Preface |
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v | |
Contributors |
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ix | |
Reviewers |
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x | |
Part I Cellular Physiology |
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1 | (36) |
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Chapter 1 Medical Physiology: An Overview |
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1 | (8) |
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1 | (1) |
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Recent Directions for Medical Physiology |
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2 | (7) |
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Chapter 2 Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling |
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9 | (28) |
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Basis of Physiologic Regulation |
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9 | (2) |
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Cytosol and the Plasma Membrane |
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11 | (3) |
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Solute Transport Mechanisms |
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14 | (8) |
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Water Movement Across the Plasma Membrane |
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22 | (3) |
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Communication and Signaling Modes |
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25 | (1) |
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Molecular Basis of Cellular Signaling |
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26 | (11) |
Part II Neuromuscular Physiology |
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37 | (159) |
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Chapter 3 Action Potential, Synaptic Transmission, and Nerve Function |
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37 | (22) |
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37 | (3) |
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Resting Membrane Potential |
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40 | (3) |
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43 | (4) |
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47 | (3) |
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50 | (9) |
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Chapter 4 Sensory Physiology |
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59 | (34) |
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59 | (5) |
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64 | (3) |
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67 | (7) |
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74 | (8) |
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82 | (2) |
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Gustatory and Olfactory Systems |
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84 | (9) |
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93 | (25) |
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Skeleton as Framework for Movement |
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93 | (1) |
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Muscle Function and Body Movement |
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93 | (1) |
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Nervous System Components for the Control of Movement |
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94 | (4) |
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Spinal Cord in the Control of Movement |
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98 | (4) |
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Supraspinal Influences on Motor Control |
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102 | (2) |
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Cerebral Cortex Role in Motor Control |
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104 | (5) |
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Basal Ganglia and Motor Control |
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109 | (3) |
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Cerebellum in the Control of Movement |
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112 | (6) |
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Chapter 6 Autonomic Nervous System |
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118 | (18) |
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Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System |
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118 | (1) |
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Neurotransmitters of the Autonomic Nervous System |
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119 | (4) |
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The Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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123 | (2) |
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Sympathetic Nervous System |
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125 | (3) |
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128 | (8) |
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Chapter 7 Integrative Functions of the Central Nervous System |
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136 | (24) |
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136 | (8) |
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Brain Electrical Activity |
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144 | (3) |
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Functional Components of the Forebrain |
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147 | (6) |
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153 | (7) |
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Chapter 8 Skeletal and Smooth Muscle |
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160 | (36) |
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160 | (3) |
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Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscle |
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163 | (7) |
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The Neuromuscular Motor Unit and Mechanics of Skeletal Muscle Contraction |
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170 | (3) |
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Loading Conditions and Muscle Mechanics |
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173 | (7) |
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Muscle Plasticity, Epigenetics, and Endocrine Muscle |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (5) |
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Activation-Contraction Coupling in Smooth Muscle |
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185 | (11) |
Part III Blood And Immunology |
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196 | (49) |
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Chapter 9 Blood Composition and Function |
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196 | (22) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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Soluble Components of Blood and their Tests |
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197 | (3) |
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Formed Elements of Blood and Common Diagnostic Tests |
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200 | (4) |
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204 | (3) |
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207 | (3) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (8) |
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Chapter 10 Immunology, Organ Interaction, and Homeostasis |
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218 | (27) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (3) |
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Cell-Mediated and Humoral Responses |
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224 | (7) |
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Acute and Chronic Inflammation |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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Organ Transplantation and Immunology |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (6) |
Part IV Cardiovascular Physiology |
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245 | (144) |
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Chapter 11 Overview of the Cardiovascular System and Hemodynamics |
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245 | (17) |
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Functional Organization of the Cardiovascular System |
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246 | (1) |
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Hemodynamics: The Physics of Blood Containment and Movement |
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247 | (9) |
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256 | (1) |
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Distribution of Pressure, Flow, Velocity, and Blood Volume |
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256 | (6) |
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Chapter 12 Electrical Activity of the Heart |
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262 | (26) |
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Electrophysiology of Cardiac Muscle |
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263 | (6) |
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The Pathophysiology of Abnormal Generation of Cardiac Action Potentials |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (18) |
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Chapter 13 Mechanics of the Cardiac Pump |
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288 | (25) |
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Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Cardiac Muscle |
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289 | (3) |
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292 | (2) |
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Determinants of Myocardial Performance |
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294 | (6) |
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Determinants of Myocardial Oxygen Demand and Clinical Evaluation of Cardiac Performance |
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300 | (3) |
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303 | (3) |
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Imaging Techniques for Measuring Cardiac Structures, Volumes, Blood Flow, and Cardiac Output |
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306 | (7) |
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Chapter 14 Interactions between the Heart and the Systemic Circulation |
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313 | (15) |
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Components of Arterial Pressure |
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313 | (3) |
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Clinical Measurement of Arterial Pressure |
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316 | (2) |
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The Concept of Peripheral and Central Blood Volume |
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318 | (2) |
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Interconnections between Vascular and Cardiac Function |
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320 | (8) |
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Chapter 15 Regulation of Organ Blood Flow and Capillary Transport |
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328 | (21) |
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Local Regulation of Organ Blood Flow |
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328 | (7) |
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The Microcirculation and Capillary Dynamics |
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335 | (2) |
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Solute Exchange between the Cardiovascular System and Tissues |
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337 | (2) |
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Capillary Water Transport |
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339 | (3) |
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342 | (7) |
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Chapter 16 Special Vascular Physiology of Individual Organs |
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349 | (20) |
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349 | (2) |
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351 | (3) |
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The Circulation of the Small Intestine |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (1) |
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Skeletal Muscle Circulation |
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357 | (2) |
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The Cutaneous Circulation |
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359 | (1) |
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Fetal and Placental Circulations |
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360 | (9) |
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Chapter 17 Neurohumoral Control Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Function |
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369 | (20) |
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Autonomic Neural Control of the Cardiovascular System |
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369 | (8) |
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Hormonal Control of the Cardiovascular System |
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377 | (4) |
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381 | (8) |
Part V Respiratory Physiology |
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389 | (81) |
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Chapter 18 Ventilation and the Mechanics of Breathing |
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389 | (32) |
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Lung Structural and Functional Relationships |
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390 | (1) |
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Pulmonary Pressures and Airflow during Breathing |
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391 | (5) |
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Spirometry and Lung Volumes |
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396 | (3) |
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Minute Ventilation versus Alveolar Ventilation |
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399 | (5) |
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Elastic Properties of Lung and Chest Wall |
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404 | (7) |
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Airway Resistance and the Work of Breathing |
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411 | (10) |
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Chapter 19 Gas Transfer and Transport |
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421 | (15) |
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421 | (3) |
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424 | (1) |
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Gas Transport by the Blood |
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424 | (4) |
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Respiratory Causes of Hypoxemia |
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428 | (8) |
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Chapter 20 Pulmonary Circulation and Matching Ventilation/Perfusion |
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436 | (15) |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (4) |
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Fluid Exchange in the Pulmonary Capillaries |
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441 | (2) |
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Blood Flow Distribution in the Lungs |
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443 | (1) |
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Shunts and Venous Admixture |
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444 | (7) |
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Chapter 21 Control of Breathing |
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451 | (19) |
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Involuntary and Voluntary Control of Breathing |
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451 | (3) |
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Pulmonary Neural Reflexes Modify Breathing |
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454 | (2) |
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Physiologic Responses to Altered Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide |
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456 | (1) |
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Ventilatory Responses to Altered Environments |
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457 | (2) |
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Control of Breathing During Sleep |
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459 | (2) |
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Control of Breathing in Unusual Environments |
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461 | (9) |
Part VI Renal Physiology And Body Fluids |
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470 | (86) |
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Chapter 22 Kidney Function |
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470 | (35) |
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Overview of Renal Function |
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470 | (1) |
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The Nephron: The Functional Unit of the Kidney |
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471 | (3) |
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474 | (2) |
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476 | (4) |
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Renal Clearance and Kidney Function |
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480 | (4) |
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Basic Principles of Renal Tubular Transport |
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484 | (6) |
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490 | (3) |
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Urinary Concentration Mechanisms and Water Conservation by the Kidney |
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493 | (5) |
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498 | (7) |
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Chapter 23 Regulation of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance |
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505 | (28) |
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Fluid Compartments of the Body |
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505 | (6) |
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511 | (3) |
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Fluid-Electrolyte Disturbances and Renal Function |
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514 | (1) |
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515 | (7) |
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522 | (3) |
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Renal Handling of Calcium |
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525 | (1) |
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Renal Handling of Magnesium |
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526 | (1) |
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Renal Handling of Phosphate |
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526 | (7) |
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Chapter 24 Acid-Base Homeostasis |
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533 | (23) |
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Basic Principles of Acid-Base Chemistry |
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533 | (2) |
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Metabolic Production of Acids in the Body |
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535 | (1) |
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The Body's Integrated Buffering Systems |
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536 | (8) |
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Regulation of Intracellular pH |
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544 | (1) |
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Physiologic Disturbances of Acid-Base Balance |
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545 | (11) |
Part VII Gastrointestinal Physiology |
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556 | (83) |
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Chapter 25 Gastrointestinal Motility |
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556 | (28) |
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Organization of the Digestive System |
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557 | (2) |
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Gastrointestinal Motility |
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559 | (2) |
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Swallowing and Esophageal Motility |
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561 | (1) |
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562 | (1) |
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563 | (3) |
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Small Intestinal Motility |
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566 | (1) |
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Large Intestinal Motility |
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567 | (3) |
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570 | (1) |
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Gut Motility and Digestive Function |
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571 | (3) |
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574 | (10) |
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Chapter 26 Gastrointestinal Secretory Functions |
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584 | (21) |
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Gastrointestinal Secretion |
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584 | (1) |
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584 | (3) |
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587 | (6) |
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593 | (4) |
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597 | (2) |
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599 | (6) |
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Chapter 27 Gastrointestinal Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients |
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605 | (34) |
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The Gastrointestinal System |
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605 | (1) |
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Gastric Digestion and Absorption |
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606 | (1) |
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607 | (1) |
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Digestion and Absorption: Carbohydrates |
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608 | (1) |
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Digestion and Absorption: Lipids |
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609 | (4) |
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Digestion and Absorption: Proteins |
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613 | (2) |
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615 | (2) |
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Absorption: Electrolytes and Minerals |
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617 | (3) |
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620 | (1) |
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621 | (3) |
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Liver: Carbohydrate Metabolism |
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624 | (2) |
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626 | (2) |
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Liver: Protein Metabolism |
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628 | (1) |
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629 | (2) |
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631 | (2) |
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Liver: Endocrine Function |
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633 | (1) |
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633 | (6) |
Part VIII Temperature Regulation And Exercise Physiology |
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639 | (44) |
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Chapter 28 Regulation of Body Temperature |
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639 | (27) |
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Body Temperature and Heat Transfer |
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639 | (3) |
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Thermoregulation: Heat Production and Heat Loss |
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642 | (1) |
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Metabolic Rate and Heat Production at Rest |
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643 | (3) |
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646 | (4) |
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650 | (3) |
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Thermoregulatory Responses During Exercise |
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653 | (2) |
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655 | (2) |
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Physiological Responses to Cold |
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657 | (1) |
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Clinical Aspects of Thermoregulation |
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658 | (8) |
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Chapter 29 Exercise Physiology |
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666 | (17) |
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Oxygen Uptake and Exercise |
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666 | (1) |
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Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise |
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667 | (4) |
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Respiratory Responses to Exercise |
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671 | (2) |
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Exercise-Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscle Dynamics and Bone Metabolism |
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673 | (4) |
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Obesity, Aging, and Immune Responses to Exercise |
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677 | (6) |
Part IX Endocrine Physiology |
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683 | (90) |
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Chapter 30 Endocrine Control Mechanisms |
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683 | (13) |
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General Endocrine Concepts |
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683 | (3) |
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Chemical Nature of Hormones |
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686 | (3) |
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Measurement of Circulating Hormones |
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689 | (2) |
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Mechanisms of Hormone Action |
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691 | (5) |
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Chapter 31 Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland |
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696 | (17) |
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Structure of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis |
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696 | (2) |
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Posterior Pituitary Hormones |
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698 | (1) |
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones |
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699 | (5) |
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation of Growth |
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704 | (9) |
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713 | (14) |
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Thyroid Hormone Synthesis, Secretion, and Metabolism |
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713 | (5) |
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Thyroid Hormone Effects on the Body |
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718 | (2) |
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Abnormalities of Thyroid Function in Adults |
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720 | (7) |
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727 | (15) |
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Adrenal Steroid Hormone Synthesis, Secretion, and Metabolism |
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727 | (7) |
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Glucocorticoid Effects on the Body |
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734 | (3) |
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737 | (5) |
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Chapter 34 Endocrine Pancreas |
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742 | (17) |
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742 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Islet Hormone Synthesis and Secretion |
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743 | (5) |
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Insulin and Glucagon Action |
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748 | (3) |
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751 | (8) |
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Chapter 35 Endocrine Regulations of Calcium, Phosphate, and Bone Homeostasis |
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759 | (14) |
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Overview of Calcium and Phosphate in the Body |
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759 | (2) |
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Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism |
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761 | (2) |
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Plasma Calcium and Phosphate Regulation |
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763 | (3) |
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766 | (7) |
Part X Reproductive Physiology |
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773 | (56) |
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Chapter 36 Male Reproductive System |
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773 | (18) |
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The Endocrine Glands of the Male Reproductive System |
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773 | (1) |
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Testicular Function and Regulation |
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773 | (6) |
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779 | (2) |
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Endocrine Function of the Testis |
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781 | (2) |
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Androgen Action and Male Development |
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783 | (3) |
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Male Reproductive Disorders |
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786 | (5) |
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Chapter 37 Female Reproductive System |
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791 | (19) |
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Female Reproductive Organs |
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791 | (1) |
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792 | (2) |
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Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive System |
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794 | (2) |
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Ovarian Steroid Synthesis |
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796 | (2) |
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798 | (3) |
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801 | (4) |
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Female Reproductive System Disorders |
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805 | (5) |
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Chapter 38 Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Fetal Development |
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810 | (19) |
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Fertilization, Implantation, and Placenta Development |
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810 | (6) |
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Maternal Adaptation during and Following Pregnancy |
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816 | (4) |
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Fetal Development and Growth |
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820 | (4) |
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824 | (5) |
Part XI Aging |
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829 | (16) |
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Chapter 39 Physiology of Aging and Organ Function |
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829 | (16) |
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|
829 | (1) |
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830 | (3) |
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Physiological Changes and Aging |
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833 | (1) |
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Aging and Respiratory Changes |
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834 | (1) |
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Aging and Musculoskeletal Changes |
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835 | (1) |
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Aging and Gastrointestinal Changes |
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836 | (1) |
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Aging and the Endocrine System |
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837 | (1) |
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Aging and the Sensory System |
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838 | (1) |
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Aging and the Urinary System |
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|
839 | (6) |
Appendix A: Common Abbreviations in Physiology |
|
845 | (3) |
Appendix B: Normal Blood, Plasma, or Serum Values |
|
848 | (3) |
Glossary |
|
851 | |
Index |
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91 | |