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Microrheology [Pehme köide]

(Professor, University of Delaware, USA), (Professor, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 480 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 245x170x25 mm, kaal: 908 g, over 230 illustrations/figures
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Nov-2020
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198867093
  • ISBN-13: 9780198867098
Teised raamatud teemal:
MicrorheologySuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 480 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 245x170x25 mm, kaal: 908 g, over 230 illustrations/figures
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Nov-2020
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198867093
  • ISBN-13: 9780198867098
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780198867098.html
Märksõnad:
This book presents a comprehensive overview of microrheology, emphasizing the underlying theory, practical aspects of its implementation, and current applications to rheological studies in academic and industrial laboratories. The field of microrheology continues to evolve rapidly, and applications are expanding at an accelerating pace. Readers will learn about the key methods and techniques, including important considerations to be made with respect to the materials most amenable to microrheological characterization and pitfalls to avoid in measurements and analysis. Microrheological measurements can be as straightforward as video microscopy recordings of colloidal particle Brownian motion; these simple experiments can yield rich rheological information. Microrheology covers topics ranging from active microrheology using laser or magnetic tweezers to passive microrheology, such as multiple particle tracking and tracer particle microrheology with diffusing wave spectroscopy.

Overall, this introduction to microrheology informs those seeking to incorporate these methods into their own research, or simply survey and understand the growing body of microrheology literature. Many sources of archival literature are consolidated into an accessible volume for rheologist and non-specialist alike. The small sample sizes of many microrheology experiments have made it an important method for studying emerging and scarce biological materials, making this characterization method suitable for application in a variety of fields.

Arvustused

This book offers the reader a well-structured entree into a multidisciplinary environment. The book includes many striking and useful examples. Almost all chapters have a number of exercises to strengthen understanding. Given that the book is of great relevance to biologists, chemists as well as material scientists, one may anticipate a deserved wide readership for this volume. * K. Alan Shore, Bangor University, Contemporary Physics * The organization of the book is logical, with natural paths that readers could select to suit their interests. ... [ It] will be de rigeur for those wishing to learn about this evolving area of rheology * Aditya S. Khair, Carnegie Mellon University, Rheology Bulleting *

1 Introduction
1(41)
1.1 Microrheology
1(5)
1.1.1 Why microrheology?
4(2)
1.2 Soft matter and rheology
6(17)
1.2.1 Linear and nonlinear rheology
11(2)
1.2.2 Linear response measurements
13(6)
1.2.3 Nonlinear-rheology measurements
19(4)
1.3 Colloidal particles
23(17)
1.3.1 Colloidal probe chemistries
25(5)
1.3.2 Probe size uniformity
30(1)
1.3.3 Colloid stability
30(8)
1.3.4 Probe sedimentation, washing, and concentration
38(2)
Exercises
40(2)
2 Particle motion
42(44)
2.1 Introduction
42(1)
2.2 The mechanics of deformable continua
43(8)
2.2.1 The Cauchy Stress Equation: F = Ma. for continuum materials
44(2)
2.2.2 Linear-constitutive relations
46(1)
2.2.3 Constitutive relations in the linear response limit
46(5)
2.3 Equations of motion for isotropic continua
51(2)
2.4 Correspondence Principle
53(3)
2.5 Particle motion
56(11)
2.5.1 Mobility and resistance
56(1)
2.5.2 The Stokes resistance and mobility of a translating sphere
57(4)
2.5.3 Stokes resistance of a probe undergoing oscillatory translations
61(4)
2.5.4 Particle inertia
65(1)
2.5.5 Spheres forced within compressible elastic media
66(1)
2.6 Hydrodynamic interactions
67(10)
2.6.1 Method of reflections
68(1)
2.6.2 Hydrodynamic interactions between spheres in incompressible media
69(3)
2.6.3 Hydrodynamic interactions in compressible media
72(1)
2.6.4 Particle-wall hydrodynamic interactions: Confinement effects
73(2)
2.6.5 Higher-order corrections: Faxen's law, and multiple reflections
75(2)
2.7 Elastic networks in viscous liquids: The two-fluid model
77(2)
2.8 Non-isotropic probes
79(2)
Exercises
81(5)
3 Passive microrheology
86(49)
3.1 The Langevin equation
86(4)
3.2 Brownian motion
90(8)
3.2.1 Laplace Transform solutions
91(1)
3.2.2 Fourier Transform solutions
92(3)
3.2.3 Relating VAC to MSD
95(3)
3.3 The Generalized Einstein Relation
98(5)
3.3.1 Fourier Transform
98(3)
3.3.2 Laplace Transform
101(2)
3.4 The Stokes component
103(2)
3.5 The Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation (GSER)
105(2)
3.6 Passive microrheology examples
107(3)
3.6.1 Limiting behavior of the MSD
109(1)
3.7 GSER for model materials
110(8)
3.7.1 Elastic solid
110(2)
3.7.2 Viscous fluid
112(1)
3.7.3 Kelvin-Voigt model
112(1)
3.7.4 Maxwell fluid
113(1)
3.7.5 Power-law response
114(1)
3.7.6 Rouse and Zimm models
115(2)
3.7.7 Semiflexible polymers
117(1)
3.8 Converting between the time and frequency domains
118(5)
3.8.1 Power-law approximation
119(2)
3.8.2 C onstrained regularization
121(2)
3.9 Strengths and limitations of passive microrheology
123(1)
3.10 Validity of the GSER
124(5)
3.10.1 Non-continuum effects
124(3)
3.10.2 Microrheology without probes?
127(2)
3.11 General limits of operation
129(3)
3.11.1 Minimum compliance
129(3)
Exercises
132(3)
4 Multiple particle tracking
135(63)
4.1 Video microscopy
136(5)
4.1.1 Video camera
138(1)
4.1.2 Image file types
139(1)
4.1.3 Imaging basics
139(2)
4.2 Image quality
141(5)
4.2.1 Frame rate and exposure time
141(1)
4.2.2 Detection noise
141(2)
4.2.3 Image signal-to-noise ratio
143(3)
4.2.4 Other image artifacts
146(1)
4.3 Particle tracking samples
146(4)
4.3.1 Sample dimensions
149(1)
4.3.2 Probe concentration
149(1)
4.4 Particle tracking
150(5)
4.4.1 Image filtering
150(2)
4.4.2 Locating the brightest pixels
152(1)
4.4.3 Refining the initial location estimates
153(2)
4.5 Linking trajectories
155(6)
4.5.1 Van Hove correlation function
155(2)
4.5.2 Random walks
157(2)
4.5.3 Application to trajectories
159(2)
4.6 Analysis of particle tracking
161(4)
4.6.1 Mean-squared displacement
162(3)
4.7 Non-Gaussian parameter
165(1)
4.8 Tracking accuracy and error
166(9)
4.8.1 Static error
167(3)
4.8.2 Dynamic error
170(1)
4.8.3 Tracking error and the MSD
170(2)
4.8.4 Convective drift and vibration
172(3)
4.9 Operating regimes of particle tracking
175(1)
4.10 Heterogeneous materials
176(7)
4.10.1 f-test method
178(3)
4.10.2 Global measures of heterogeneity
181(2)
4.11 Two-point microrheology
183(13)
4.11.1 Two-point GSER
183(4)
4.11.2 Data requirements of two-point microrheology
187(1)
4.11.3 Two-point experiments
187(2)
4.11.4 Shell model
189(7)
Exercises
196(2)
5 Light scattering microrheology
198(69)
5.1 Time-correlation functions
199(3)
5.2 Light scattering
202(3)
5.3 Dynamic light scattering
205(8)
5.3.1 Light intensity and the Siegert relation
207(2)
5.3.2 Microrheology with DLS
209(2)
5.3.3 Scattering from the material under test
211(1)
5.3.4 Suppressing multiple scattering
212(1)
5.4 Diffusing wave spectroscopy
213(18)
5.4.1 Multiple scattering
213(3)
5.4.2 Diffusive-light transport
216(1)
5.4.3 Transmission geometry
217(3)
5.4.4 Backscattering geometry
220(1)
5.4.5 Comparison of transmission and backscattering
221(2)
5.4.6 Photon mean-free path
223(2)
5.4.7 Light absorption
225(1)
5.4.8 Mean-squared displacement
226(3)
5.4.9 Operating regime
229(2)
5.5 Light scattering experiment
231(12)
5.5.1 Light scattering samples
232(3)
5.5.2 Laser
235(2)
5.5.3 Detectors
237(1)
5.5.4 Signal-to-noise and measurement error
238(2)
5.5.5 Correlator
240(3)
5.6 High-frequency rheology
243(6)
5.6.1 High-frequency DWS examples
244(2)
5.6.2 Inertia in microrheology
246(3)
5.7 Gels and other nonergodic samples
249(13)
5.7.1 Simple model of nonergodicity
251(1)
5.7.2 Pusey and van Megen's method
252(1)
5.7.3 Ensemble of measurements
252(1)
5.7.4 Optical mixing
253(3)
5.7.5 Multispeckle detection
256(2)
5.7.6 Multispeckle imaging
258(4)
5.8 Broadband microrheology
262(1)
5.9 Other DWS applications
263(2)
5.10 Summary
265(1)
Exercises
266(1)
6 Interferometric tracking
267(12)
6.1 Back-focal-plane interferometry
267(9)
6.1.1 Back-focal-plane experiment
267(2)
6.1.2 Detector sensitivity and limits
269(2)
6.1.3 Linear response
271(2)
6.1.4 Studies using interferometry
273(3)
6.2 Two-point interferometry
276(1)
6.3 Rotational diffusion microrheology
276(2)
Exercise
278(1)
7 Active microrheology
279(23)
7.1 Introduction and overview
279(1)
7.2 Active, linear microrheology
280(4)
7.2.1 Active microrheology of active (non-equilibrium) materials
282(2)
7.3 Active and nonlinear microrheology
284(17)
7.3.1 Measuring nonlinear rheology
285(1)
7.3.2 Nonlinear microrheology: The issues
286(1)
7.3.3 Nonlinear microrheology of continuum materials: Known sources of discrepancy
287(8)
7.3.4 Direct probe-material interactions
295(3)
7.3.5 Nonlinear microrheology: Experiments
298(3)
7.4 Looking ahead
301(1)
8 Magnetic bead microrheology
302(36)
8.1 Magnetism
303(5)
8.1.1 Fields generated by electrical currents
304(2)
8.1.2 Magnetic materials
306(2)
8.2 Magnetic tweezers
308(8)
8.2.1 Magnetic probes
310(6)
8.2.2 Probe interactions
316(1)
8.3 Instrument designs
316(8)
8.3.1 Electromagnet tweezers
316(3)
8.3.2 Tweezers with permanent magnets
319(2)
8.3.3 Force calibration
321(3)
8.4 Linear experiments
324(7)
8.4.1 Creep response
324(3)
8.4.2 Oscillating magnetic tweezers
327(2)
8.4.3 Operating diagram
329(2)
8.5 Nonlinear measurements
331(4)
8.5.1 Yield stress and jamming
331(2)
8.5.2 Shear thinning
333(2)
8.6 Nanorods in steady and rotating fields
335(1)
8.7 Summary
336(1)
Exercises
336(2)
9 Laser tweezer microrheology
338(42)
9.1 Radiation forces and Gaussian beams
339(1)
9.2 A focused Gaussian beam in the diffraction limit
339(2)
9.2.1 Radiant field
340(1)
9.2.2 Irradiance and laser power
341(1)
9.3 Optical trapping
341(7)
9.3.1 Rayleigh regime
341(4)
9.3.2 Ray optic regime
345(3)
9.3.3 Laser tweezer microrheology samples
348(1)
9.4 An optical-trapping instrument
348(5)
9.4.1 Major components
350(3)
9.5 Trapping force calibration
353(13)
9.5.1 Drag in a viscous fluid
354(2)
9.5.2 Oscillating trap in a viscous fluid
356(3)
9.5.3 Thermal motion in a stationary trap
359(2)
9.5.4 In situ calibration in a complex fluid
361(4)
9.5.5 Trap stiffness and index of refraction
365(1)
9.6 Active oscillatory microrheology
366(8)
9.6.1 Fixed reference frame
366(2)
9.6.2 Moving reference frame
368(3)
9.6.3 Active oscillatory examples and limits
371(3)
9.7 Steady drag microrheology
374(2)
9.8 Two-point microrheology with tweezers
376(2)
Exercises
378(2)
10 Microrheology applications
380(29)
10.1 Planning a microrheology experiment
381(4)
10.1.1 Mechanical rheometry
381(4)
10.2 High-throughput microrheology
385(1)
10.3 Gelation
386(13)
10.3.1 Critical gels
388(2)
10.3.2 Time-cure superposition
390(3)
10.3.3 Gelation critical scaling exponents
393(1)
10.3.4 Logarithmic slope
394(2)
10.3.5 Gelation screening
396(1)
10.3.6 Gel degradation
396(3)
10.4 Viscosity measurements
399(4)
10.4.1 Measurement precision and accuracy
399(3)
10.4.2 Measurement limits
402(1)
10.5 Cell rheology
403(1)
10.6 Interfacial microrheology
404(2)
10.7 Perspectives on future work
406(3)
Appendix A Useful mathematics 409(12)
Bibliography 421(24)
Index 445
Eric M. Furst is a Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Delaware. Furst received his BS in Chemical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University and his MS and Ph.D. from Stanford University. Prior to joining the faculty at Delaware in 2001, Furst studied biophysics as a postdoctoral fellow at Institut Curie, Paris. His research interests span a wide range of topics in soft matter science and engineering, but focus in particular on colloid science and rheology. He is the recipient of the 2013 Soft Matter Lectureship Award, the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal, and is a Fellow of the American Chemical Society.

Todd Squires earned his dual bachelor degree in Physics and Russian Literature at UCLA, then spent a year as a Churchill Scholar at Cambridge University. He earned his Ph.D. in Physics from Harvard in 2002, spent three years as a Postdoctoral Fellow at Caltech, and joined the Chemical Engineering Department at the University of California, Santa Barbara, in 2005. His research group studies small-scale fluid mechanics and soft materials, both experimentally and theoretically, focusing on microfluidic systems, surfactant function and dysfunction in the lungs and in the field, and the manipulation of charges and particles in fluid environments. Honors include the NSF CAREER award, the Beckman Young Investigator, the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar award, and the inaugural GSOFT Early Career Award.