| About the Authors |
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xv | |
| Preface |
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xvi | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxviii | |
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Part I Fundamentals of Microbiology and Infectious Disease |
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1 Microbes Shape Our History |
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2 | (30) |
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Half a Lung Is Better than None |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1 From Germ to Genome: What Is a Microbe? |
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4 | (1) |
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A Microbe Is a Microscopic Organism |
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4 | (1) |
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Different Kinds of Microbes |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2 Microbes Shape Human History |
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6 | (1) |
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Microbial Diseases Devastate Human Populations |
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6 | (4) |
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Microscopes Reveal the Microbial World |
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10 | (1) |
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Spontaneous Generation: Do Microbes Have Parents? |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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1.3 Medical Microbiology and Immunology |
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13 | (1) |
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Linking Infectious Disease With Mortality |
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13 | (1) |
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Growth Of Microbes In Pure Culture |
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14 | (1) |
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Case History 1.1 Sickened by Dead Cattle |
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14 | (2) |
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Insight Tuberculosis: From Mummies To Multidrug Resistance |
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16 | (2) |
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Koch's Postulates Link A Pathogen With A Disease |
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18 | (1) |
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Immunization Prevents Disease |
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18 | (2) |
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Antiseptics And Antibiotics Control Pathogens |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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1.4 Microbes in Our Environment |
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22 | (1) |
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Microbes Support Natural Ecosystems |
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22 | (1) |
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Animals And Plants Evolved Through Endosymbiosis |
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23 | (1) |
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New Microbes Continue To Emerge |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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The Discovery Of The Structure Of Dna |
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25 | (1) |
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Microbial Discoveries Transform Medicine And Industry |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (4) |
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2 Basic Concepts Of Infectious Disease |
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32 | (30) |
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33 | (1) |
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2.1 Normal Microbiota versus Pathogens |
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34 | (1) |
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Terminology Of Pathogenesis |
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35 | (3) |
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Fundamental Host-Pathogen Interactions |
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38 | (1) |
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2.2 Basic Concepts of Disease |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Stages Of An Infectious Disease |
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40 | (1) |
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2.3 Infection Cycles and Disease Transmission |
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41 | (1) |
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Case History 2.1 A Hike, a Tick, and a Telltale Rash |
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41 | (3) |
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Direct And Indirect Modes Of Transmission |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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Endemic, Epidemic, And Pandemic |
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47 | (1) |
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Case History 2.2 The Third Pandemic |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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2.4 Portals of Entry and Exit |
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49 | (1) |
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Case History 2.3 Risky Business in the Lab |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (3) |
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2.5 Host Factors in Disease |
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53 | (2) |
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2.6 Global Change and Emerging Infectious Diseases |
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55 | (1) |
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Insight Unintended Consequences: Rebirth Of Tuberculosis Follows Death Of The Aral Sea |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (4) |
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62 | (28) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Case History 3.1 Brain Infection |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (3) |
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Microscopy For Different Size Scales |
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68 | (1) |
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3.2 Optics and Properties of Light |
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69 | (1) |
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Light Carries Information |
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70 | (1) |
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Light Interacts With An Object |
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70 | (1) |
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Refraction Enables Magnification |
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71 | (1) |
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Magnification And Resolution |
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72 | (1) |
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3.3 Bright-Field Microscopy |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Case History 3.2 Blood Slide Reveals a Parasite |
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76 | (1) |
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Different Kinds Of Stains |
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77 | (1) |
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Insight The Cellscope: A Cell Phone Microscope |
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78 | (1) |
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Gram Staining Distinguishes Two Classes Of Bacteria |
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78 | (2) |
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Other Differential Stains |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Dark-Field Observation Detects Unresolved Objects |
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81 | (1) |
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Phase-Contrast Microscopy |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Case History 3.3 Infection from a Whirlpool Spa |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (3) |
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86 | (4) |
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4 Living Chemistry: From Atoms To Cells |
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90 | (32) |
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Lethal Chemistry From A Waterborne Pathogen |
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91 | (2) |
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4.1 Elements, Bonding, And Water |
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93 | (1) |
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Chemical Bonds Form Molecules |
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94 | (2) |
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Water Is The Solvent Of Life |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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4.3 Nucleic Acids and Proteins |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (3) |
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4.4 Biochemical Reactions |
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106 | (1) |
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Energy Change Powers Life |
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107 | (1) |
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Free Energy Change And Chemical Equilibrium |
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107 | (1) |
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Activation Energy And The Rate Of Reaction |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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4.5 Membranes and Transport |
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110 | (1) |
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Membranes Consist Of Lipids And Proteins |
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110 | (2) |
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Membranes Are Selectively Permeable |
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112 | (1) |
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Transport Across Cell Membranes |
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113 | (1) |
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Insight Oral Rehydration Therapy: A Miracle Cure |
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114 | (1) |
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4.6 Endocytosis and Phagocytosis |
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115 | (1) |
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Case History 4.1 Chicken Surprise |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (4) |
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5 Cell Biology Of Bacteria And Eukaryotes |
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122 | (34) |
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123 | (1) |
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5.1 The Bacterial Cell: An Overview |
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124 | (1) |
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A Model Of The Bacterial Cell |
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125 | (2) |
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Biochemical Composition Of Bacteria |
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127 | (2) |
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5.2 Bacterial Membranes and Transport |
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129 | (1) |
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Bacterial Membrane Proteins |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (3) |
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5.3 The Bacterial Cell Wall and Outer Layers |
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132 | (1) |
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The Cell Wall Is A Single Molecule |
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132 | (1) |
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Peptidoglycan Synthesis As A Target For Antibiotics |
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133 | (1) |
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Insight Vancomycin: The Gift Of Soil Bacteria |
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134 | (1) |
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Gram-Positive And Gram-Negative Outer Layers |
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135 | (2) |
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The Mycobacterial Envelope |
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137 | (1) |
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Case History 5.1 A Rash Reveals an Ancient Disease |
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137 | (2) |
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5.4 The Nucleoid and Bacterial Cell Division |
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139 | (1) |
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Bacterial Dna Is Organized In A Nucleoid |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Case History 5.2 Deadly Infection Acquired from a Hospital |
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141 | (1) |
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5.5 Specialized Structures of Bacteria |
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142 | (1) |
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Pili And Stalks Enable Attachment |
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142 | (1) |
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Rotary Flagella Enable Motility And Chemotaxis |
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142 | (1) |
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Bacterial Structures For Different Habitats |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Organelles Of The Eukaryotic Cell |
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145 | (2) |
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The Nucleus Organizes Dna |
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147 | (1) |
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Mitochondria And Chloroplasts Yield Energy |
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148 | (1) |
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The Cytoskeleton Maintains Shape |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (3) |
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152 | (4) |
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6 Bacterial Growth, Nutrition, And Differentiation |
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156 | (36) |
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Metabolic Fingerprints Of A Brain Pathogen |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Nutrients And Environmental Niches |
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158 | (2) |
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Obtaining Carbon: Autotrophy And Heterotrophy |
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160 | (1) |
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Capturing Energy: Phototrophy And Chemotrophy |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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6.2 Culturing and Counting Bacteria |
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163 | (1) |
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Growing Bacteria In Culture Media |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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Growth In Complex Media And Synthetic Media |
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165 | (1) |
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Selective And Differential Media |
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165 | (1) |
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Case History 6.1 Differential Media: Finding the Infectious Needle in the Haystack |
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165 | (1) |
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Case History 6.2 Urine Cultures (Where Numbers Count) |
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166 | (1) |
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Direct Counting Of Living And Dead Cells |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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6.4 Environmental Limits on Microbial Growth |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Thermophiles, Psychrophiles, And Mesophiles |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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Water Availability And Salt Concentration |
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175 | (1) |
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Microbial Responses To Changes In Ph |
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175 | (1) |
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Neutralophiles, Acidophiles, And Alkaliphiles |
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176 | (1) |
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Ph Homeostasis Mechanisms |
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177 | (1) |
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Insight Signaling Virulence |
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178 | (1) |
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6.5 Living with Oxygen: Aerobe versus Anaerobe |
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179 | (1) |
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Case History 6.3 Attack of the Anaerobe |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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6.6 Microbial Communities and Cell Differentiation |
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182 | (1) |
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Case History 6.4 Death by Biofilm |
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182 | (1) |
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Biofilms: Multicellular Microbes? |
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182 | (1) |
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Endospores In Suspended Animation |
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183 | (3) |
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186 | (6) |
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Part II Essential Biology and Control of Infectious Agents |
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192 | (30) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Energy And Entropy For Living Cells |
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194 | (1) |
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Metabolic Reactions That Yield Energy |
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195 | (1) |
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Enzymes Control Reactions |
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196 | (1) |
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7.2 Catabolism: The Microbial Buffet |
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197 | (1) |
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Energy Carriers: Atp And Nadh |
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197 | (3) |
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7.3 Glucose Catabolism, Fermentation, and the TCA Cycle |
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200 | (1) |
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Glycolysis: From Glucose To Pyruvate |
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200 | (1) |
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Alternatives For Sugar Catabolism |
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201 | (2) |
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Fermentation Completes Catabolism |
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203 | (1) |
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Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: Transferring All Electrons To Nadh |
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204 | (1) |
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Case History 7.1 Fermentation Products Identify a Meningeal Pathogen |
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205 | (1) |
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Insight Bacteria Remediate Oil Spills |
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206 | (1) |
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7.4 Respiration and Lithotrophy |
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207 | (1) |
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Electron Transport System And Proton Motive Force |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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Case History 7.2 Nitrite Poisons an Infant |
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211 | (1) |
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7.5 Photosynthesis and Carbon Fixation |
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212 | (1) |
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Photolysis: Light Absorption And Electron Transfer |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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Case History 7.3 Food Poisoned by Red Tide |
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214 | (1) |
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7.6 Biosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation |
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215 | (1) |
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Requirements For Biosynthesis |
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215 | (1) |
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Nitrogen Fixation And Ammonia Incorporation |
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216 | (2) |
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218 | (4) |
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8 Bacterial Genetics And Biotechnology |
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222 | (36) |
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Dental Biofilm Inflames The Gums |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (2) |
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Genomes Evolve And Change |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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Semiconservative Replication |
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228 | (1) |
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Initiation Of Dna Synthesis |
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228 | (1) |
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Elongation Of A Dna Strand |
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229 | (2) |
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Termination Of Dna Synthesis |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Plasmids In Biotechnology |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Case History 8.1 Sepsis by a Rare Strain |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification |
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240 | (1) |
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Case History 8.2 Spotting Surprise |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (2) |
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Insight Finding Tuberculosis Dna In A Drop Of Spit |
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242 | (2) |
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8.5 Transcription of DNA to RNA |
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244 | (1) |
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Gene Expression: An Overview |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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Biotechnology: Making Dna Copies Of Mrna |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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Structure Of Messenger Rna (Mrna) |
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247 | (1) |
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Translation By The Ribosome |
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247 | (2) |
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8.7 Regulation of Gene Expression |
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249 | (1) |
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Levels Of Gene Regulation |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (7) |
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254 | (45) |
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9 Bacterial Genomes And Evolution |
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258 | (30) |
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Diphtheria, Toxins, And Natural Disasters |
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259 | (1) |
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9.1 Gene Transfer, Recombination, and Mobile Genetic Elements |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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Dna Restriction And Modification |
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264 | (1) |
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Recombination Between Dna Helices |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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9.2 Origins and Evolution |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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Microbial Divergence And Phylogeny |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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The Three Domains Of Life |
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271 | (1) |
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Insight A Shower Curtain Biofilm |
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272 | (3) |
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275 | (1) |
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Case History 9.1 The Bacteria Kept Coming Back |
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275 | (1) |
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Fitness Depends On Environment |
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275 | (1) |
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Evolution Of Endosymbionts |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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Case History 9.2 A Pathogen Evolves in a Single Patient |
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277 | (1) |
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Annotating The Genome Sequence |
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278 | (1) |
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Homologs, Orthologs, And Paralogs |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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Classifying Microbial Species |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (3) |
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284 | (4) |
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288 | (30) |
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Poor Dental Care Comes Back To Bite |
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289 | (1) |
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10.1 Bacterial Diversity at a Glance |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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Evolution And Emergence Of New Species |
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292 | (1) |
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10.2 Gram-Positive Firmicutes and Actinobacteria |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (5) |
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Insight Belly Button Biodiversity |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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Evolution Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis |
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300 | (1) |
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Case History 10.1 Tuberculosis: "I'll Be Back" |
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300 | (2) |
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10.3 Gram-Negative Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes |
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302 | (1) |
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Enterobacteriaceae And Other Gram-Negative Rods |
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302 | (1) |
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Pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae |
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303 | (1) |
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Yersinia Pestis And The Evolution Of Flea-Borne Transmission |
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304 | (1) |
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Case History 10.2 Yersinia and Pseudoappendicitis |
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304 | (1) |
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Case History 10.3 Yersinia and the Plague |
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305 | (1) |
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Diverse Gram-Negative Pathogens |
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306 | (1) |
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Lithotrophs Eat Rock And Metals |
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307 | (1) |
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Intracellular Symbionts And Predators |
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307 | (1) |
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Bacteroidetes: Obligate Anaerobes |
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308 | (1) |
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10.4 Spirochetes: Twisted-Cell Pathogens and Symbionts |
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309 | (1) |
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Case History 10.4 A Vaginal Ulcer That Seemed to Heal |
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310 | (1) |
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Case History 10.5 An Arm Wound That Seemed to Heal |
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310 | (1) |
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10.5 Cyanobacteria Fix Carbon Dioxide and Produce Oxygen |
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311 | (1) |
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10.6 Chlamydias: Intracellular Pathogens |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (4) |
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11 Eukaryotic Microbes And Invertebrate Infectious Agents |
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318 | (32) |
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A Desert Sand Fly Parasite |
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319 | (1) |
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11.1 Eukaryotes: An Overview |
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320 | (1) |
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Reproduction Of Eukaryotic Cells |
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321 | (2) |
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Diversity Of Microbial Eukaryotes |
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323 | (2) |
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11.2 Fungi and Microsporidians |
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325 | (1) |
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Case History 11.1 Fungus Growing in the Lung |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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Insight Mold After Hurricane Katrina |
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328 | (2) |
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11.3 Algae and Amebas Are Environmental Protists |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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Algae Derived From Secondary Endosymbiosis |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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Case History 11.2 Spring Break Surprise |
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331 | (2) |
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Other Diseases Involving Amebas |
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333 | (1) |
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11.4 Alveolates: Predators, Phototrophs, and Parasites |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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11.5 Trypanosomes and Metamonads |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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11.6 Invertebrate Parasites: Helminths and Arthropods |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
|
Case History 11.3 Dotty's Itch |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (4) |
|
|
|
346 | (4) |
|
|
|
350 | (36) |
|
Virus From A Needle Stick |
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
History Of The Concept Of A Virus |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Viruses Replicate In Host Cells |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
|
355 | (4) |
|
12.2 Viral Genomes and Diversity |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Viral Diversity And Evolution |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Viral Classification: The Baltimore Model |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Insight Monkey Business And Deadly Viruses |
|
|
362 | (2) |
|
12.3 Virus Replication and Culture |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Bacteriophage Replication |
|
|
365 | (2) |
|
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
12.4 Papillomavirus: DNA Genome |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Case History 12.1 Genital Warts from a Virus |
|
|
369 | (3) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
12.5 Influenza Virus: RNA Genome |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Case History 12.2 An Influenza Pandemic Reaches College |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Influenza Virion Structure |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Influenza Replication Cycle |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
12.6 Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Reverse Transcription |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Case History 12.3 Lifelong Infection by a Retrovirus |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Retroviruses And The Human Genome |
|
|
379 | (3) |
|
|
|
382 | (4) |
|
13 Sterilization, Disinfection, And Antibiotic Therapy |
|
|
386 | (42) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
13.1 Basic Concepts of Sterilization and Disinfection |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Terms Used To Describe Antimicrobial Measures |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Sterilizing And Cidal Agents Kill Exponentially |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
13.2 Physical Agents That Kill Microbes |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
High Temperature And Pressure |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
13.3 Chemical Agents of Disinfection |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Measuring The Efficacy Of Disinfectants |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Bacterial Resistance To Disinfectants |
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
13.4 Basic Concepts of Antimicrobial Therapy |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Case History 13.1 Molly's Meningitis |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Antibiotics Exhibit Selective Toxicity |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Antimicrobials Have A Limited Spectrum Of Activity |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Antibiotics Are Classified As Bacteriostatic Or Bactericidal |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Minimal Inhibitory Concentration Reflects Antibiotic Efficacy |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
Determining Whether An Antibiotic Is Clinically Useful |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
13.5 Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Action |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Antibiotics That Target The Cell Wall |
|
|
403 | (3) |
|
Drugs That Target The Bacterial Membrane |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Drugs That Affect Dna Synthesis And Integrity |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Case History 13.2 When Time Is Critical |
|
|
406 | (2) |
|
|
|
408 | (2) |
|
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Case History 13.3 Treatment Meets Allergy |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Drugs That Affect The 30S Ribosomal Subunit |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Drugs That Affect The 50S Ribosomal Subunit |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
13.6 The Challenges of Antibiotic Resistance |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Case History 13.4 Boy Meets Drug-Resistant Pathogen |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
How Does Drug Resistance Develop? |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Insight Antibiotic Treatment Failures: It's Not Only Resistance |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Antiviral Agents That Prevent Virus Uncoating Or Release |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Case History 13.5 Infant Titus Fights the Flu |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Antiviral Dna And Rna Synthesis Inhibitors |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Case History 13.6 HIV: The Honeymoon Is Over |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Nucleoside And Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Case History 13.7 Blastomycosis |
|
|
419 | (3) |
|
|
|
422 | (6) |
|
Part III The Immune System |
|
|
|
14 Normal Human Microbiota: A Delicate Balance Of Power |
|
|
428 | (28) |
|
Case Of The Unsatisfactory Stool |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
14.1 Human Microbiota: Location and Shifting Composition |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
Insight Catching Crooks By Their Microbiomes |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Case History 14.1 Case of the Greasy Stool |
|
|
436 | (4) |
|
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
14.2 Benefits and Risks of a Microbiome |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
14.3 Keeping Microbiota in Their Place |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Case History 14.2 The Deadly "Hangover" |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
The Maternofetal (Placental) Barrier |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Case History 14.3 Born Infected |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
14.4 Microbiota-Host Communications |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
How The Microbiome Affects The Host |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
How The Host Affects The Microbiome |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Microbiome As Organ System? |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
14.5 Natural Biological Control of Microbiota |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Applications Of Probiotics |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Effects Of Disappearing Microbiota |
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
|
|
452 | (4) |
|
15 The Immune System: Inflammation And Innate Immunity |
|
|
456 | (32) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
15.1 Overview of the Immune System |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
The Two Forms Of Immunity: Innate And Adaptive |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Cells Of The Innate And Adaptive Immune Systems |
|
|
459 | (3) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
15.2 Innate Host Defenses: Keeping the Microbial Hordes at Bay |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Physical Barriers To Infection |
|
|
463 | (2) |
|
Chemical Barriers To Infection |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
15.3 The Acute Inflammatory Response |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Case History 15.1 A Case of Nonstick Neutrophils and Recurring Infections |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Signals Leading To Inflammation |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Vasoactive Factors, Cytokines, And The Extravasation Process |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
15.4 Phagocytosis: A Closer Look |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Recognizing Alien Cells And Particles |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Oxygen-Dependent And -Independent Killing Mechanisms |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
15.5 Interferon, Natural Killer Cells, and Toll-Like Receptors |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Toll-Like Receptors, Nod Proteins, And Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (Mamps) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Case History 15.2 An Immune Defect That Takes a Toll |
|
|
473 | (3) |
|
|
|
476 | (2) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Case History 15.3 A Little "Complement" Goes a Long Way |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Pathways Of Complement Activation |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Regulating Complement Activation |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
C-Reactive Protein And Complement |
|
|
481 | (7) |
|
|
|
482 | (36) |
|
16 The Immune System: Adaptive Immunity |
|
|
488 | (36) |
|
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
16.1 Adaptive Immunity: The Big Picture |
|
|
490 | (3) |
|
Overview Of Antibody-Dependent (Humoral) Immunity |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
Overview Of Cell-Mediated Immunity |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
16.2 Immunogenicity and Immune Specificity |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
Immunological Specificity |
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
16.3 Antibody Structure and Diversity |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Antibodies Have Constant And Variable Regions |
|
|
496 | (2) |
|
Antibody Isotypes, Allotypes, And Idiotypes |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Antibody Isotype Functions And "Super" Structures |
|
|
498 | (2) |
|
16.4 Humoral Immunity: Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
The Secondary Response Is The Basis Of Immunization |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
Differentiation Into Plasma Cells Occurs By Clonal Selection |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
T-Cell-Dependent Versus - Independent Antibody Production |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
Generating Antibody Diversity |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Insight Building An Antibody: The Full Story |
|
|
504 | (2) |
|
16.5 T Cells: The Link between Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
T-Cell Activation Requires Antigen Presentation |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
Two Paths For Antigen Processing And Presentation |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
T-Cell Education And Deletion |
|
|
507 | (3) |
|
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Case History 16.1 Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
T-Cell Receptor Structure And Function |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Activation Of Th0 Helper Cells |
|
|
510 | (2) |
|
Activated Helper T Cell Meets B Cell |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
Case History 16.2 Hyper IgM Syndrome |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
The Secondary Antibody Response |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
16.7 Cell-Mediated Immunity |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
Case History 16.3 The Run-Down Mechanic |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
Th1 Cells Activate Cytotoxic T Cells |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
The Influence Of Cytokines On The Immune Response |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
Superantigens Cross-Link Mhc II And Tcr |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
Microbial Evasion Of Adaptive Immunity |
|
|
516 | (2) |
|
|
|
518 | (6) |
|
17 Immune Disorders, Tools, And Vaccines |
|
|
524 | (42) |
|
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
17.1 Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
17.2 Immune Surveillance and the Cancers of Lymphoid Tissues |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
Plasma Cell Neoplasms (Multiple Myeloma) |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Case History 17.1 Sting of Fear: Type I Hypersensitivity |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Stages Of Type I Hypersensitivity |
|
|
532 | (3) |
|
Case History 17.2 Transfusion Confusion: Type II Hypersensitivity |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Stages Of Type 11 Hypersensitivity |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Case History 17.3 The Hives Have It: Type III Hypersensitivity |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
Case History 17.4 TB or Not TB? Type IV Hypersensitivity |
|
|
537 | (2) |
|
17.4 Autoimmunity and Organ Transplants |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Insight Let Them Eat Dirt! The Hygiene Hypothesis And Allergies |
|
|
540 | (2) |
|
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
Case History 17.5 Rash of a "Butterfly" |
|
|
542 | (2) |
|
Organ Donation And Transplantation Rejection |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Immunoprecipitation And Radial Immunodiffusion |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Elisa) |
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
Immunofluorescence Microscopy |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
Immunoblots (Western Blots) |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Flow Cytometry Versus Facs |
|
|
550 | (3) |
|
17.6 Vaccines and Immunization |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Requirements Of An Effective Vaccine |
|
|
553 | (4) |
|
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
|
558 | (2) |
|
|
|
560 | (6) |
|
Part IV Infectious Diseases |
|
|
|
18 Microbial Pathogenesis |
|
|
566 | (38) |
|
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
18.1 The Tools and Toolkits of Bacterial Pathogens |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
Pathogen Evolution Through Horizontal Gene Transmission |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
18.2 Microbial Attachment |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Insight Neisseria Meningitidis: Training Single-Cell Infiltrators |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
18.3 Toxins: A Means to Seduce, Hijack, or Kill Host Cells |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Case History 18.1 The Telltale Cough |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
575 | (7) |
|
Only Gram-Negative Bacteria Make Endotoxin (Lps) |
|
|
582 | (2) |
|
18.4 Secretion of Virulence Proteins |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
Type II Secretion Systems Are Pistons |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
Type III Secretion Is a Syringe |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
Type IV Secretion Resembles Conjugation Systems |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
18.5 Surviving within the Host |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
Case History 18.2 A Threatened Fetus |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
Extracellular Immune Avoidance |
|
|
587 | (3) |
|
Salmonella: A Model Of Bacterial Pathogenesis |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
Rhinovirus Versus Influenza Virus |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
Case History 18.3 Sex, Warts, and Cancer |
|
|
593 | (2) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
18.7 Protozoan Pathogenesis |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
|
596 | (2) |
|
|
|
598 | (6) |
|
19 Infections Of The Skin And Eye |
|
|
604 | (40) |
|
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
19.1 Anatomy of the Skin and Eye |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
19.2 Viral Infections of the Skin |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Viruses That Produce Macular Rashes |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Case History 19.1 Moyo's Macular Rash |
|
|
609 | (5) |
|
Viruses That Produce Papular And Pustular Rashes |
|
|
614 | (4) |
|
19.3 Bacterial Infections of the Skin |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
Staphylococcal Skin Infections |
|
|
618 | (4) |
|
Case History 19.2 Leili's Crusted Lip |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
Streptococcal Skin Infections |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
Case History 19.3 The Voracious Bacteria |
|
|
623 | (3) |
|
19.4 Fungal Infections of the Skin |
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
19.5 Skin Infections of Special Circumstance |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
Case History 19.4 Shot In The Black Hills Of South Dakota |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
Insight Of Skin And Wounds And Diabetes |
|
|
630 | (2) |
|
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
Fungal And Parasitic Eye Infections |
|
|
634 | (4) |
|
|
|
638 | (6) |
|
20 Infections Of The Respiratory Tract |
|
|
644 | (36) |
|
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
20.1 Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract |
|
|
646 | (2) |
|
20.2 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Upper Respiratory Tract Viral Infections |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Case History 20.1 Jacob's Runny Nose |
|
|
648 | (2) |
|
Lower Respiratory Tract Viral Infections |
|
|
650 | (2) |
|
Insight The Search For A Universal Flu Shot |
|
|
652 | (3) |
|
20.3 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Upper Respiratory Tract Bacterial Infections |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Case History 20.2 A Big Pain in a Little Ear |
|
|
655 | (4) |
|
Case History 20.3 The Contagious Football Player with GAS |
|
|
659 | (3) |
|
Reemerging Upper Respiratory Tract Infections |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
Case History 20.4 The "Bull Neck" |
|
|
662 | (2) |
|
Lower Respiratory Tract Bacterial Infections |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
Case History 20.5 Night Sweats in a Nursing Home |
|
|
665 | (5) |
|
Pneumonia Caused By Select Agents |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
20.4 Fungal and Parasitic Infections of the Respiratory Tract |
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
Case History 20.6 A Boxer's Fight To Survive |
|
|
671 | (5) |
|
|
|
676 | (4) |
|
|
|
680 | (40) |
|
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
21.1 Anatomy of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
|
|
682 | (2) |
|
Anatomy Of The Circulation |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
General Aspects Of Systemic Infections |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
21.2 Systemic Viral Infections |
|
|
686 | (2) |
|
Infectious Mononucleosis: The "Kissing Disease" |
|
|
688 | (2) |
|
Cancers Associated With Epstein-Barr Virus |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
Cytomegalovirus Infections |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
Other Systemic Viral Diseases |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
Viral Infections Of The Heart |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
21.3 Systemic Bacterial Infections |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
Insight Transfusion-Associated Infections |
|
|
694 | (2) |
|
Systemic Infections Involving Multiple Organs |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Case History 21.1 Prairie Dogs Are Not Good Companions |
|
|
696 | (3) |
|
Case History 21.2 Bull's-Eye Rash |
|
|
699 | (2) |
|
Systemic Infections Caused By Intracellular Pathogens |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
21.4 Bacterial Infections of the Heart |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
Bacterial Endocarditis (Infectious Endocarditis) |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
Case History 21.3 Dental Procedure Leads to "Heartache" |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
Atherosclerosis And Coronary Artery Disease |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
21.5 Systemic Parasitic Infections |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
|
|
705 | (3) |
|
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Chagas' Disease And The Reduviid Bug |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
|
|
709 | (2) |
|
Leishmaniasis And The Sand Fly |
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
Lymphatic Filariasis And Filarial Worms |
|
|
712 | (4) |
|
|
|
716 | (4) |
|
22 Infections Of The Digestive System |
|
|
720 | (48) |
|
Dehydration: A Toddler's Plight |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
22.1 Anatomy of the Digestive System |
|
|
722 | (3) |
|
22.2 Infections of the Oral Cavity |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
Gingivitis And Periodontal Disease |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
22.3 Gastrointestinal Syndromes |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
Signs And Symptoms Of Hepatitis |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
22.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
Case History 22.1 "Hurling" in Hawaii |
|
|
730 | (3) |
|
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
22.5 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
Case History 22.2 It's Not What You Eat |
|
|
734 | (3) |
|
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
Intestinal Diseases Caused By Gram-Negative Bacteria |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
Case History 22.3 Field Trip Diarrhea |
|
|
739 | (8) |
|
Intestinal Diseases Caused By Gram-Positive Bacteria |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
Case History 22.4 Premature Arrival |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
Insight Fecal Transplant (Bacteriotherapy) |
|
|
748 | (3) |
|
22.6 Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
Protozoan Infections Of The Digestive System |
|
|
751 | (4) |
|
Helminthic Infections Of The Digestive System |
|
|
755 | (1) |
|
Case History 22.5 Worming Through |
|
|
755 | (9) |
|
|
|
764 | (4) |
|
23 Infections Of The Urinary And Reproductive Tracts |
|
|
768 | (38) |
|
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
23.1 Anatomy of the Urinary Tract |
|
|
770 | (3) |
|
23.2 Urinary Tract Infections |
|
|
773 | (1) |
|
Pathogenesis Of Urinary Tract Infections |
|
|
773 | (1) |
|
Insight Recurrent Utis: The "Hide And Seek" Strategy Of Uropathogens |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
Bacterial Infections Of The Urinary Tract |
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
Case History 23.1 When It Hurts to Pee |
|
|
776 | (3) |
|
23.3 Anatomy of the Reproductive Tract |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
Female Reproductive System |
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
23.4 Sexually Transmitted Infections of the Reproductive Tract |
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
Viral Infections Of The Reproductive System |
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
Case History 23.2 Freeze What? |
|
|
781 | (5) |
|
Bacterial And Protozoan Infections Of The Reproductive Tract |
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
Case History 23.3 The Great Imitator |
|
|
786 | (5) |
|
Case History 23.4 Symptom: Urethral Discharge |
|
|
791 | (4) |
|
23.5 Non-Sexually Transmitted Infections of the Reproductive Tract |
|
|
795 | (2) |
|
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
|
|
798 | (4) |
|
|
|
802 | (4) |
|
24 Infections Of The Central Nervous System |
|
|
806 | (36) |
|
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
24.1 Anatomy of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
808 | (3) |
|
24.2 Overview of the Infectious Diseases of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
811 | (2) |
|
24.3 Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
Insight Why Does Only Half Of My Forehead Wrinkle? |
|
|
814 | (4) |
|
Case History 24.1 Death on Golden Pond |
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
|
|
819 | (1) |
|
|
|
820 | (2) |
|
24.4 Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
822 | (1) |
|
|
|
822 | (2) |
|
Case History 24.2 The Purple Rash |
|
|
824 | (2) |
|
Bacterial Neurotoxins That Cause Paralysis |
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
Case History 24.3 Botulism---The Vicious Green Beans |
|
|
826 | (3) |
|
24.5 Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
24.6 Parasitic and Prion Infections of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
|
|
831 | (1) |
|
|
|
832 | (4) |
|
|
|
836 | (6) |
|
Part V Epidemiology and Biotechnology |
|
|
|
25 Diagnostic Clinical Microbiology |
|
|
842 | (36) |
|
Dazed And Confused In New Jersey |
|
|
843 | (1) |
|
25.1 The Importance of Clinical Microbiology |
|
|
844 | (1) |
|
|
|
845 | (2) |
|
Case History 25.1 A Literal Pain in the Rectum |
|
|
847 | (1) |
|
Samples From Sterile Body Sites |
|
|
847 | (3) |
|
Collections From Sites With Normal Microbiota |
|
|
850 | (1) |
|
Handling Biological Specimens |
|
|
851 | (1) |
|
Case History 25.2 Microbe Hunter Infects Self |
|
|
851 | (1) |
|
25.3 Pathogen Identification Using Biochemical Profiles |
|
|
852 | (1) |
|
Case History 25.3 Medical Detective Work |
|
|
852 | (1) |
|
Problem-Solving Algorithms To Identify Bacteria |
|
|
853 | (7) |
|
25.4 Pathogen Identification by Genetic Fingerprinting |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
|
|
860 | (2) |
|
Case History 25.4 Tracking a Slow-Growing Pathogen |
|
|
862 | (1) |
|
|
|
862 | (1) |
|
|
|
862 | (1) |
|
Case History 25.5 A Stiff Neck and a Stealthy Mosquito |
|
|
862 | (3) |
|
25.5 Pathogen Identification by Serology, Antigenic Footprints, and Other Immunological Methods |
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
Case History 25.6 Bloody Death in West Africa |
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
Fluorescent Antibody Staining |
|
|
866 | (1) |
|
Other Procedures For Identifying Pathogens |
|
|
866 | (1) |
|
25.6 Point-of-Care Rapid Diagnostics |
|
|
867 | (1) |
|
Sensitivity And Specificity Of Diagnostic Assays |
|
|
867 | (1) |
|
|
|
868 | (2) |
|
Insight Using Lab-On-A-Chip To Detect Pathogens |
|
|
870 | (2) |
|
|
|
872 | (6) |
|
26 Epidemiology: Tracking Infectious Diseases |
|
|
878 | (28) |
|
Case Of The "Killer" Sprouts |
|
|
879 | (1) |
|
26.1 Principles and Tools of Epidemiology |
|
|
880 | (1) |
|
John Snow (1813--1858), Father Of Epidemiology |
|
|
880 | (1) |
|
|
|
881 | (1) |
|
Endemic, Epidemic, Or Pandemic? |
|
|
882 | (1) |
|
Disease Prevalence Versus Incidence |
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
26.2 Tracking Hospital-Acquired Infections |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
Case History 26.1 Death by Negligence |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
Ignaz Semmelweis, "Savior Of Mothers" |
|
|
886 | (1) |
|
Identifying The Source Of Hospital-Acquired Infections |
|
|
887 | (1) |
|
Infection Control Measures |
|
|
887 | (1) |
|
"Daisy Chain" Nosocomial Infections |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
26.3 Tracking Global Disease Trends |
|
|
889 | (1) |
|
Local Physician Notification Of Health Organizations |
|
|
889 | (1) |
|
|
|
889 | (2) |
|
Obstacles To Global Surveillance |
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
Do-It-Yourself, Online Epidemiology Research |
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
26.4 Detecting Emerging Microbial Diseases |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
Sars: An Epidemiological Success Story |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
Case History 26.2 The Stowaway |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
Genomic Strategies To Identify Nonculturable Pathogens |
|
|
893 | (1) |
|
Case History 26.3 Curious Case of the 6-Year Diarrhea |
|
|
893 | (1) |
|
Technology's Influence Over The Emergence And Spread Of Infectious Agents |
|
|
893 | (2) |
|
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
Hiv Influences Reemerging Diseases |
|
|
896 | (1) |
|
Ecology And Climate Influence Pathogens' Epidemiology And Evolution |
|
|
896 | (1) |
|
Case History 26.4 It Started in Henan |
|
|
896 | (2) |
|
26.5 Bioterrorism and Biodefense |
|
|
898 | (2) |
|
Insight What's Blowing In The Wind? Quick Pathogen Detection Systems Guard Against Bioterrorism |
|
|
900 | (2) |
|
|
|
902 | (4) |
|
27 Environmental And Food Microbiology |
|
|
906 | (1) |
|
|
|
907 | (1) |
|
27.1 Microbes in Ecosystems |
|
|
908 | (1) |
|
Microbes Fill Unique Niches In Ecosystems |
|
|
909 | (1) |
|
Carbon Assimilation And Dissimilation: The Food Web |
|
|
909 | (1) |
|
Environmental Limiting Factors |
|
|
910 | (1) |
|
|
|
911 | (1) |
|
|
|
911 | (1) |
|
|
|
912 | (1) |
|
|
|
913 | (1) |
|
|
|
914 | (1) |
|
Case History 27.1 Desert Kidneys: A Constructed Wetland |
|
|
914 | (2) |
|
27.2 Microbial Symbiosis with Animals |
|
|
916 | (1) |
|
|
|
917 | (1) |
|
Animals Host Microbial Digestive Communities |
|
|
917 | (1) |
|
Diseases Of Animals And Humans |
|
|
918 | (1) |
|
27.3 Fermented Foods and Beverages |
|
|
919 | (1) |
|
Insight Chocolate: The Mystery Fermentation |
|
|
920 | (2) |
|
|
|
922 | (1) |
|
|
|
922 | (1) |
|
|
|
923 | (1) |
|
|
|
924 | (1) |
|
27.4 Food Spoilage and Preservation |
|
|
925 | (1) |
|
Food Spoilage And Food Contamination |
|
|
925 | (1) |
|
|
|
926 | (1) |
|
Pathogens Contaminate Food |
|
|
926 | (2) |
|
Case History 27.2 Peanut Cracker Surprise |
|
|
928 | (1) |
|
|
|
929 | (1) |
|
27.5 Wastewater Treatment |
|
|
930 | (1) |
|
|
|
930 | (1) |
|
|
|
930 | (3) |
|
27.6 Biogeochemical Cycles |
|
|
933 | (1) |
|
Cycles Of Elements For Life |
|
|
933 | (1) |
|
|
|
934 | (1) |
|
Oxygen Interacts With The Carbon Cycle |
|
|
934 | (1) |
|
|
|
935 | (3) |
|
|
|
938 | |
| Appendix 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements |
|
1 | (1) |
| Appendix 2 Metabolic Pathways |
|
2 | (6) |
| Appendix 3 Structures of Antibiotics and Disinfectants |
|
8 | |
| Answers to Objectives Review and Clinical Correlation Questions |
|
1 | (1) |
| Glossary |
|
1 | (1) |
| Credits |
|
1 | (1) |
| Index |
|
1 | |
