| Preface |
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iii | |
| Contributors |
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xv | |
| 1 Headache-Classification |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (1) |
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An Overview of the ICHD-2 |
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1 | (4) |
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Classification of the Primary Headaches |
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5 | (9) |
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14 | (1) |
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Headache Attributed to Head and/or Neck Trauma |
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14 | (1) |
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Headache Attributed to Cranial or Cervical Vascular Disorders |
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14 | (1) |
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Headache Attributed to Nonvascular Intracranial Disorders |
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15 | (1) |
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Headache Attributed to a Substance or Its Withdrawal |
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15 | (1) |
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Headache Attributed to Infection |
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15 | (1) |
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Headache Attributed to Disorders of Homeostasis |
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15 | (1) |
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Headache or Facial Pain Attributed to Disorders of Cranium, Neck, Eyes, Ears, Nose, Sinuses, Teeth, Mouth, or Other Facial or Cranial Structures |
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16 | (1) |
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Headache Attributed to Psychiatric Disorders |
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16 | (1) |
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Cranial Neuralgias and Central Causes of Facial Pain |
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16 | (1) |
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Controversies in the Classification of Primary Chronic Daily Headaches of Long Duration |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (6) |
| 2 The Epidemiology and Impact of Migraine |
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23 | (14) |
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23 | (1) |
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The Epidemiology of Migraine |
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23 | (8) |
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31 | (1) |
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Probable Migraine-An Important Migraine Subtype |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (3) |
| 3 Progressive Headache: Epidemiology, Natural History, and Risk Factors |
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37 | (8) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Chronic Daily Headache Epidemiology and Natural History |
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38 | (1) |
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Demographic Factors Associated with Chronic Daily Headache |
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38 | (1) |
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Other Factors Associated with Chronic Daily Headache Prevalence or Incidence |
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39 | (3) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (3) |
| 4 Comorbidity of Migraine |
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45 | (16) |
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45 | (1) |
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Methodology of Comorbidity Studies |
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45 | (1) |
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Evidence for Migraine Comorbidity |
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46 | (7) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (7) |
| 5 Pain Sensitivity: Intracranial and Extracranial Structures |
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61 | (6) |
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61 | (4) |
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65 | (2) |
| 6 Pathophysiology of Aura |
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67 | (14) |
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67 | (1) |
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Neurophysiological Mechanisms |
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67 | (5) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (2) |
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Occipital Cortex Excitability |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (4) |
| 7 Pathophysiology of Migraine |
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81 | (18) |
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81 | (1) |
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Migraine-Explaining the Clinical Features |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Familial Hemiplegic Migraine (FHM) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Headache Physiology Peripheral Connections |
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84 | (2) |
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Headache Physiology-Central Connections |
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86 | (2) |
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Central Modulation of Trigeminal Pain |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (9) |
| 8 Allodynia and Sensitization in Migraine |
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99 | (14) |
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99 | (1) |
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Sensory Processing by the Nervous System |
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100 | (1) |
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Sensitization of the Dorsal Horn |
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100 | (2) |
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Rat Model of Migraine Headache and Allodynia |
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102 | (1) |
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Human Studies of Allodynia in Pain Disorders Other Than Migraine |
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103 | (1) |
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Human Studies of Allodynia in Migraine |
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104 | (2) |
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Time Course of Sensitization in Migraine |
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106 | (1) |
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The Effect of Allodynia on Treatment Outcome |
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106 | (1) |
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The Effect of Treatment on Allodynia |
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107 | (1) |
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Allodynia in Headache Disorders Other Than Migraine |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (5) |
| 9 Genetics of Migraine and Other Primary Headaches |
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113 | (18) |
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Am M.J.M van den Maagdenberg |
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Introduction-Genetic Studies on Headache |
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113 | (1) |
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The Clinical Spectrum of the CACNAIA Gene Mutations |
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114 | (4) |
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The Clinical Spectrum of the ATP1A2 Gene |
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118 | (2) |
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Sporadic Hemiplegic Migraine |
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120 | (1) |
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Genetic Susceptibility in Migraine |
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120 | (3) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (7) |
| 10 Identification or Exclusion of Secondary Headaches |
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131 | (14) |
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131 | (1) |
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General Indications for Neuroimaging for Headaches |
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132 | (1) |
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Neuroimaging for Headaches with a Normal Neurological Examination |
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132 | (1) |
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Neuroimaging for Migraine |
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133 | (2) |
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Evaluation of the Acute Severe New-Onset Headache ("First or Worst Headaches") |
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135 | (3) |
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Headaches Over the Age of 50 Years |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (4) |
| 11 Differential Diagnosis of Primary Headaches: An Algorithm-Based Approach |
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145 | (10) |
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145 | (1) |
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Approaching a Patient with Headache |
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145 | (7) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (3) |
| 12 Diagnostic and Severity Tools for Migraine |
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155 | (18) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (3) |
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Assessing Migraine-Related Disability |
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159 | (4) |
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Assessing Psychological Comorbidity |
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163 | (1) |
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Assessing Ongoing Treatment |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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Appendix: The PRIME-MD Questionnaire |
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167 | (6) |
| 13 Migraine Without Aura |
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173 | (16) |
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Introduction-Migraine Without Aura: An Underdiagnosed and Undertreated Disorder |
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173 | (1) |
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The ICHD-2 Criteria for Migraine Without Aura |
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174 | (3) |
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Migraine in Clinical Practice |
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177 | (4) |
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The Convergence Hypothesis |
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181 | (1) |
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Menstrually Related Migraine |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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Illustrative Case History |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (5) |
| 14 Migraine with Aura |
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189 | (14) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (3) |
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Migraine with Typical Aura |
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192 | (5) |
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Familial and Sporadic Hemiplegic Migraine |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (4) |
| 15 Childhood Periodic Syndromes |
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203 | (10) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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RAP and Abdominal Migraine |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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Benign Paroxysmal Torticollis |
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208 | (1) |
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Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (3) |
| 16 Retinal, or "Monocular" Migraine |
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213 | (10) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (2) |
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Epidemiology and Prognosis |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (3) |
| 17 Status Migrainosus, Persistent Aura, Migraine-Associated Seizures ("Migralepsy"), and Migrainous Infarction |
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223 | (18) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (4) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (4) |
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232 | (4) |
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236 | (5) |
| 18 Principles of Headache Management |
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241 | (20) |
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241 | (1) |
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Establishing the Diagnosis |
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242 | (10) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (2) |
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Establishing Realistic Expectations |
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254 | (1) |
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Encouraging Patients to Become Active in Their Own Care |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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Developing an Appropriate, Individualized Treatment Plan |
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256 | (1) |
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Why Headache Treatment Fails |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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Further Reading (Patient Education Resources) |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (1) |
| 19 Behavioral and Educational Approaches to the Management of Migraine: Clinical and Public Health Applications |
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261 | (12) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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Integrating Drug and Behavioral Treatments |
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265 | (1) |
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Education for Self-Management |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (3) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (3) |
| 20 Nonspecific Migraine Acute Treatment |
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273 | (16) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (3) |
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Medications for the Treatment of Nausea |
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277 | (1) |
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Combinations of NSAIDs and Triptans |
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278 | (1) |
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Neuroleptics in the Treatment of Pain |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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Nonspecific vs. Specific Treatments |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (6) |
| 21 Specific Acute Migraine Treatment: Ergotamine and Triptans |
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289 | (22) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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Ergotamine vs. Oral Triptans |
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290 | (2) |
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292 | (12) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (7) |
| 22 Preventive Treatment for Migraine |
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311 | (52) |
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Introduction-Why and When to Use Migraine-Preventive Medications |
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311 | (2) |
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Mechanism of Action of Preventive Medications |
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313 | (2) |
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Specific Migraine-Preventive Agents |
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315 | (30) |
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Setting Treatment Priorities |
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345 | (2) |
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347 | (16) |
| 23 Herbal Medicines and Vitamins |
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363 | (12) |
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363 | (1) |
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363 | (3) |
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366 | (1) |
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Thioctic Acid (α-Lipoic Acid) |
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367 | (1) |
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Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) |
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367 | (2) |
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Butterbur (Petasites hybridus) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (4) |
| 24 Treatment of Migraine in Children and Adolescents |
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375 | (18) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (5) |
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381 | (7) |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (4) |
| 25 Inpatient Management and Invasive Treatment Strategies for Migraine and Chronic Daily Headaches |
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393 | (20) |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (12) |
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Invasive Treatment of Migraine and Chronic Daily Headaches |
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405 | (3) |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (4) |
| 26 Migraine in the Emergency Department |
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413 | (18) |
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413 | (1) |
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How to Approach a Patient with Acute Headache in the ED |
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414 | (3) |
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417 | (5) |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (2) |
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Status Migrainosus/Intractable Pain |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (5) |
| 27 Progression Forms of Migraine |
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431 | (14) |
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431 | (1) |
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432 | (1) |
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432 | (9) |
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Prospects for Preventing Headache Progression |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (3) |
| 28 The Future of Migraine Therapies |
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445 | (12) |
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445 | (1) |
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Trigeminal Receptor Targets |
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446 | (2) |
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448 | (1) |
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Drugs Targeting the ORL-1 Receptors |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (1) |
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449 | (1) |
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CGRP Receptor Antagonists |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (4) |
| 29 Tension-Type Headache |
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457 | (14) |
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457 | (1) |
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458 | (2) |
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The Clinical Presentation of TTH |
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460 | (2) |
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Physical Examination in Subjects with TTH |
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462 | (1) |
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Psychological Aspects of TTH |
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463 | (1) |
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463 | (1) |
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464 | (1) |
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465 | (6) |
| 30 Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalgias |
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471 | (24) |
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471 | (1) |
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471 | (2) |
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473 | (11) |
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484 | (2) |
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486 | (1) |
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487 | (8) |
| 31 Other Primary Headaches |
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495 | (14) |
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495 | (1) |
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Primary Stabbing Headache (ICHD-2 Code 4.1) |
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495 | (1) |
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Primary Cough Headache (ICHD-2 Code 4.2) |
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496 | (1) |
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Primary Exertional Headache (ICHD-2 Code 4.3) |
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497 | (1) |
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Primary Headaches Associated with Sexual Activity (ICHD-2 Code 4.4) |
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498 | (1) |
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The Hypnic Headache Syndrome (ICHD-2 Code 4.5) |
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499 | (1) |
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Primary Thunderclap Headache (ICHD-2 Code 4.6) |
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500 | (1) |
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Hemicrania Continua (ICHD-2 Code 4.7) |
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501 | (2) |
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New Daily-Persistent Headache (ICHD-2 Code 4.8) |
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503 | (2) |
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505 | (1) |
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505 | (4) |
| 32 When the Treatment of Headache Fails |
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509 | (14) |
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509 | (1) |
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Reason 1: The Diagnosis Is Incomplete or Incorrect |
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509 | (5) |
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Reason 2: Important Exacerbating Factors May Have Been Missed |
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514 | (1) |
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Reason 3: Pharmacotherapy May Be Inadequate |
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515 | (2) |
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Reason 4: Nonpharmacologic Treatment May Be Inadequate |
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517 | (1) |
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Reason 5: Other Reasons for Treatment Failure |
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517 | (1) |
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518 | (1) |
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518 | (5) |
| Index |
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523 | |
