Preface |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xix | |
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1 | (16) |
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1.1 The medical devices world since 2012 |
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1 | (10) |
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1.1.1 What has changed since Edition 1 |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1.2 The internet of things and big data |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.3 The medical devices "police" |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.4 Essential definitions and how they have changed |
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3 | (8) |
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11 | (4) |
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1.2.1 The design life cycle |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Classifying medical devices |
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17 | (34) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (5) |
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2.2.1 Custom made devices |
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21 | (2) |
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2.3 Classification case studies |
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23 | (9) |
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24 | (4) |
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2.3.2 USA classification case study |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (5) |
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2.4.1 OTC joint support device |
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32 | (3) |
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2.4.2 A device that can jump classification! |
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35 | (1) |
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2.4.3 An In-vitro diagnostic device |
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36 | (1) |
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2.5 Classification models |
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37 | (2) |
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2.6 Classification and the design process |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (6) |
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2.7.1 Software safety classification |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (3) |
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2.8 Impact of classification on conformity assessment |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Websites for further information |
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49 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 The design process |
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51 | (28) |
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3.1 Design process v design control |
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51 | (3) |
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3.2 Changes since the last edition |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (9) |
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3.3.1 Pahl and Beitz, and Pugh |
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55 | (4) |
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3.3.2 Divergent-convergent model |
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59 | (5) |
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64 | (10) |
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3.4.1 Common design management models |
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64 | (10) |
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3.5 Cross-reference with regulatory requirements |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Implementing design procedures |
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79 | (24) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (5) |
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4.4 Audit/Review procedure |
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85 | (6) |
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91 | (9) |
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4.5.1 New product procedure |
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91 | (2) |
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4.5.2 Clarification/product specification procedure |
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93 | (2) |
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4.5.3 Detailed design procedure |
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95 | (1) |
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4.5.4 Design verification/validation/evaluation procedure |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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4.5.6 Control of documents |
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98 | (1) |
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4.5.7 Risk assessment procedure |
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99 | (1) |
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4.6 Implementing a procedure |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Developing your product design specification |
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103 | (40) |
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103 | (1) |
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5.1.1 Lining up the PDS with the new "risk" focused requirements |
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103 | (1) |
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5.2 Developing the statement of need (or brief) |
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104 | (4) |
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5.2.1 Identifying the lone thing' |
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104 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Formalising the statement of need |
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105 | (3) |
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5.3 The product design specification (PDS) |
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108 | (13) |
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5.3.1 Essential elements of a PDS |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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5.3.3 Regulatory and statutory |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (3) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (2) |
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5.3.8 Packaging and transportation |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (1) |
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5.4 Finding, extracting and analysing the content |
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121 | (14) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (3) |
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5.4.5 Technical literature |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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5.4.7 Conferences and symposia |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (7) |
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5.5 Devices containing electronics or electrical power |
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135 | (4) |
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139 | (2) |
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5.6.1 A word about mobile/cell phones and apps |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 Generating ideas and concepts |
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143 | (30) |
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143 | (27) |
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6.1.1 The `engineer's notebook' |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (3) |
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147 | (2) |
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6.1.4 Generating concepts/ideas |
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149 | (12) |
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6.1.5 Selecting concepts and ideas |
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161 | (7) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Enhancing quality in design |
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173 | (44) |
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173 | (1) |
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7.2 Why quality in design? |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (5) |
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7.4 2k Factorial experiments/design of experiments |
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179 | (9) |
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188 | (3) |
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7.6 Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) |
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191 | (14) |
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205 | (4) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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7.12 Talk to your suppliers |
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213 | (1) |
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7.13 A word about software development |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Design realisation/detailed design |
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217 | (70) |
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217 | (1) |
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8.2 The process to design realization |
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217 | (2) |
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218 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Assemble design team |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Delivery of sub-projects |
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218 | (1) |
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8.2.5 Delivery of overall design |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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8.3 Assemble your detailed design team |
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219 | (4) |
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8.3.1 DHF considerations for the "lead designer" |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Design meetings/design reviews |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (7) |
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8.4.1 Computer aided analysis |
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225 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Computer aided analysis disciplines |
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226 | (4) |
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230 | (9) |
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8.5.1 Formalising the selection process |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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8.5.7 Materials search engines |
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233 | (3) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (2) |
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8.6 Computer aided design |
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239 | (11) |
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240 | (1) |
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8.6.2 Document and revision management |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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8.6.4 Reverse engineering |
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242 | (1) |
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8.6.5 Engineering drawings |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (3) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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8.6.9 Rapid prototyping (RP) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (33) |
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8.8.1 Design for manufacture (DFM) |
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252 | (4) |
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8.8.2 Design for assembly (DFA) |
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256 | (2) |
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8.8.3 Design for disassembly (DFDA) |
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258 | (1) |
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8.8.4 Design for sterilzation (DFS) |
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259 | (3) |
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8.8.5 Design for environment/sustainability (DFE) |
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262 | (6) |
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8.8.6 Design for usability (DFU) |
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268 | (12) |
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8.8.7 Design for desirability |
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280 | (1) |
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8.8.8 Design for connectivity |
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280 | (4) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Risk management, risk analysis and ISO 14971 |
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287 | (30) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (2) |
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290 | (1) |
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9.4 Identifying risks/hazards |
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291 | (7) |
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9.5 Assessing level of risk |
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298 | (9) |
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9.5.1 Other ways of assessing risk |
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305 | (2) |
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9.6 Risk management procedure document |
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307 | (2) |
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9.7 Risk management folder in the technical file |
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309 | (1) |
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9.8 Risk management and internal procedures |
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310 | (4) |
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9.8.1 Risk management and the company's risk register |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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9.10 Standards, courses and certification |
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315 | (1) |
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9.10.1 A copy of the standard? |
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315 | (1) |
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9.10.2 Courses and certification |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Evaluation (validation and verification) |
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317 | (60) |
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317 | (1) |
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10.2 Reporting of evaluations |
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318 | (4) |
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10.2.1 Criteria based evaluation |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Repeatability and reproducibility |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (2) |
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10.3 In-Vitro evaluations |
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322 | (23) |
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10.3.1 Accelerated life tests |
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322 | (4) |
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10.3.2 Cleaning and sterilisation |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (7) |
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10.3.4 Surface/shape/dimension evaluation |
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335 | (5) |
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10.3.5 Tests associated with electrical safety |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (4) |
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345 | (3) |
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10.4.1 Animation and virtual reality |
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345 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Dynamic simulation |
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346 | (1) |
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10.4.3 Finite element analysis (FEA) |
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347 | (1) |
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10.4.4 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) |
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347 | (1) |
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10.4.5 Software error checking |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (19) |
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10.5.1 Clinical study, clinical trial or clinical evaluation: what is the difference? |
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348 | (2) |
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10.5.2 Why conduct a clinical study? |
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350 | (1) |
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10.5.3 Structure of clinical studies |
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350 | (10) |
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360 | (7) |
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10.6 Presenting the outcomes of your evaluation |
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367 | (1) |
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10.7 Value to `healthcare' analysis |
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368 | (6) |
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10.7.1 Distinct health benefits |
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368 | (2) |
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10.7.2 Length of service/life |
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370 | (2) |
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10.7.3 Having the ability to state clinical benefits |
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372 | (2) |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Manufacturing supply chain |
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377 | (16) |
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377 | (1) |
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11.2 Identifying potential' suppliers |
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377 | (6) |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Contractual arrangements |
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380 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Approved supplier register |
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381 | (2) |
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11.2.5 Suggested procedure for supplier approval |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (7) |
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383 | (3) |
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11.3.2 Non-sterile packaging |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (2) |
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11.3.4 Storage considerations |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (2) |
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11.4.1 Supply chain glossary |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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11.4.3 Manufacturing changes |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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Chapter 12 Labeling and instructions for use |
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393 | (24) |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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12.2 Standard symbols and texts |
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394 | (6) |
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394 | (2) |
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12.2.2 Non-sterile device |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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12.2.6 Lot number/batch number |
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397 | (1) |
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12.2.7 Catalog number r/part number |
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398 | (1) |
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12.2.8 Consult instructions for use |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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12.2.10 Manufacturer details |
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399 | (1) |
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12.2.11 Date of packing/manufacture date |
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399 | (1) |
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12.2.12 EC representative |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (6) |
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12.3.1 Outer packaging labels |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (4) |
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405 | (1) |
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12.3.5 Cross-over of symbols between USA and EC |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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12.3.7 Position of labels |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (2) |
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12.4.1 Company identification mark |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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12.4.3 Part number and lot number |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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12.5 IFUs and surgical techniques |
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408 | (1) |
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12.5.1 Instructions for use leaflet |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (2) |
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12.6.1 Assembly and disassembly instructions |
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409 | (1) |
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12.6.2 Warnings and contraindications |
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410 | (1) |
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12.6.3 Production of the surgical technique |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (2) |
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12.7.1 Declaration of conformity |
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411 | (1) |
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12.7.2 Declaration of classification |
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412 | (1) |
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12.7.3 Declaration (or certificate) of cleaning and sterilisation |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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12.9 Software and items with electrical power |
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414 | (2) |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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Chapter 13 Post market surveillance |
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417 | (16) |
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417 | (1) |
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13.2 PMS and its role in design |
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418 | (2) |
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420 | (7) |
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13.3.1 Process control chart |
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420 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Reliability --- bath tub curve |
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421 | (2) |
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423 | (2) |
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13.3.4 Kaplan-meyer plots |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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13.4 Using your existing contacts |
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427 | (3) |
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13.4.1 Early adopters and key opinion leaders |
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428 | (1) |
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429 | (1) |
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13.4.3 Courses and conferences |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (1) |
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13.6 The good, the bad, and the ugly |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (1) |
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431 | (2) |
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Chapter 14 Protecting your IP |
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433 | (10) |
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433 | (1) |
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14.2 Types of IP protection |
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434 | (5) |
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434 | (5) |
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14.2.2 Registered design (design patent) |
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439 | (1) |
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439 | (2) |
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14.4 Talking with partners |
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441 | (1) |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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Chapter 15 Obtaining regulatory approval to market |
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443 | (68) |
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443 | (1) |
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443 | (6) |
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443 | (4) |
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447 | (2) |
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15.3 Higher classifications |
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449 | (1) |
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449 | (6) |
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15.4.1 Substantial equivalence (SE) |
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453 | (1) |
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454 | (1) |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (1) |
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455 | (5) |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (1) |
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15.5.3 Technical files (DHF) |
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457 | (2) |
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459 | (1) |
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460 | (1) |
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460 | (1) |
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460 | (1) |
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460 | (2) |
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15.6.1 Unique selling points (USP) |
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461 | (1) |
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15.6.2 Key opinion leaders (KOLs) |
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461 | (1) |
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15.6.3 Independent studies |
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461 | (1) |
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461 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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463 | (2) |
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Appendix A Useful websites |
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465 | (4) |
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469 | (2) |
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Appendix C ISO 14971 Annex C pre-risk analysis questionnaire |
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471 | (16) |
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Appendix D Generic codes for class I medical devices (MHRA) |
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487 | (6) |
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493 | (4) |
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E.1 Basic materials properties for materials selection |
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493 | (1) |
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493 | (1) |
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493 | (4) |
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Appendix F Further worked examples of a PDS |
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497 | (14) |
Index |
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511 | |