Preface |
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v | |
Abbreviations: Books Referred to in the Text |
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vii | |
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xix | |
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lxiii | |
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Table of Statutory Instruments |
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lxxi | |
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Table of European Legislation |
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lxxv | |
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Table of Foreign Statutes |
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lxxvii | |
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1 | (2) |
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II Distinguishing between Misrepresentation, Mistake and non-disclosure |
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3 | |
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2 Introduction: The Claim For Misrepresentation |
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1 | (1) |
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II The Focus on Individual Remedies for Misrepresentation |
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2 | (2) |
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III An Overview of the Remedies for Misrepresentation |
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4 | |
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3 Elements Common To A Claim For Misrepresentation |
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I The Core Problem: Defining Actionable Statements |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (9) |
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(1) A Statement on which the Representee was Entitled to Rely |
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12 | (2) |
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(2) Statements of Fact Contrasted with "Sales Talk", Uncertain Statements and Statements of Opinion |
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14 | (6) |
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(3) Fact Contrasted with Law |
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(a) The "misrepresentation of law" rule |
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20 | (2) |
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(b) The law/fact distinction |
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22 | (6) |
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(c) The origins and rationale of the distinction |
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28 | (6) |
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(d) Rejection of the "mistake of law" ride in restitution, and the law/fact distinction in other jurisdictions |
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34 | (5) |
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(e) The future: assimilation with the rules for misrepresentations of opinion? Applying the underlying principle |
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39 | (3) |
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(4) (Present) Fact Contrasted with Future Fact or Intention |
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42 | (3) |
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(5) Other Tests for Other Remedies |
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45 | (3) |
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IV The Representor's State of Mind |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | |
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4 Rescission Of The Contract For Misrepresentation |
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I The Nature of the Remedy |
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(1) Rescission at Common Law and in Equity |
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1 | (4) |
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(2) The Effect of Rescission |
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5 | (13) |
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(3) The Mechanics of Rescission |
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18 | (3) |
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21 | (17) |
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23 | (6) |
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(2) The Representor's State of Mind |
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29 | (3) |
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(3) Reliance by the Representee |
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32 | (6) |
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38 | (35) |
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(1) Affirmation of the Contract |
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39 | (9) |
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48 | (4) |
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(3) Impossibility of Restitution |
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52 | (7) |
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(4) Intervening Third-Party Rights |
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59 | (2) |
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(5) Misrepresentation Act 1967, Section 2(2) |
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61 | (12) |
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(6) Exclusion and Limitation Clauses |
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IV Misrepresentations by Third Parties |
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73 | |
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5 Liability In Tort For Misrepresentation: I---Fraudulent Misrepresentation |
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1 | (4) |
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II Elements of the Claim in the Tort of Deceit |
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5 | (24) |
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6 | (7) |
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(2) The Representor's State of Mind |
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13 | (10) |
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(3) Reliance by the Representee |
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23 | (6) |
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29 | (6) |
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IV The Damages Recoverable |
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35 | (11) |
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V Alleging and Proving Fraud |
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46 | |
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6 Liability In Tort For Misrepresentation: II---Negligent Misrepresentation |
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(1) No General Liability for "Careless" Statements |
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1 | (5) |
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(2) Development of Liability in Tort for Careless Statements |
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6 | (6) |
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II Elements of the Claim in the Tort of Negligence |
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12 | (35) |
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13 | (3) |
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(b) Application of general principles to representations |
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16 | (11) |
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(c) Ditties of care between parties to a contract |
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27 | (3) |
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(d) Particular categories of duty in respect of statements |
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30 | (13) |
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43 | (3) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (5) |
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IV The Damages Recoverable |
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52 | (12) |
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V Other Remedies in Damages for Negligent Misrepresentation |
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64 | |
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7 Statutory Liability For Misrepresentation |
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I Different Forms of Statutory Liability |
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1 | (2) |
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II General Liability: Section 2(1) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967 |
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(1) Elements of the Claim Under Section 2(1) |
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3 | (2) |
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(a) The remedy is limited to contract |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (8) |
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15 | (1) |
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(d) The "fiction of fraud" |
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16 | (7) |
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(2) The Statutory Defence: Honest and Reasonable Belief |
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23 | (3) |
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26 | (23) |
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(4) The Damages Recoverable |
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(5) Relationship to Other Remedies for Misrepresentation |
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(1) Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, Section 90 |
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49 | (17) |
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(2) Package Travel, Package Holidays and Package tours Regulations 1992 |
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66 | (5) |
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(3) Consumer Insurance (Disclosure and Representations) Act 2012 |
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71 | (5) |
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(4) Consumers' Rights to Redress under the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 |
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76 | (6) |
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(5) Liability Under Other Statutes |
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82 | |
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8 Misrepresentation As Breach Of Contract |
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1 | (24) |
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(1) The Contractual Promise |
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(a) Incorporation of the representation |
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4 | (2) |
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(b) Criteria to test incorporation of the representation at common law |
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6 | (8) |
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(c) Incorporation of the representation by statute |
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14 | (6) |
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(d) Contractual duties of care |
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20 | (3) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (4) |
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III Remedies for Breach of Contract |
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29 | |
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30 | (11) |
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41 | (5) |
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(3) Consumer Remedies for Breach of Terms in Contracts for the Supply of Goods, Digital Content and Services |
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46 | |
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9 Exclusion And Limitation Of Liability For Misrepresentation |
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I Different Forms of Clause or Notice Excluding or Limiting Liability |
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1 | (7) |
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II Common Law Controls of Exclusion and Limitation Clauses |
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(1) The Scope of the Common Law Controls |
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8 | (4) |
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(2) Examples of the Courts' Construction of Clauses |
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12 | (6) |
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III Statutory Controls of Exclusion and Limitation Clauses |
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18 | |
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(1) Misrepresentation Act 1967, Section 3 |
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19 | (12) |
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(2) Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, Section 3 |
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31 | (6) |
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(3) Consumer Rights Act 2015 |
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37 | |
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10 Misrepresentation As A Defence |
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I The Defence of Misrepresentation Distinguished from a Counterclaim Based on Misrepresentation |
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1 | (3) |
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II Illustrations of the Use of Misrepresentation as a Defence |
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(1) Refusal of Specific Performance |
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4 | (6) |
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(2) Defence to Actions for Debt or Damages |
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10 | (2) |
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(3) Defence to the Enforcement of Deeds, Written Contracts and Other Documents |
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12 | (6) |
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III Misrepresentation and Estoppel |
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18 | |
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11 Practice And Procedure Relating To Claims For Misrepresentation |
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I Civil Procedure Rules and Practice |
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1 | (2) |
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II Particular Rules and Practice Relevant to Misrepresentation Claims and Defences |
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3 | |
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12 Introduction: Categorising Mistakes |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (5) |
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III Categorising Mistakes |
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7 | (6) |
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IV The Reluctance to Remedy a Mistake |
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13 | (4) |
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V An Overview of the Remedies for Mistake |
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17 | |
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13 Mistakes About The Terms Of The Contract |
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I Introduction: "Mistake" about the Terms |
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1 | (3) |
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II Formation of the Contract: the "Objective Test" |
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(1) Subjectivity and Objectivity |
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4 | (4) |
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(2) The General Approach in English Law |
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8 | (12) |
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III Practical Application of the Objective Test |
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(1) Misunderstandings Incapable of Resolution |
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20 | (1) |
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(2) Mistake of One Party, Known (or Ought to be Known) by the Other |
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21 | (3) |
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(3) Relevance of the Parties' Fault |
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24 | (3) |
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(4) The Consequences at Common Law of a Mistake About the Terms of the Contract |
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27 | (3) |
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(5) Equitable Remedies for a Mistake about the Terms |
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30 | (2) |
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(1) The Use of Writing in the Formation of a Contract |
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32 | (3) |
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(2) Remedying Mistakes by Interpretation |
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35 | (3) |
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(3) Remedying Mistakes by Rectification: Common Mistakes |
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38 | (6) |
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(4) Remedying Mistakes by Rectification: Unilateral Mistakes |
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44 | (6) |
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(5) Limitations on the Remedy of Rectification |
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50 | (3) |
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(6) The Mechanics of Rectification |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | |
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14 Mistakes About The Identity Of The Other Party |
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I Introduction: "Identity" and its Relevance in Forming a Contract |
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1 | (7) |
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II The Practical Significance of a Mistake of Identity: Void and Voidable Contracts and Transfers of Property |
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8 | (4) |
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III The Law Before Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson |
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12 | (22) |
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(1) The Claimant Must Have Made a Mistake of Identity Which Caused Him to Contract |
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13 | (2) |
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(2) A Subjective Mistake is Not Sufficient |
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15 | (3) |
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(3) The Cases: Mistakes of "Identity" Made in Different Circumstances |
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18 | (1) |
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(a) The parties communicate at a distance |
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19 | (4) |
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(b) The parties deal face to face |
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23 | (7) |
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(c) The contract is concluded in a single, written document |
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30 | (3) |
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(4) Summary of the position before Shogun |
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33 | (1) |
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IV The Current Law: Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson |
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(1) The Issue Decided by the House of Lords |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (4) |
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(3) The Impact of the Decision in Shogun on the Earlier Authorities |
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40 | |
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15 Mistakes About The Subject-Matter Of The Contract |
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I Introduction: The Nature of a Mistake about the Subject-Matter |
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(1) What is a Mistake about the Subject-Matter? |
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1 | (3) |
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(2) Why Should a Mistake about the Subject-Matter be Remedied? |
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4 | (3) |
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(3) Categories of Mistake about the Subject-Matter |
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7 | (3) |
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10 | (4) |
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III Common (Shared) Mistake |
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(1) Risk Allocation in the Contract |
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15 | (4) |
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(2) The Common Law Rule: A Contract May be Void for Common Mistake |
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19 | (10) |
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(3) Can a Contract be Voidable in Equity for Common Mistake? |
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29 | |
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16 Introduction: No General Duty Of Disclosure |
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1 | (1) |
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II The General Rule: No Liability for Non-Disclosure |
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2 | |
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17 Particular Duties Of Disclosure |
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I Rescission of the Contract for Non-Disclosure |
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1 | (42) |
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(1) Obligations of Disclosure in Particular Types of Contract |
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(a) Contracts "uberrimae fidei" |
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3 | (3) |
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6 | (20) |
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(c) Partnership contracts |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (6) |
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(e) Compromises, releases and family arrangements |
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33 | (3) |
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(J) Contracts for the sale of land |
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36 | (2) |
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(g) Other types of contract |
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38 | (1) |
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(2) Obligations of Disclosure Arising From Particular Relationships |
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39 | (4) |
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II Liability in Tort for Non-Disclosure |
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43 | (2) |
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III Non-Disclosure as Breach of Contract |
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45 | (5) |
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IV Statutory Remedies for Non-Disclosure |
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50 | (14) |
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(1) Misrepresentation Act 1967, Section 2(1) |
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52 | (1) |
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(2) Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, Section 90 |
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53 | (6) |
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59 | (3) |
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(4) Remedies for Non-Disclosure Under Other Statutes |
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62 | (2) |
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V Exclusion of Liability for Non-Disclosure |
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64 | (1) |
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VI Non-Disclosure as a Defence |
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65 | (578) |
Index |
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643 | |