Open Societies: Media Competition and Open-Minded Diversity 17(2) Receptive Societies: Inclusive and Open-Hearted Journalism 19(2) Concluding Remark 21(1) References 22(2) Open Society Freedom and Responsibility versus Etatism and Permissiveness 24(5) Yassen N. Zassoursky Introduction 24(1) Freedom of the Press as Instrument of Democracy 24(1) Responsible Media: Between the State and Advertisers 25(1) Conclusion 26(3) Part II SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEDIA IN A CHANGING SOCIETY Media and Democracy What is Really Required? 29(19) Kaarle Nordenstreng Abstract 29(1) Introduction 29(2) Theories of Democracy and What They Say About Media 31(6) Problems of Democracy and Challenges to Media 37(3) Requirements for Media 40(4) References 44(4) The Social Responsibility of the Media as a Concept in Transition 48(10) Yassen N. Zassoursky Abstract 48(1) Introduction 48(1) The Development of the Concept of the Responsibility of the Press 49(4) Responsibility in its Relation to Media, State, Public, and Human Rights 53(2) Responsibility in the Changing Information Milieu: The Internet and the Open Society 55(1) References 56(2) Openness in States in Transition The Role of the State and Journalists in South Africa 58(14) Irina Netchaeva Abstract 58(1) Introduction 58(1) Unequal Access to ICT 59(3) Social Responsibility of the Media in South African Transition Society and the New Paradigm of the South African Journalism 62(6) The New Technology is the New Responsibility 68(1) Conclusions 69(1) References 70(2) Development of Global Information Exchange Principles A Way to Prevent International and Non-International Armed Conflicts 72(8) Andrei Raskin Abstract 72(1) Introduction 72(1) The New Technology Paradox of Conflict Coverage 73(1) Media Coverage and Propaganda 74(1) Access to Information from Conflict Zones 75(2) Humanitarian Reporting 77(1) Conclusions 78(1) References 79(1) Responsible and Accountable Broadcasting Policy Between Public Obligation and Private Needs 80(27) Jo Bardoel Kees Brants Rene Plug Abstract 80(1) Introduction 80(1) The Context and Origin of an Ambiguous Concept 81(4) Researching Social Responsibility Requirements 85(2) The Case of the Netherlands 87(8) Conclusions 95(3) Discussion 98(1) References 99(8) Part III COMPETITION, MEDIA INNOVATION AND DIVERSITY Diversity at Media Markets in Transition Threats to Openness 107(12) Elena Vartanova Abstract 107(1) Implications of Diversity and the Case of Russia 107(1) Diversity as Market Performance and Democratic Value 108(2) Diversity at the Russian Media Market: A Delusive Hypothesis 110(2) Media Diversity as Reflection of Struggle for Power 112(3) Diversity and Access 115(2) References 117(2) Competition, Media Innovation and Diversity in Broadcasting A Case Study of the TV Market in the Netherlands 119(39) Richard Van Der Wurff Jan Van Cuilenburg Genevion Keune Abstract 119(1) Introduction 119(1) Diversity in Media 120(4) Media Competition, Innovation and Diversity 124(13) Competition and Diversity in the Dutch Television Market 137(16) References 153(4) Annex: Classification of Programme Types 157(1) Media Competition: Greater Diversity or Greater Convergence? Evidence from Two Empirical Studies 158(22) Els De Bens Abstract 158(1) Introduction 158(1) Case I: 10 Years of TV Competition in Flanders: More Diversity? 159(13) Case II: Media Competition among Daily Newspapers in Flanders: More Innovation, More Diversity? 172(5) References 177(2) Annex: Category System 179(1) Audience Fragmentation and Structural Limits on Media Innovation and Diversity 180(11) Robert G. Picard Abstract 180(1) Introduction 180(2) Audiences and Audience Fragmentation 182(2) Managerial Responses to Fragmentation 184(1) Limits to Diversity and Innovation 185(4) Conclusions 189(1) References 190(1) Competition, Innovation and Diversity in Media National Newspaper Markets 191(10) Iordan Iossifov Abstract 192(1) Introduction 192(1) The Theoretical Model of the Research 193(5) The Research Design 198(2) Conclusion 200(1) References 200(1) Part IV NEW MEDIA AND EMPOWERMENT Reinventing Roots New Media and National Identity 201(10) Piet Bakker Abstract 205(1) Introduction: Internet Users 205(1) Internet Use 206(1) Virtual Communities 206(1) National `Homeless Communities 207(1) Case Studies 207(1) Results 208(1) Conclusion 209(1) References 209(1) Annex: Websites studied 210(1) The Web Paradigms of the Russian Media 211(12) Maria Loukina Abstract 212(1) Introduction 212(1) General Overview of Online Communications in Russia 212(1) Russian Internet Audiences and Their Media Behaviour 213(3) Russian Media Resources in www 216(4) Perspectives of Internet Media Developments in Russia 220(2) References 222(1) The Open Society and the New Urban Culture as Presented in the Public Communication Process 223(6) Ivan Zassoursky Abstract 223(1) Introduction 223(1) Mapping Russian Politics 224(1) The `New City Generation 225(2) Counting on the Domino Effect 227(1) References 228(1) The Distribution of Online Resources and the Democratic Potential of the Internet 229(28) Colin Sparks Abstract 229(1) Introduction 229(3) The International Distribution of Access 232(7) Access in One Country 239(5) The Supply of Public Information 244(3) Its Early Days Yet 247(4) Conclusions 251(2) References 253(4) Part V COMMUNICATIONS POLICIES FOR THE FUTURE Democracy, Media and Public Policy Concluding Note 257(6) Denis Mcquail Introduction 257(1) Democracy and the Media 258(1) Friends and Enemies of Open Societies 259(2) Responsibility, Accountability and Diversity 261(1) Public Media Policy for Open Societies 261(2) About the Authors 263
