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Mercury Control: for Coal-Derived Gas Streams [Kõva köide]

Edited by (United States Department of Energy), Edited by (ADA Environmental Solutions, Littleton, Colorado, US), Edited by (US Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 480 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 252x175x29 mm, kaal: 1179 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Nov-2014
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527329498
  • ISBN-13: 9783527329496
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Mercury Control: for Coal-Derived Gas StreamsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 480 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 252x175x29 mm, kaal: 1179 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Nov-2014
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527329498
  • ISBN-13: 9783527329496
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9783527329496.html
Märksõnad:
This essential handbook and ready reference offers a detailed overview of the existing and currently researched technologies available for the control of mercury in coal-derived gas streams and that are viable for meeting the strict standards set by environmental protection agencies.
Written by an internationally acclaimed author team from government agencies, academia and industry, it details US, EU, Asia-Pacific and other international perspectives, regulations and guidelines.
List of Contributors xvii
Mercury R&D Book Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
List of Abbreviations xxvii
Part I: Mercury in the Environment: Origin, Fate, and Regulation 1(108)
1 Mercury in the Environment
3(10)
Leonard Levin
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Mercury as a Chemical Element
4(2)
1.2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Forms of Mercury
6(1)
1.2.2 Associations with Minerals and Fuels
6(1)
1.3 Direct Uses of Mercury
6(1)
1.4 Atmospheric Transport and Deposition
7(1)
1.5 Atmospheric Reactions and Lifetime
8(1)
1.6 Mercury Biogeochemical Cycling
8(2)
References
10(3)
2 Mercury and Halogens in Coal
13(32)
Allan Kolker
Jeffrey C. Quick
2.1 Introduction
13(3)
2.1.1 Mode of Occurrence of Mercury (Hg) in Coal
13(1)
2.1.2 Effectiveness of Pre-Combustion Mercury Removal
14(1)
2.1.3 Methods for Mercury Determination
15(1)
2.2 Mercury in U.S. Coals
16(6)
2.2.1 U.S. Coal Databases
16(1)
2.2.1.1 USGS COALQUAL Database
16(1)
2.2.1.2 1999 EPA ICR
19(1)
2.2.1.3 2010 EPA ICR
19(1)
2.2.2 Comparison of U.S. Coal Databases
20(2)
2.3 Mercury in International Coals
22(7)
2.3.1 Review of Mercury in Coal in the Largest Coal Producers
22(1)
2.3.1.1 China
23(1)
2.3.1.2 India
24(1)
2.3.1.3 Australia
26(1)
2.3.1.4 South Africa
26(1)
2.3.1.5 Russian Federation
27(1)
2.3.1.6 Indonesia
29(1)
2.4 Halogens in Coal
29(7)
2.4.1 Introduction
29(1)
2.4.1.1 Chlorine (Cl)
30(1)
2.4.1.2 Bromine (Br)
32(1)
2.4.1.3 Iodine (I)
35(1)
2.4.1.4 Fluorine (F)
35(1)
2.5 Summary
36(1)
Acknowledgments
37(1)
References
37(8)
3 Regulations
45(6)
Nick Hutson
3.1 U.S. Regulations
45(5)
3.1.1 Background
45(1)
3.1.2 Electric Generating Units (EGUs)
46(1)
3.1.3 Mercury and Air Toxics Standards ("MATS") - Existing Sources
47(2)
3.1.4 Mercury and Air Toxics Standards ("MATS") - New Sources
49(1)
References
50(1)
4 International Legislation and Trends
51(20)
Lesley L. Sloss
4.1 Introduction
51(1)
4.2 International Legislation
52(7)
4.2.1 UNEP International Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury ("Minamata Convention")
53(1)
4.2.2 European Union (EU)
53(6)
4.3 Regional and National Legislation
59(6)
4.3.1 Europe
59(1)
4.3.1.1 Germany
59(1)
4.3.1.2 Netherlands
59(1)
4.3.2 Asia
60(1)
4.3.2.1 China
60(1)
4.3.2.2 Japan
62(1)
4.3.2.3 Other Asian Countries
63(1)
4.3.3 Other Countries
64(1)
4.3.3.1 Australia
64(1)
4.3.3.2 Canada
65(1)
4.3.3.3 Russia
65(1)
4.3.3.4 South Africa
65(1)
4.4 Summary
65(1)
References
66(3)
Part II: Mercury Measurement in Coal Gas
69(2)
5 Continuous Mercury Monitors for Fossil Fuel-Fired Utilities
71(20)
Dennis L. Laudal
5.1 Introduction
71(2)
5.2 Components of a CMM
73(9)
5.2.1 Mercury Analyzer
73(1)
5.2.1.1 Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
73(1)
5.2.1.2 Cold-Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry
74(1)
5.2.1.3 Other Analytical Methods
75(1)
5.2.2 Pretreatment/Conversion Systems and Probe
75(1)
5.2.2.1 Sampling Probe
76(1)
5.2.2.2 Pretreatment and Mercury Conversion
77(2)
5.2.3 CMM Calibration System
79(3)
5.3 Installation and Verification Requirements
82(2)
5.3.1 Installation
82(1)
5.3.2 CMM Verification
82(1)
5.3.2.1 Measurement Error
83(1)
5.3.2.2 Seven-Day Calibration Drift
83(1)
5.3.2.3 Relative Accuracy Test Audit
83(1)
5.4 Major CMM Tests
84(3)
5.5 CMM Vendors
87(1)
References
88(3)
6 Batch Methods for Mercury Monitoring
91(18)
Constance Senior
6.1 Introduction
91(1)
6.2 Wet Chemistry Batch Methods
91(4)
6.2.1 Early EPA Total Hg Methods
91(2)
6.2.2 Development of Wet Chemistry Methods to Speciate Hg
93(1)
6.2.3 Method Application and Data Quality Considerations
94(1)
6.3 Dry Batch Methods
95(10)
6.3.1 Sorbent Trap Method History
95(2)
6.3.2 Method Overview
97(1)
6.3.3 Total Hg Measurements
97(1)
6.3.3.1 PS-12B
97(1)
6.3.3.2 Method 30B
98(1)
6.3.4 Speciation Measurements
98(1)
6.3.5 Sampling Protocol
99(1)
6.3.5.1 Procedure and Apparatus
99(1)
6.3.6 Trap Analysis
100(1)
6.3.7 Relative Accuracy and Quality Assurance/Quality Control
100(5)
6.4 Recommendations
105(1)
6.4.1 Particulate Matter
105(1)
6.4.2 Total Versus Speciated Mercury
105(1)
6.4.3 Expected Mercury Concentration in the Flue Gas
105(1)
6.4.4 Need for Real-Time Data
106(1)
6.4.5 Complexity of Installation and Operation
106(1)
References
106(3)
Part III: Mercury Chemistry in Coal Utilization Systems and Air Pollution Control Devices 109(54)
7 Mercury Behavior in Coal Combustion Systems
111(22)
Constance Senior
7.1 Introduction
111(1)
7.2 Coal Combustion Boilers
112(1)
7.3 Mercury Chemistry in Combustion Systems
113(4)
7.4 Air Pollution Control Devices on Utility and Industrial Boilers
117(4)
7.4.1 PM Control
118(1)
7.4.2 NOx Control
119(1)
7.4.3 SO2 Control
119(1)
7.4.4 Boiler Populations in the United States
120(1)
7.5 Mercury Behavior in Coal-Fired Boilers
121(8)
7.5.1 Data Sources
121(2)
7.5.2 Mercury Behavior in APCDs
123(6)
7.6 Summary
129(1)
References
130(3)
8 Gasification Systems
133(8)
Nicholas Lentz
8.1 Principles of Coal Gasification
133(1)
8.2 Gasification Technologies Overview and Gasifier Descriptions
134(1)
8.3 Gasification Applications and Downstream Gas Cleanup and Processing
135(1)
8.4 Mercury Transformations and Fate
135(2)
8.5 Hg Measurement in a Reducing Environment
137(1)
8.6 Hg Control Technologies for Gasification
138(1)
8.7 Hg and the MATS Rule for Gasifiers
139(1)
References
140(1)
9 Mercury Emissions Control for the Cement Manufacturing Industry
141(22)
Robert Schreiber Jr
Shameem Hasan
Carrie Yonley
Charles D. Kellett
9.1 Introduction
141(1)
9.2 Cement Manufacturing Process Description
141(6)
9.2.1 Wet Process Kiln
144(1)
9.2.2 Dry Process Kiln
145(2)
9.3 State of Knowledge on the Source and Behavior of Mercury in the Cement Kiln System
147(6)
9.4 Mercury Emissions Control Solutions in the Cement Industry
153(6)
9.4.1 Activated Carbon Injection (ACI)
156(1)
9.4.2 Wet Scrubbing
157(1)
9.4.3 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Wet Scrubbing
158(1)
9.5 Conclusions
159(1)
References
160(3)
Part IV: Mercury Research Programs in the United States 163(62)
10 DOE's Mercury Control Technology Research, Development, and Demonstration Program
165(26)
Thomas J. Feeley III
Andrew P. Jones
James T. Murphy
Ronald K. Munson
Jared P. Ciferno
10.1 Introduction
165(1)
10.2 Background
165(20)
10.2.1 NETL's Hg Control Technology R& D
166(1)
10.2.2 Mercury Speciation
167(1)
10.2.3 Mercury Control Technologies
168(1)
10.2.4 Results from Field Testing Program
169(1)
10.2.5 Oxidation Enhancements
169(1)
10.2.6 Chemical Additives
170(1)
10.2.7 Catalysts
170(1)
10.2.8 Activated Carbon Injection
171(1)
10.2.8.1 Untreated PAC
171(1)
10.2.8.2 Chemically Treated PAC
173(1)
10.2.8.3 Conventional PAC with Chemical Additives
175(1)
10.2.8.4 ACI Upstream of a Hot-Side ESP
176(1)
10.2.9 Remaining Technical Issues
176(1)
10.2.9.1 Impacts on Fly Ash
176(1)
10.2.9.2 Sulfur Trioxide Interference
178(1)
10.2.10 NETL In-House Development of Novel Control Technologies
179(1)
10.2.11 Hg Control Technology Commercial Demonstrations
180(1)
10.2.12 Mercury Control Cost Estimates
180(1)
10.2.12.1 Economic Analyses for ACI
181(1)
10.2.12.2 Economic Analyses for Wet FGD Enhancement
181(1)
10.2.13 Coal Utilization Byproducts (CUB) R& D Program
182(1)
10.2.14 Determining the Fate of Hg in FGD Byproducts
183(1)
10.2.15 Determining the Fate of Hg in Fly Ash
184(1)
10.3 Summary
185(1)
Disclaimer
186(1)
References
186(5)
11 U.S. EPA Research Program
191(14)
Nick Hutson
11.1 Introduction
191(1)
11.2 Congressionally Mandated Studies
191(2)
11.3 Control Technology from Work on Municipal Waste Combustors (MWCs)
193(1)
11.4 Mercury Chemistry, Adsorption, and Sorbent Development
194(7)
11.4.1 Halogenated Activated Carbon Sorbents
196(1)
11.4.2 Non-Carbonaceous Sorbents
197(1)
11.4.3 Mercury Control in a Wet-FGD Scrubber
198(2)
11.4.4 Effect of SCR on Mercury Oxidation/Capture
200(1)
11.5 Coal Combustion Residues and By-Products
201(1)
11.6 EPA SBIR Program
202(1)
References
202(3)
12 The Electric Power Research Institute's Program to Control Mercury Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants
205(20)
Ramsay Chang
12.1 Introduction
205(1)
12.2 Co-Benefits of Installed Controls
205(2)
12.2.1 Selective Catalytic Reduction/Flue Gas Desulfurization
205(1)
12.2.2 Unburned Carbon
206(1)
12.3 Sorbent Injection
207(6)
12.3.1 Units Equipped with Electrostatic Precipitators
208(1)
12.3.1.1 Western Coals
208(1)
12.3.1.2 Eastern Bituminous Coals and High-Sulfur Flue Gases
208(1)
12.3.2 Units Equipped with Fabric Filters or TOXECON®
209(2)
12.3.3 Challenges and Responses
211(1)
12.3.3.1 Preserving Fly Ash Sales
211(1)
12.3.3.2 Optimizing Electrostatic Precipitator Performance
211(1)
12.3.3.3 Optimizing Fabric Filter and TOXECON Performance
212(1)
12.4 Boiler Chemical Addition
213(5)
12.4.1 Combined Technologies
214(1)
12.4.2 Challenges and Responses
215(1)
12.4.2.1 Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Chemistry and Mercury Partitioning
216(1)
12.4.2.2 Corrosion along Flue Gas Path and in the wFGD
216(1)
12.4.2.3 Preserving Fly Ash Sales
217(1)
12.4.2.4 Selenium Partitioning in Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems
217(1)
12.4.2.5 Bromide Leaching from Fly Ash
217(1)
12.5 Novel Concepts for Mercury Control
218(3)
12.5.1 TOXECON II®
218(1)
12.5.2 Gore® Carbon Polymer Composite Modules
218(2)
12.5.3 Sorbent Activation Process
220(1)
12.6 Integration of Controls for Mercury with Controls for Other Air Pollutants
221(1)
12.7 Summary
222(1)
References
222(3)
Part V: Mercury Control Processes 225(150)
13 Mercury Control Using Combustion Modification
227(14)
Thomas K. Gale
13.1 Mercury Speciation in Coal-Fired Power Plants without Added Catalysts
227(2)
13.1.1 Mercury is all Liberated and Isolated in the Furnace
227(1)
13.1.2 Chlorine Speciation in Coal-Fired Power Plants
227(1)
13.1.3 Mechanisms Governing Mercury Speciation
228(1)
13.2 Role of Unburned Carbon in Mercury Oxidation and Adsorption
229(4)
13.2.1 UBC is the Only Catalyst with Enough Activity in Coal-Fired Power Plants
229(1)
13.2.2 UBC can Remove Hg or Oxidize Hg, Depending on the UBC Concentration
230(1)
13.2.3 Nature of Carbon Type Depends on Parent Coal and Combustion Efficiency
231(1)
13.2.4 Concentration of UBC Needed to Oxidize or Remove Mercury from Flue Gas
232(1)
13.3 Synergistic Relationship between UBC and Calcium in Flyash
233(3)
13.3.1 Calcium Enhances the Retention of Mercury on Carbon
233(1)
13.3.2 Calcium/Carbon Synergism is Limited to a Range of Conditions
234(2)
13.4 Potential Combustion Modification Strategies to Mitigate Mercury Emissions
236(2)
13.5 Effects of Combustion Modifications on Mercury Oxidation across SCR Catalysts
238(1)
13.5.1 Inhibition of Mercury Oxidation can Occur in Low-Chlorine Flue Gas
238(1)
References
238(3)
14 Fuel and Flue-Gas Additives
241(12)
John Meier
Bruce Keiser
Brian S. Higgins
14.1 Background
241(9)
14.1.1 Bromine-Salt Mercury Oxidation
242(1)
14.1.2 Fuel Additive Injection Equipment
242(1)
14.1.3 Case Study Results
243(1)
14.1.3.1 Case Studies where Halogen-containing Fuel Additives are Advantageous
244(4)
14.1.4 Case Studies where Conditions are Disadvantageous to Fuel Additive
248(1)
14.1.4.1 Units Burning High Chlorine Fuel with an SCR
249(1)
14.1.4.2 Subbituminous Fired Units with Flue Gas Conditioning (SO3 Injection)
249(1)
14.1.4.3 Units without Acid Gas Scrubbing and a Fabric Filter (FF)
250(1)
14.2 Summary
250(1)
References
250(3)
15 Catalysts for the Oxidation of Mercury
253(8)
April Freeman Sibley
15.1 Introduction
253(1)
15.1.1 Process Overview
253(1)
15.2 Hg Oxidation and Affecting Parameters
254(5)
15.2.1 He Oxidation Reaction Mechanism
255(1)
15.2.2 Homogeneous Oxidation of Mercury
255(1)
15.2.3 Heterogeneous Oxidation of Mercury over SCR Catalysts
255(2)
15.2.4 SCR Operation-He Reaction Effects
257(1)
15.2.5 Hg° Oxidation and SO2/SO3 Conversion
258(1)
15.3 Conclusions and Future Research
259(1)
References
260(1)
16 Mercury Capture in Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems
261(16)
Gary Blythe
16.1 Introduction
261(2)
16.2 Fate of Net Mercury Removed by Wet FGD Systems
263(4)
16.2.1 Phase Partitioning
263(1)
16.2.2 Mercury in FGD By-product Streams
264(3)
16.3 Mercury Reemissions
267(5)
16.3.1 Definition and Reporting Conventions
267(2)
16.3.2 Reemission Chemistry
269(2)
16.3.3 Reemission Additives
271(1)
16.4 Effects of Flue Gas Mercury Oxidation Technologies on FGD Capture of Mercury
272(2)
References
274(3)
17 Introduction to Carbon Sorbents for Pollution Control
277(16)
Joe Wong
17.1 Carbon Materials
277(1)
17.2 Carbon Activation
277(3)
17.3 Carbon Particle Shapes and Forms
280(2)
17.3.1 Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)
280(1)
17.3.2 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
281(1)
17.3.3 Shaped Activated Carbon
282(1)
17.3.4 Other Activated Carbon Forms
282(1)
17.4 Activated Carbon Applications
282(1)
17.5 Activated Carbon Properties in Emission Systems
283(8)
17.5.1 Activated Carbon Surface
285(1)
17.5.2 Activated Carbon Pores
286(3)
17.5.3 Activated Carbon Particles
289(2)
17.6 Summary
291(1)
References
291(2)
18 Activated Carbon Injection
293(18)
Sharon M. Sjostrom
18.1 Introduction
293(1)
18.2 The Activated Carbon Injection System
294(2)
18.2.1 Powdered Activated Carbon Storage
294(1)
18.2.2 Process Equipment
295(1)
18.2.2.1 Metering
295(1)
18.2.2.2 Conveying
295(1)
18.2.3 PAC Distribution
296(1)
18.3 Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Activated Carbon
296(9)
18.3.1 Site-Specific Factors
296(1)
18.3.1.1 Flue Gas Characteristics: Halogens and SO3
297(1)
18.3.1.2 TOXECON™
303(1)
18.3.2 PAC-Specific Factors
303(1)
18.3.3 ACI System Design-Specific Factors
304(1)
18.3.3.1 Injection Location
304(1)
18.3.3.2 Distribution
304(1)
18.4 Balance-of-Plant Impacts
305(2)
18.4.1 Coal Combustion By-Products
305(1)
18.4.1.1 Autoignition of PAC in Ash Hoppers
306(1)
18.4.1.2 Impacts on Particulate Emissions
306(1)
18.4.1.3 Corrosion Issues
307(1)
18.5 Future Considerations
307(1)
References
307(4)
19 Halogenated Carbon Sorbents
311(12)
Robert Nebergall
19.1 Introduction
311(1)
19.2 Application of Activated Carbon for Mercury Control
311(2)
19.3 Development of Halogenated Activated Carbon
313(7)
19.3.1 Motivation
313(2)
19.3.2 Manufacture
315(1)
19.3.3 Performance
316(3)
19.3.4 Balance-of-Plant Impacts
319(1)
References
320(3)
20 Concrete-Compatible Activated Carbon
323(16)
S. Behrooz Ghorishi
20.1 Introduction
323(1)
20.2 Concrete-Compatibility Metrics
324(5)
20.2.1 The New and Innovative Concrete-Friendly™ Metrics; the Acid Blue Index
326(3)
20.3 Production of Concrete-Compatible Products Including C-PAC™
329(2)
20.4 C-PAC™ Specification
331(4)
20.4.1 Commercial Application of C-PAC™
331(1)
20.4.2 Full-Scale C-PAC™ Trials at Midwest Generation's Crawford Station
332(1)
20.4.3 Full-Scale C-PAC™ Trials the PPL Montana Corette Station
333(1)
20.4.4 Cement Kiln Mercury Emission Control Using C-PAC™
334(1)
20.5 Concrete Compatibility Test - Field Fly Ash/C-PAC™ Mixture
335(2)
20.5.1 Air Content of Fresh Concrete
336(1)
20.5.2 Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS)
336(1)
20.5.3 Stability of Mercury in Fly Ash and Concrete
337(1)
References
337(2)
21 Novel Capture Technologies: Non-carbon Sorbents and Photochemical Oxidations
339(18)
Karen J. Uffalussy
Evan J. Granite
21.1 Introduction
339(1)
21.2 Non-carbon Sorbents
340(10)
21.2.1 Amended Silicates, Novinda
340(1)
21.2.1.1 Background and Motivations
340(1)
21.2.1.2 How Does the Amended Silicates Sorbent Work?
341(1)
21.2.1.3 Demonstrations
342(1)
21.2.1.4 Conclusions
344(1)
21.2.2 MinPlus CDEM Group BV
345(1)
21.2.2.1 Background and Motivations
345(1)
21.2.2.2 How Does the MinPlus Sorbent Work?
345(1)
21.2.2.3 Demonstrations of Sorbent
347(1)
21.2.2.4 Conclusions
348(1)
21.2.3 Pahlman Process - Enviroscrub
348(1)
21.2.3.1 Background and Motivations
348(1)
21.2.3.2 How Does the Process and Sorbent Work?
349(1)
21.2.3.3 Demonstrations
349(1)
21.2.3.4 Conclusions
350(1)
21.3 Photochemical Removal of Mercury from Flue Gas
350(2)
21.3.1 Sensitized Oxidation of Mercury: GP-254 Process
350(2)
21.3.2 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Mercury
352(1)
Disclaimer
352(1)
References
353(4)
22 Sorbents for Gasification Processes
357(18)
Henry W. Pennline
Evan J. Granite
22.1 Introduction
357(1)
22.2 Background
358(2)
22.3 Warm/Humid Gas Temperature Mercury Sorbent Capture Techniques
360(6)
22.4 Cold Gas Cleanup of Mercury
366(4)
22.4.1 Carbon-Based Materials
367(1)
22.4.2 Other Materials
368(1)
22.4.3 Wet Scrubbing Technique
369(1)
22.5 Summary
370(1)
Disclaimer
370(1)
References
371(4)
Part VI: Modeling of Mercury Chemistry in Air Pollution Control Devices 375(62)
23 Mercury-Carbon Surface Chemistry
377(12)
Edwin S. Olson
23.1 Nature of the Bonding of Mercury to the Carbon Surface
377(1)
23.2 Effects of Acid Gases on Mercury Capacities on Carbon
378(4)
23.3 Kinetic HCI Effect
382(3)
23.4 Summary
385(1)
References
386(3)
24 Atomistic-Level Models
389(24)
Jennifer Wilcox
24.1 Introduction
389(1)
24.2 Homogeneous Mercury Oxidation Kinetics
390(10)
24.2.1 Mercury - Chlorine Chemistry
390(7)
24.2.2 Mercury - Bromine Chemistry
397(3)
24.3 Heterogeneous Chemistry
400(7)
24.3.1 Mercury Adsorption on Activated Carbon
400(4)
24.3.2 Mercury Adsorption on Precious Metals
404(3)
24.4 Conclusions and Future Work
407(1)
References
407(6)
25 Predicting Hg Emissions Rates with Device-Level Models and Reaction Mechanisms
413(24)
Stephen Niksa
Balaji Krishnakumar
25.1 Introduction and Scope
413(1)
25.2 The Reaction System
414(2)
25.3 Hg Transformations
416(17)
25.3.1 In-Furnace Transformations
416(3)
25.3.2 In-Flight Transformations
419(8)
25.3.3 Hg° Oxidation across SCR Catalysts
427(3)
25.3.4 Hg Transformations within WFGDs
430(3)
25.4 Summary
433(2)
References
435(2)
Index 437
Evan J. Granite is a Research Group Leader at the Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), USA; Technical Coordinator for NETL's in-house research on Rare Earth Detection and Recovery; and an Adjunct Research Professor of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh, USA (volunteer position). He completed postdoctoral research at the Department of Energy, received a PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of Rochester, and BS and MS degrees in Chemical Engineering from The Cooper Union. His research has focused on mercury, trace contaminant, and carbon dioxide removal from flue and fuel gases. He is the principal or co-investigator for projects on the capture of mercury, arsenic, selenium, phosphorus, cadmium, and antimony coal-derived flue and fuel gases; carbon dioxide separation from flue gas; and rare earth detection and from recovery from solids. He has coauthored 38 peer-reviewed journal articles, eight patents/patents pending, 205 conference papers and presentations, and 49 DOE reports of invention.

Henry W. Pennline has degrees in Chemical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University and Northwestern University and is a Professional Engineer of Pennsylvania, USA. Since 2000, Mr. Pennline has served as a senior research group leader in the CO2 capture area, where novel techniques to capture/ separate carbon dioxide from post- and pre-combustion streams within power generation facilities are investigated. In addition to his duties in the CO2 capture area, he also served as the leader of the Clean Air Team from 1986 to 2002. Over his near forty years in research with the federal government (U.S Bureau of Mines and U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory), he has become experienced in various facets of fossil-energy technology. He has initiated research in flue gas cleanup technologies, CO2 separation and capture techniques, and indirect liquefaction. He is inventor/ co-inventor of licensed processes, is author/co-author of numerous publications, and has received various prestigious awards during his federal tenure.

Constance Senior is currently the Vice President of Technology at ADA-ES, Inc., where she is responsible for research and development in control of emissions of mercury and other pollutants from coal-fired power plants and other industrial combustion systems. For over fifteen years, she has been involved in the development and application of process models for formation and control of pollutants in industrial combustion systems. She has particular expertise in integrated power plant modeling and in the development and integration of submodels for complex CFD models of combustion and air pollution control processes. Dr. Senior is the author of over 40 articles in peer-reviewed journals and books. From 2008 to 2014, she served as an associate editor of the American Chemical Society journal Energy & Fuels.