| About the Authors |
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xvii | |
| Preface |
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xix | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxxiii | |
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Part I Fundamentals of Microbiology and Infectious Disease |
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1 | (183) |
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1 Microbes Shape Our History |
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2 | (1) |
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Half a Lung Is Better than None |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1 From Germ to Genome: What Is a Microbe? |
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4 | (1) |
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A Microbe Is a Microscopic Organism |
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4 | (1) |
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Different Kinds of Microbes |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2 Microbes Shape Human History |
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6 | (1) |
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Microbial Diseases Devastate Human Populations |
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6 | (4) |
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Microscopes Reveal the Microbial World |
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10 | (1) |
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Spontaneous Generation: Do Microbes Have Parents? |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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1.3 Medical Microbiology and Immunology |
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13 | (1) |
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Linking Infectious Disease with Mortality |
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13 | (1) |
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Growth of Microbes in Pure Culture |
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14 | (1) |
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Case History 1.1 Sickened by Dead Cattle |
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14 | (2) |
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Impact Tuberculosis: From Mummies to Multidrug Resistance |
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16 | (1) |
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Koch's Postulates Link a Pathogen with a Disease |
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17 | (1) |
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Immunization Prevents Disease |
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18 | (2) |
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Antiseptics and Antibiotics Control Pathogens |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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1.4 Microbes in Our Environment |
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22 | (1) |
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Microbes Support Natural Ecosystems |
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22 | (1) |
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Animals and Plants Evolved through Endosymbiosis |
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23 | (1) |
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New Microbes Continue to Emerge |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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The Discovery of the Structure of DNA |
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25 | (1) |
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Microbial Discoveries Transform Medicine and Industry |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (2) |
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2 Basic Concepts Of Infectious Disease |
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30 | (30) |
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31 | (1) |
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2.1 Normal Microbiota versus Pathogens |
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32 | (2) |
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The Lingo of Pathogenesis |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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2.2 Basic Concepts of Disease |
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37 | (1) |
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Signs, Symptoms, and Sequelae |
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37 | (1) |
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Stages of an Infectious Disease |
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38 | (1) |
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2.3 Infection Cycles and Disease Transmission |
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39 | (1) |
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Case History 2.1 A Hike, a Tick, and a Telltale Rash |
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39 | (1) |
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The Crucial Art of Diagnosing Infectious Disease How Do Health Care Providers Determine What Ails You? |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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Endemic, Epidemic, or Pandemic? |
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45 | (1) |
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Case History 2.2 The Third Pandemic |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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2.4 Disease Portals and Biosafety |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Biosafety and Universal Precautions |
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48 | (1) |
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Case History 2.3 Risky Business in the Lab |
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48 | (4) |
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2.5 Host Factors in Disease |
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52 | (2) |
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Impact Unintended Consequences: Rebirth of Tuberculosis Follows Death of the Aral Sea |
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54 | (1) |
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2.6 Global Change and Emerging Infectious Diseases |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (26) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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Case History 3.1 Bacteria Invade the Brain |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (3) |
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Microscopy for Different Size Scales |
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67 | (1) |
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3.2 Optics and Properties of Light |
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68 | (1) |
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Light Carries Information |
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68 | (1) |
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Light Interacts with an Object |
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69 | (1) |
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Refraction Enables Magnification |
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69 | (1) |
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Magnification and Resolution |
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70 | (1) |
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3.3 Bright-Field Microscopy |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Case History 3.2 400,000 Sickened by Parasite |
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74 | (1) |
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Different Kinds of Stains |
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75 | (1) |
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Impact The CellScope: A Cell Phone Microscope |
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76 | (1) |
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Gram Staining Distinguishes Two Classes of Bacteria |
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77 | (1) |
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Other Differential Stains |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Dark-Field Observation Detects Unresolved Objects |
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79 | (1) |
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Phase-Contrast Microscopy |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Case History 3.3 From Hot Tub to Hospital |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (2) |
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14 Living Chemistry: From Atoms To Cells |
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86 | (30) |
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Lethal Chemistry from a Waterborne Pathogen |
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87 | (2) |
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4.1 Elements, Bonding, and Water |
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89 | (1) |
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Chemical Bonds Form Molecules |
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90 | (2) |
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Water Is the Solvent of Life |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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4.3 Nucleic Acids and Proteins |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (3) |
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4.4 Biochemical Reactions |
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102 | (1) |
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Energy Change Powers Life |
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103 | (1) |
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Free Energy Change and Chemical Equilibrium |
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103 | (1) |
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Activation Energy and the Rate of Reaction |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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4.5 Membranes and Transport |
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106 | (1) |
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Membranes Consist of Lipids and Proteins |
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106 | (2) |
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Membranes Are Selectively Permeable |
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108 | (1) |
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Transport across Cell Membranes |
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109 | (1) |
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Impact Oral Rehydration Therapy: A Miracle Cure |
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110 | (1) |
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4.6 Endocytosis and Phagocytosis |
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111 | (1) |
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Case History 4.1 Chicken Surprise |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (2) |
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5 Cell Biology Of Bacteria A And Eukaryotes |
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116 | (34) |
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117 | (1) |
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5.1 The Bacterial Cell: An Overview |
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118 | (1) |
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A Model of the Bacterial Cell |
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119 | (3) |
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Biochemical Composition of Bacteria |
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122 | (1) |
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5.2 Bacterial Membranes and Transport |
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123 | (1) |
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Bacterial Membrane Proteins |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (2) |
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5.3 The Bacterial Cell Wall and Outer Layers |
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126 | (1) |
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The Cell Wall Is a Single Molecule |
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127 | (1) |
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Impact Vancomycin: The Gift of Soil Bacteria |
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128 | (1) |
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Peptidoglycan Synthesis as a Target for Antibiotics |
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129 | (1) |
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Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Outer Layers |
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130 | (2) |
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The Mycobacterial Envelope |
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132 | (1) |
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Case History 5.1 A Rash Reveals an Ancient Disease |
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132 | (2) |
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5.4 The Nucleoid and Bacterial Cell Division |
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134 | (1) |
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Bacterial DNA Is Organized in a Nucleoid |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Case History 5.2 Deadly Infection Acquired from a Hospital |
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136 | (1) |
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5.5 Specialized Structures of Bacteria |
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137 | (1) |
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Pili and Stalks Enable Attachment |
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137 | (1) |
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Rotary Flagella Enable Motility and Chemotaxis |
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137 | (2) |
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Bacterial Structures for Different Habitats |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Organelles of the Eukaryotic Cell |
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140 | (2) |
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The Nucleus of a Eukaryote Organizes DNA |
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142 | (1) |
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Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Yield Energy |
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143 | (1) |
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The Cytoskeleton Maintains Shape |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (3) |
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148 | (2) |
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6 Bacterial Growth, Nutrition, And Differentiation |
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150 | (34) |
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Metabolic Fingerprints of a Brain Pathogen |
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151 | (1) |
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6.1 Culturing and Counting Bacteria |
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152 | (1) |
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Growing Bacteria in Culture Media |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Growth in Complex and Synthetic Media |
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154 | (1) |
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Selective and Differential Media |
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154 | (1) |
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Case History 6.1 Differential Medium: Finding the Infectious Needle in the Haystack |
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155 | (1) |
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Case History 6.2 Urine Cultures (Where Numbers Count) |
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155 | (1) |
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Distinguishing the Living from the Dead |
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156 | (1) |
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"Proof of Life" (Viable Counts) |
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157 | (1) |
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See the Light (Optical Density) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Nutrients and Environmental Niches |
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161 | (1) |
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Obtaining Carbon: Autotrophy and Heterotrophy |
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162 | (2) |
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Capturing Energy: Phototrophy and Chemotrophy |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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6.4 Environmental Limits on Microbial Growth |
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166 | (1) |
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Variations in Temperature |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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Water Availability and Salt Concentration |
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168 | (1) |
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Microbial Responses to Changes in pH |
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169 | (1) |
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Neutralophiles, Acidophiles, and Alkaliphiles |
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170 | (1) |
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pH Homeostasis Mechanisms |
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171 | (1) |
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Impact Can Pathogens Sense a Host? |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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Case History 6.3 Attack of the Anaerobe |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (1) |
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6.6 Microbial Communities and Cell Differentiation |
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176 | (1) |
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Case History 6.4 Death by Biofilm |
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176 | (1) |
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Biofilms: Multicellular Microbes? |
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176 | (1) |
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Endospores: Time Capsules for Bacteria |
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177 | (3) |
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180 | (4) |
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Part II Essential Biology and Control of Infectious Agents |
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184 | (28) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Energy and Entropy for Living Cells |
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186 | (1) |
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Metabolic Reactions That Yield Energy |
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187 | (1) |
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Enzymes Control Reactions |
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188 | (1) |
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7.2 Catabolism: The Microbial Buffet |
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189 | (1) |
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Energy Carriers: ATP and NADH |
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189 | (3) |
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7.3 Glucose Catabolism, Fermentation, and the TCA Cycle |
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192 | (1) |
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Glycolysis: From Glucose to Pyruvate |
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192 | (1) |
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Alternatives for Sugar Catabolism |
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193 | (2) |
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Fermentation Completes Catabolism |
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195 | (1) |
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Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: Transferring All Electrons to NADH |
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196 | (1) |
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Other Functions of Citrate and Oxaloacetate |
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197 | (1) |
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Case History 7.1 Fermentation Products Identify a Meningeal Pathogen |
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197 | (1) |
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Impact Bacteria Remediate Oil Spills |
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198 | (1) |
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7.4 Respiration and Lithotrophy |
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199 | (1) |
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Electron Transport System and Proton Motive Force |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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Case History 7.2 Nitrite Poisons an Infant |
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203 | (1) |
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7.5 Photosynthesis and Carbon Fixation |
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204 | (1) |
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Photolysis: Light Absorption and Electron Transfer |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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Case History 7.3 Food Poisoned by Red Tide |
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206 | (1) |
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7.6 Biosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation |
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207 | (1) |
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Requirements for Biosynthesis |
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207 | (1) |
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Nitrogen Fixation and Ammonia Incorporation |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (2) |
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8 Bacterial Genetics I And Biotechnology |
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212 | (34) |
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Dental Biofilm Inflames the Gums |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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Case History 8.1 An ESKAPE Pathogen Escapes Antibiotics |
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216 | (1) |
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Genome Structural Diversity |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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Semiconservative Replication |
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218 | (1) |
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Initiation of DNA Synthesis |
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218 | (1) |
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Elongation of a DNA Strand |
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219 | (2) |
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Termination of DNA Synthesis |
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221 | (1) |
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8.3 Gene Expression: From DNA to RNA and Protein |
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222 | (1) |
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Gene Expression: An Overview |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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Translation by the Ribosome |
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224 | (3) |
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8.4 Regulation of Gene Expression |
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227 | (1) |
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Levels of Gene Regulation |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (3) |
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231 | (1) |
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Case History 8.2 Sepsis by a Rare Strain |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Plasmids in Biotechnology |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification |
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239 | (1) |
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Case History 8.3 Spotting Surprise |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (2) |
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Impact Finding Tuberculosis DNA in a Drop of Spit |
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242 | (2) |
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244 | (2) |
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9 Bacterial Genomes And Evolution |
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246 | (30) |
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Diphtheria, Toxins, and Natural Disasters |
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247 | (1) |
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9.1 Bacterial Gene Transfers |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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DNA Restriction and Modification |
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253 | (1) |
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Recombination between DNA Helices |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (2) |
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9.2 Origins and Evolution |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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Microbial Divergence and Phylogeny |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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The Three Domains of Life |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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Impact What's That Lurking in My Shower? |
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262 | (2) |
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Case History 9.1 The Bacteria Kept Coming Back: Persistent Pathogen |
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264 | (1) |
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Fitness Depends on Environment |
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264 | (1) |
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Evolution of Endosymbionts: The Guests That Never Leave |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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Case History 9.2 Tracking a "Patchwork Quilt" Pathogen |
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266 | (1) |
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Annotating the Genome Sequence |
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267 | (1) |
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Exposing Evolutionary Connections |
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267 | (3) |
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270 | (1) |
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Classifying Microbial Species |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (3) |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (30) |
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"You Should See the Other Guy!" |
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277 | (1) |
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10.1 Bacterial Diversity: A Quick Glimpse |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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Evolution: Past and Future |
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280 | (2) |
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10.2 Gram-Positive Phyla: Firmicutes and Actinobacteria |
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282 | (1) |
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Phylum Firmicutes: Rods, Spheres, and Endospores |
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282 | (5) |
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Phylum Actinobacteria: Branching Bacteria |
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287 | (1) |
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Impact Contemplating Your Navel |
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288 | (2) |
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Evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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290 | (1) |
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Case History 10.1 Tuberculosis: "I'll Be Back" |
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290 | (1) |
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10.3 Gram-Negative Phyla: Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes |
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291 | (1) |
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Phylum Proteobacteria: A Diverse Superphylum |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (2) |
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Yersinia pestis and the Evolution of Flea-Borne Transmission |
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294 | (1) |
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Case History 10.2 Pseudoappendicitis |
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294 | (1) |
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Case History 10.3 The Plague |
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294 | (1) |
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Other Pathogenic Proteobacteria |
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295 | (1) |
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Lithotrophic Proteobacteria Eat Rock and Metals |
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296 | (1) |
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Intracellular Symbionts and Predators |
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297 | (1) |
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Phylum Bacteroidetes: Obligate Anaerobes |
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298 | (1) |
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10.4 Phylum Spirochaetes: Twisted-Cell Pathogens and Symbionts |
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299 | (1) |
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Case History 10.4 A Vaginal Ulcer That Seemed to Heal |
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300 | (1) |
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Case History 10.5 An Arm Wound That Seemed to Heal |
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300 | (1) |
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10.5 Phyla Cyanobacteria and Chlamydiae |
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301 | (1) |
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Phylum Cyanobacteria: CO2 Fixers and O2 Producers |
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301 | (1) |
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Phylum Chlamydiae: Intracellular Pathogens |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (2) |
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11 Eukaryotic Microbes And Invertebrate Infectious Agents |
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306 | (30) |
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A Desert Sand Fly Parasite |
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307 | (1) |
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11.1 Eukaryotes: An Overview |
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308 | (1) |
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Reproduction of Eukaryotic Cells |
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309 | (2) |
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Diversity of Microbial Eukaryotes |
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311 | (2) |
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11.2 Fungi and Microsporidians |
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313 | (1) |
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Yeasts Are Single-Celled Fungi |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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Case History 11.1 Fungus Growing in the Lung |
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314 | (2) |
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Impact Mold after Hurricane Katrina |
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316 | (2) |
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11.3 Protozoa: From Amebas to Trypanosomes |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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Case History 11.2 Spring Break Surprise |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (2) |
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Trypanosomes and Metamonads |
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324 | (1) |
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11.4 Algae and Dinoflagellates |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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Algae Derived from Secondary Endosymbiosis |
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326 | (1) |
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11.5 Invertebrate Parasites: Helminths and Arthropods |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Case History 11.3 Dotty's Itch |
|
|
328 | (3) |
|
|
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331 | (3) |
|
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
|
|
336 | (34) |
|
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
12.1 Virus Infection and Viral Genomes |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
History of the Virus Concept |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
How Did Viruses Originate? |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Viruses Replicate in Host Cells |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
12.2 Virus Structure and Diversity |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Virus Structure: Capsid and Envelope |
|
|
344 | (2) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (2) |
|
Viral Diversity and Evolution |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
12.3 Virus Replication and Culture |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Bacteriophage Replication |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Impact Monkey Business and Deadly Viruses |
|
|
350 | (3) |
|
|
|
353 | (2) |
|
12.4 Papillomavirus: DNA Genome |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Case History 12.1 Genital Warts from a Virus |
|
|
355 | (3) |
|
Viruses That Cause Cancer |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
12.5 Influenza Virus: RNA Genome |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Case History 12.2 An Influenza Pandemic Reaches College |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Influenza Virion Structure |
|
|
359 | (2) |
|
Influenza Replication Cycle |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
12.6 Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Reverse Transcription |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Case History 12.3 Lifelong Infection by a Retrovirus |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
|
|
365 | (2) |
|
Retroviruses and the Human Genome |
|
|
367 | (3) |
|
13 Sterilization, Disinfection, And Antibiotic Therapy |
|
|
370 | (42) |
|
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
13.1 Concepts of Sterilization and Disinfection |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Terms Used to Describe Antimicrobial Measures |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Sterilizing and Cidal Agents Kill Exponentially |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
13.2 Physical Agents That Kill Microbes |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
High Temperature and Pressure |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
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|
374 | (1) |
|
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
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|
375 | (1) |
|
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
13.3 Chemical Agents of Disinfection |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Measuring the Efficacy of Disinfectants |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
378 | (2) |
|
Bacterial Resistance to Disinfectants |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
13.4 Concepts of Antibiotic Therapy |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Case History 13.1 Molly's Meningitis |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Antibiotics Exhibit Selective Toxicity |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Antimicrobial Spectrum of Activity |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Antibiotics |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
Determining Whether an Antibiotic Is Clinically Useful |
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
13.5 Antibacterial Agents |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Antibiotics That Target the Cell Wall |
|
|
386 | (3) |
|
Drugs That Target the Bacterial Membrane |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Drugs That Affect DNA Replication and Integrity |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Case History 13.2 When Time Is Critical |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Case History 13.3 Treatment Meets Allergy |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Drugs That Affect Intermediary Metabolism |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
13.6 The Challenges of Antibiotic Resistance |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Case History 13.4 Boy Meets Drug-Resistant Pathogen |
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
How Does Drug Resistance Develop? |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Impact Antibiotic Treatment Failures: It's Not Only Resistance |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Agents That Prevent Virus Uncoating or Release |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Case History 13.5 Baby Phil Fights the Flu |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
Antiviral DNA and RNA Synthesis Inhibitors |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Case History 13.6 HIV: When Life Gets Real |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Nucleoside and Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Viral Protease Inhibitors |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
HIV Treatment Regimens and HIV Controllers |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
13.8 Antifungal and Antiprotozoal Agents |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Case History 13.7 Blastomycosis |
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
|
|
406 | (2) |
|
|
|
408 | (4) |
|
Part III The Immune System |
|
|
|
14 Normal Human Microbiota: A Delicate Balance Of Power |
|
|
412 | (26) |
|
Case of the Unsatisfactory Stool |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
14.1 Human Microbiota: Location and Shifting Composition |
|
|
414 | (2) |
|
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Impact Catching Crooks by Their Microbiomes |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Case History 14.1 Case of the Greasy Stool |
|
|
420 | (3) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
14.2 Benefits and Risks of a Microbiome |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
14.3 Keeping Microbiota in Their Place |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Case History 14.2 The Deadly "Hangover" |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
The Maternofetal (Placental) Barrier |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Case History 14.3 Born Infected |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
14.4 Microbiome-Host Communications |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Does the Microbiome Talk to Itself? |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
How Does the Microbiome Influence Its Host? |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
How Does the Host Influence the Microbiome? |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Microbiome as Organ System? |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
14.5 Natural Biological Control of Microbiota |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Microbiome Therapy: Probiotics, Fecal Transplants, and Phage |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Impact of a Disappearing Microbiome |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
|
436 | (2) |
|
15 The Immune System: Inflammation And Innate Immunity |
|
|
438 | (30) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
15.1 Overview of the Immune System |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
The Two Branches of Immunity: Innate and Adaptive |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Cells of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems |
|
|
441 | (3) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
15.2 Innate Host Defenses: Keeping the Microbial Hordes at Bay |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Physical Barriers to Infection |
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
Chemical Barriers to Infection |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
15.3 The Inflammatory Response |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Case History 15.1 A Case of Nonstick Neutrophils and Recurring Infections |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Extravasation and the Symptoms of Acute Inflammation |
|
|
448 | (3) |
|
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
15.4 Phagocytosis: A Closer Look |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Killing Mechanisms of Phagocytes |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
15.5 Interferon, Natural Killer Cells, and Toll-Like Receptors |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Toll-Like Receptors, NOD Proteins, and MAMPs |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Case History 15.2 An Immune Defect That Takes a Toll |
|
|
456 | (2) |
|
|
|
458 | (2) |
|
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
Case History 15.3 A Little Complement Goes a Long Way |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
Pathways of Complement Activation |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Regulating Complement Activation |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
C-Reactive Protein and Complement |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (4) |
|
16 The Immune System: Adaptive Immunity |
|
|
468 | (30) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
16.1 Basics of Adaptive Immunity |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
|
470 | (3) |
|
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Immunological Specificity |
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
16.2 Antibody Structure, Diversity, and Response |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Antibody Isotypes, Allotypes, and Idiotypes |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
Antibody Isotype Functions and "Superstructures" |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses |
|
|
477 | (2) |
|
B-Cell Receptors, Antigens, and Clonal Selection |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
How Are Antibodies Made to Nonrepeating Antigens? |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Impact Measles Virus: The Memory-Cell Assassin |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
Generating Antibody Diversity |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
Memory B Cells Make Better Antibodies |
|
|
481 | (2) |
|
16.3 T Cells: The Link between Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
How T Cells Recognize Antigens |
|
|
483 | (4) |
|
Superantigens and Cytokine Storms |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
16.4 Completing the Immune Response |
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
Antibody-Dependent Immunity |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Case History 16.1 Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Activated Helper T Cell Meets B Cell |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Case History 16.2 Hyper IgM Syndrome |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
T Cells and the Secondary Antibody Response |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Case History 16.3 The Run-Down Mechanic |
|
|
491 | (3) |
|
|
|
494 | (4) |
|
17 Vaccines, Diagnostics, And Immune Disorders |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
17.1 Vaccines and Immunization |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
What Makes an Effective Vaccine? |
|
|
501 | (3) |
|
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
17.2 Diagnostic Tools of Immunology |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
Immunoprecipitation and Agglutination |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) |
|
|
508 | (2) |
|
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Immunofluorescence Microscopy |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Immunoblotting (Western Blot) |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
Flow Cytometry versus FACS |
|
|
511 | (3) |
|
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Stages of Type I Hypersensitivity |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Case History 17.1 Sting of Fear: Type I Hypersensitivity |
|
|
514 | (3) |
|
Stages of Type 11 Hypersensitivity |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
Case History 17.2 Transfusion Confusion: Type II Hypersensitivity |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
Stages of Type III Hypersensitivity |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
Case History 17.3 The Hives Have It: Type III Hypersensitivity |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
Stages of Type IV Hypersensitivity |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
Case History 17.4 TB or Not TB? Type IV Hypersensitivity |
|
|
519 | (3) |
|
Impact Let Them Eat Dirt!? The Revised Hygiene Hypothesis and Allergies |
|
|
522 | (2) |
|
17.4 Immunodeficiencies and Lymphoid Cancers |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Case History 17.5 The Missing Thymus |
|
|
524 | (2) |
|
T-Cell Immunodeficiencies |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
B-Cell Immunodeficiencies |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
Cancers of Lymphoid Tissue |
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
17.5 Autoimmunity and Organ Transplants |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
Case History 17.6 Rash of a "Butterfly" |
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
Organ Donation and Transplant Rejection |
|
|
534 | (2) |
|
|
|
536 | (4) |
|
Part IV Infectious Diseases |
|
|
|
18 Microbial Pathogenesis |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
18.1 The Making of a Pathogen |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
Pathogen Evolution through Horizontal Gene Transfer |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
How to Spot a Pathogenicity Island |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
18.2 Pathogen Entry and Colonization |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Colonization and Biofilm Development |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
Impact Neisseria meningitidis: Training Single-Cell Infiltrators |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
18.3 Surviving within a Host |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Case History 18.1 A Threatened Fetus |
|
|
550 | (3) |
|
18.4 Host Damage and Manipulation |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Case History 18.2 The Telltale Cough |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
|
554 | (7) |
|
Only Gram-Negative Bacteria Make Endotoxin (LPS) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Secretion of Virulence Proteins |
|
|
561 | (3) |
|
Salmonella: A Model of Bacterial Pathogenesis |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Rhinovirus versus Influenza Virus |
|
|
565 | (2) |
|
Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Case History 18.3 Sex, Warts, and Cancer |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
Viral Attacks on Adaptive Immunity |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
18.6 Protozoan and Fungal Pathogenesis |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
|
570 | (2) |
|
|
|
572 | (6) |
|
19 Infections Of The Skin And Eye |
|
|
578 | (36) |
|
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
19.1 Anatomy of the Skin and Eye |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
19.2 Viral Infections of the Skin |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Viruses That Produce Macular Rashes |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Case History 19.1 Moyo's Macular Rash |
|
|
583 | (5) |
|
Viruses That Produce Papular and Pustular Rashes |
|
|
588 | (4) |
|
19.3 Bacterial Infections of the Skin |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
Staphylococcal Skin Infections |
|
|
592 | (4) |
|
Case History 19.2 Leili's Crusted Lip |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
Streptococcal Skin Infections |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Case History 19.3 The Voracious Bacteria |
|
|
597 | (3) |
|
19.4 Fungal Infections of the Skin |
|
|
600 | (3) |
|
19.5 Skin Infections of Special Circumstance |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
Impact Of Skin and Wounds and Diabetes |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Case History 19.4 Shot in the Black Hills of South Dakota |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Fungal and Parasitic Eye Infections |
|
|
608 | (4) |
|
|
|
612 | (2) |
|
20 Infections Of The Respiratory Tract |
|
|
614 | (36) |
|
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
20.1 Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract |
|
|
616 | (2) |
|
20.2 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
Upper Respiratory Tract Viral Infections |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
Case History 20.1 Jacob's Runny Nose |
|
|
618 | (2) |
|
Lower Respiratory Tract Viral Infections |
|
|
620 | (4) |
|
Impact The Search for a Universal Flu Shot |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
20.3 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
Upper Respiratory Tract Bacterial Infections |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
Case History 20.2 A Big Pain in a Little Ear |
|
|
625 | (4) |
|
Case History 20.3 The Contagious Football Player with GAS |
|
|
629 | (3) |
|
Reemerging Upper Respiratory Tract Infections |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
Case History 20.4 The "Bull Neck" |
|
|
633 | (2) |
|
Lower Respiratory Tract Bacterial Infections |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
Case History 20.5 Night Sweats in a Nursing Home |
|
|
636 | (5) |
|
Pneumonia Caused by Select Agents |
|
|
641 | (2) |
|
20.4 Fungal and Parasitic Infections of the Respiratory Tract |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
Case History 20.6 A Boxer's Fight to Survive |
|
|
643 | (5) |
|
|
|
648 | (2) |
|
|
|
650 | (40) |
|
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
21.1 Anatomy of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
|
|
652 | (2) |
|
Anatomy of the Circulation |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
General Aspects of Systemic Infections |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
21.2 Systemic Viral Infections |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Infectious Mononucleosis: The "Kissing Disease" |
|
|
656 | (4) |
|
Cancers Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
Cytomegalovirus Infections |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
Other Systemic Viral Diseases |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
Viral Infections of the Heart |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
21.3 Systemic Bacterial Infections |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
Impact Transfusion-Associated Infections |
|
|
664 | (2) |
|
Systemic Infections Involving Multiple Organs |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
Case History 21.1 Prairie Dogs Are Not Good Companions |
|
|
666 | (3) |
|
Case History 21.2 Bull's-Eye Rash |
|
|
669 | (2) |
|
Systemic Infections Caused by Intracellular Pathogens |
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
21.4 Bacterial Infections of the Heart |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
Case History 21.3 Dental Procedure Leads to "Heartache" |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
21.5 Systemic Parasitic Infections |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
|
675 | (3) |
|
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
Chagas Disease and the Reduviid Bug |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
|
|
679 | (2) |
|
Leishmaniasis and the Sand Fly |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
Lymphatic Filariasis and Filarial Worms |
|
|
682 | (4) |
|
|
|
686 | (4) |
|
22 Infections Of The Digestive System |
|
|
690 | (48) |
|
Dehydration: A Toddler's Plight |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
22.1 Anatomy of the Digestive System |
|
|
692 | (3) |
|
22.2 Infections of the Oral Cavity |
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
22.3 Gastrointestinal Syndromes |
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
22.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
Case History 22.1 "Hurling" in Hawaii |
|
|
700 | (3) |
|
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
22.5 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
Case History 22.2 It's Not What You Eat |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
|
|
704 | (4) |
|
Intestinal Diseases Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Case History 22.3 Field Trip Diarrhea |
|
|
709 | (8) |
|
Intestinal Diseases Caused by Gram-Positive Bacteria |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
Case History 22.4 Premature Arrival |
|
|
717 | (2) |
|
22.6 Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
Impact Fecal Transplant (Bacteriotherapy) |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
Protozoan Infections of the Digestive System |
|
|
721 | (4) |
|
Helminthic Infections of the Digestive System |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
Case History 22.5 Worming Through |
|
|
725 | (13) |
|
23 Infections Of The Urinary And Reproductive Tracts |
|
|
738 | (38) |
|
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
23.1 Anatomy of the Urinary Tract |
|
|
740 | (3) |
|
23.2 Urinary Tract Infections |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infections |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
Impact Recurrent UTIs: The Hide-and-Seek Strategy of Uropathogens |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
Bacterial Infections of the Urinary Tract |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
Case History 23.1 When It Hurts to Pee |
|
|
746 | (3) |
|
23.3 Anatomy of the Reproductive Tract |
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Female Reproductive System |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
23.4 Sexually Transmitted Infections of the Reproductive Tract |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Viral Infections of the Reproductive System |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
Case History 23.2 Freeze What? |
|
|
751 | (5) |
|
Bacterial and Protozoan Infections of the Reproductive Tract |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
Case History 23.3 The Great Imitator |
|
|
756 | (5) |
|
Case History 23.4 Symptom: Urethral Discharge |
|
|
761 | (4) |
|
23.5 Non-Sexually Transmitted Infections of the Reproductive Tract |
|
|
765 | (2) |
|
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
|
|
768 | (4) |
|
|
|
772 | (4) |
|
24 Infections Of The Central Nervous System |
|
|
776 | (36) |
|
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
24.1 Anatomy of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
778 | (3) |
|
24.2 Overview of Infectious Diseases of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
781 | (2) |
|
24.3 Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
Impact Why Does Only Half of My Forehead Wrinkle? |
|
|
784 | (4) |
|
Case History 24.1 Death on Golden Pond |
|
|
788 | (2) |
|
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
|
|
790 | (2) |
|
24.4 Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
792 | (2) |
|
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
Case History 24.2 The Purple Rash |
|
|
795 | (2) |
|
Bacterial Neurotoxins That Cause Paralysis |
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
Case History 24.3 Botulism--The Vicious Green Beans |
|
|
797 | (3) |
|
24.5 Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
800 | (1) |
|
24.6 Parasitic Infections and Prion Diseases of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
801 | (1) |
|
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
|
|
803 | (5) |
|
|
|
808 | (4) |
|
Part V Epidemiology and Biotechnology |
|
|
|
25 Diagnostic Clinical Microbiology |
|
|
812 | (36) |
|
Dazed and Confused in New Jersey |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
25.1 The Importance of Clinical Microbiology and Specimen Collection |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
|
|
815 | (1) |
|
Case History 25.1 A Literal Pain in the Rectum |
|
|
815 | (2) |
|
Samples from Sterile Body Sites |
|
|
817 | (1) |
|
Samples from Sites with Normal Microbiota |
|
|
818 | (3) |
|
Handling Biological Specimens |
|
|
821 | (1) |
|
Case History 25.2 Microbe Hunter Infects Self |
|
|
821 | (1) |
|
25.2 Pathogen Identification Using Biochemical and Protein Profiles |
|
|
822 | (1) |
|
Case History 25.3 Medical Detective Work |
|
|
822 | (1) |
|
Biochemical Algorithms to Identify Bacteria |
|
|
823 | (7) |
|
Pathogen Identification by Protein Signature |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
25.3 Pathogen Identification Using DNA Methods |
|
|
831 | (1) |
|
Polymerase Chain Reaction |
|
|
831 | (2) |
|
Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction |
|
|
833 | (1) |
|
Case History 25.4 A Stiff Neck and a Stealthy Mosquito |
|
|
833 | (1) |
|
Impact Next-Generation Pathogen ID: Saved by Metagenomics |
|
|
834 | (1) |
|
Case History 25.5 Tracking a Slow-Growing Pathogen |
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis |
|
|
836 | (1) |
|
25.4 Pathogen Identification Using Immunological Methods |
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay |
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
Case History 25.6 Bloody Death in West Africa |
|
|
837 | (2) |
|
Fluorescent Antibody Staining |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
Diagnostic Overview: Which Tools for Which Pathogens? |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
25.5 Point-of-Care Rapid Diagnostics |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
Sensitivity and Specificity of Diagnostic Assays |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
Commercial Point-of-Care Tests |
|
|
840 | (2) |
|
The Future of Point-of-Care Diagnostics: Lab-on-a-Chip |
|
|
842 | (2) |
|
|
|
844 | (4) |
|
26 Epidemiology: Tracking Infectious Diseases |
|
|
848 | (30) |
|
Mystery of the Microcephalic Newborns |
|
|
849 | (1) |
|
26.1 Principles and Tools of Epidemiology |
|
|
850 | (1) |
|
John Snow (1813-1858), Father of Epidemiology |
|
|
851 | (1) |
|
|
|
851 | (1) |
|
Endemic, Epidemic, or Pandemic? |
|
|
852 | (1) |
|
Disease Prevalence versus Incidence |
|
|
853 | (1) |
|
|
|
853 | (2) |
|
|
|
855 | (1) |
|
26.2 Tracking Health Care-Associated Infections |
|
|
856 | (1) |
|
Case History 26.1 Death by Negligence |
|
|
856 | (1) |
|
Ignaz Semmelweis, "Savior of Mothers" |
|
|
856 | (1) |
|
Identifying the Source of Hospital-Acquired Infections |
|
|
857 | (1) |
|
Infection Control Measures |
|
|
858 | (1) |
|
"Daisy Chain" Nosocomial Infections |
|
|
859 | (1) |
|
26.3 Tracking Global Disease Trends |
|
|
859 | (1) |
|
Case History 26.2 The Case of the Killer Sprouts |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
Local Physician Notification of Health Organizations |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
|
|
860 | (2) |
|
Obstacles to Global Surveillance |
|
|
862 | (1) |
|
26.4 Detecting Emerging Microbial Diseases |
|
|
863 | (1) |
|
The COVID-19 Pandemic: The Perfect Storm |
|
|
863 | (1) |
|
Case History 26.3 It Began in Wuhan (but Didn't Stay There) |
|
|
863 | (3) |
|
Genomic Strategies to Identify Unculturable Pathogens |
|
|
866 | (1) |
|
Case History 26.4 Curious Case of the 6-Year Diarrhea |
|
|
866 | (1) |
|
Technology Influences the Emergence and Spread of Infectious Agents |
|
|
866 | (2) |
|
|
|
868 | (1) |
|
Infectious Disease, Climate, and the One Health Initiative |
|
|
869 | (1) |
|
Case History 26.5 What Happened in Kathmandu? |
|
|
869 | (1) |
|
26.5 Bioterrorism and Biodefense |
|
|
870 | (2) |
|
Impact What's Blowing in the Wind? Quick Pathogen Detection Systems Guard against Bioterrorism |
|
|
872 | (2) |
|
|
|
874 | (4) |
|
27 Environmental And Food Microbiology |
|
|
878 | (1) |
|
|
|
879 | (1) |
|
27.1 Microbes in Ecosystems |
|
|
880 | (1) |
|
Microbes Fill Unique Niches in Ecosystems |
|
|
880 | (1) |
|
Carbon Assimilation and Dissimilation: The Food Web |
|
|
881 | (1) |
|
Environmental Limiting Factors |
|
|
882 | (1) |
|
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
|
886 | (1) |
|
Case History 27.1 Desert Kidneys: A Constructed Wetland |
|
|
887 | (2) |
|
27.2 Microbial Symbiosis with Animals |
|
|
889 | (1) |
|
|
|
889 | (1) |
|
Animals Host Microbial Digestive Communities |
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
Diseases of Animals and Humans |
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
27.3 Biogeochemical Cycles |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
Cycles of Elements for Life |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
|
|
893 | (1) |
|
Oxygen Interacts with the Carbon Cycle |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
|
|
894 | (2) |
|
27.4 Fermented Foods and Beverages |
|
|
896 | (1) |
|
|
|
896 | (1) |
|
|
|
897 | (1) |
|
Impact Chocolate: The Mystery Fermentation |
|
|
898 | (2) |
|
|
|
900 | (1) |
|
|
|
900 | (1) |
|
27.5 Food Spoilage and Preservation |
|
|
901 | (1) |
|
Food Spoilage and Food Contamination |
|
|
902 | (1) |
|
|
|
902 | (1) |
|
Pathogens Contaminate Food |
|
|
903 | (1) |
|
Case History 27.2 Peanut Butter Cracker Surprise |
|
|
903 | (2) |
|
|
|
905 | (1) |
|
|
|
905 | (3) |
|
27.6 Wastewater Treatment |
|
|
908 | (1) |
|
|
|
908 | (1) |
|
|
|
908 | (4) |
|
|
|
912 | |
| Appendix 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements |
|
1 | (1) |
| Appendix 2 Metabolic Pathways |
|
2 | (6) |
| Appendix 3 Structures of Antibiotics and Disinfectants |
|
8 | |
| Answers |
|
1 | (1) |
| Glossary |
|
1 | (1) |
| Credits |
|
1 | (1) |
| Index |
|
1 | |
