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Mitigation of Gas Pipeline Integrity Problems [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 282 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 600 g, 50 Tables, black and white; 67 Line drawings, black and white; 19 Halftones, black and white; 50 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Oct-2020
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367546582
  • ISBN-13: 9780367546588
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Mitigation of Gas Pipeline Integrity ProblemsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 282 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 600 g, 50 Tables, black and white; 67 Line drawings, black and white; 19 Halftones, black and white; 50 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Oct-2020
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367546582
  • ISBN-13: 9780367546588
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Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780367546588.html
Märksõnad:
Mitigation of Gas Pipeline Integrity Problems presents the methodology to enable engineers, experienced or not, to alleviate pipeline integrity problems during operation. It explains the principal considerations and establishes a common approach in tackling technical challenges that may arise during gas production.











Covers third-party damage, corrosion, geotechnical hazards, stress corrosion cracking, off-spec sales gas, improper design or material selection, as-built flaws, improper operations, and leak and break detection





Details various hazard mitigation options





Offers tested concepts of pipeline integrity blended with recent research results, documented in a scholarly fashion to make it simple to the average reader

This practical work serves the needs of advanced students, researchers, and professionals working in pipeline engineering and petrochemical industries.
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Author Biography xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1(4)
Chapter 2 Third-Party Damage 5(22)
2.1 Introduction
5(1)
2.2 Mitigation
5(18)
2.2.1 Public Awareness
6(1)
2.2.2 Routing
7(7)
2.2.2.1 Route Selection
8(6)
2.2.3 Burial Depth: Increased Depth of Burial
14(2)
2.2.4 Additional Protection
16(1)
2.2.5 Pipeline Surveillance
16(2)
2.2.6 Improve Signage
18(3)
2.2.7 Right-of-Way Intrusion Detection
21(1)
2.2.8 Notification System
21(1)
2.2.9 Safety Management
21(1)
2.2.10 Design Factor
22(1)
2.3 Mitigating Third-Party Damage to Aboveground Pipelines
23(4)
2.3.1 Case Study: Another Sabotage? Gas Pipelines at Tema Torched by Suspected Arsonists
24(3)
2.3.1.1 How Do We Avoid Such Incidents?
24(1)
2.3.1.2 How Do We Fix the Damaged Pipe?
25(2)
Chapter 3 Corrosion 27(162)
3.1 Corrosion Mechanism
27(11)
3.1.1 Basics of Aqueous Metallic Corrosion
27(1)
3.1.2 Forms of Corrosion
28(2)
3.1.3 Polarization and Corrosion Rates
30(3)
3.1.3.1 Concept of Polarization
30(2)
3.1.3.2 Corrosion Rate
32(1)
3.1.3.3 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate
32(1)
3.1.4 Hydrogen - Release Corrosion and Oxygen-Consumption Corrosion
33(3)
3.1.4.1 Hydrogen - Release Corrosion
33(1)
3.1.4.2 Oxygen-Consumption Corrosion
34(2)
3.1.5 Causes of Corrosion
36(2)
3.1.5.1 Corrosive Environments
38(1)
3.2 External Corrosion Mitigation
38(56)
3.2.1 Materials Selection
39(5)
3.2.1.1 Considerations for Material Selection
40(2)
3.2.1.2 Materials with High Corrosion Resistance
42(2)
3.2.2 Protective Coatings
44(22)
3.2.2.1 Coal Tar and Asphalt Coatings
45(1)
3.2.2.2 Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coatings
46(2)
3.2.2.3 Polyethylene Coatings
48(2)
3.2.2.4 Tape Wrap
50(1)
3.2.2.5 Epoxy and Urethane Liquid Coatings
50(1)
3.2.2.6 Coal Tar Epoxy Coatings
51(1)
3.2.2.7 Mill-Applied Tape Coating Systems
52(1)
3.2.2.8 Extruded Polyolefin Systems
52(1)
3.2.2.9 Crosshead-Extruded Polyolefin with Asphalt/Butyl Adhesive
53(1)
3.2.2.10 Dual-Side-Extruded Polyolefin with Butyl Adhesive
53(1)
3.2.2.11 Multi-Layer Epoxy/Extruded Polyolefin Systems
53(1)
3.2.2.12 Elastomer Coatings
54(1)
3.2.2.13 High-Temperature Coatings
55(4)
3.2.2.14 Foam Materials
59(2)
3.2.2.15 Epoxy Phenolic Coatings
61(1)
3.2.2.16 Epoxy Novolac Coatings
62(1)
3.2.2.17 Silicone Coatings
62(1)
3.2.2.18 Modified Silicone Coatings
62(1)
3.2.2.19 Multi-Polymeric Matrix Coatings
62(1)
3.2.2.20 Other Coatings
63(1)
3.2.2.21 Galvanic Zinc Application
64(2)
3.2.3 Cathodic Protection
66(19)
3.2.3.1 General
66(1)
3.2.3.2 Main Parameters of Cathodic Protection
67(1)
3.2.3.3 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection System
68(1)
3.2.3.4 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System
69(2)
3.2.3.5 Offshore Cathodic Protection
71(4)
3.2.3.6 Onshore Cathodic Protection
75(9)
3.2.3.7 Satisfying the Current Output Requirement
84(1)
3.2.3.8 Additional Requirements
85(1)
3.2.3.9 Shielding of Cathodic Protection Current
85(1)
3.2.4 Design Detailing
85(1)
3.2.5 Common Contributing Factors to External Corrosion
86(1)
3.2.6 External Corrosion Mitigation - Design and Construction
86(8)
3.2.6.1 External Corrosion Mitigation - Operation
86(7)
3.2.6.2 Corrosion Monitoring Techniques
93(1)
3.2.6.3 External Corrosion Inspection Techniques
93(1)
3.3 Internal Corrosion Mitigation
94(54)
3.3.1 Contributing Factors to Internal Corrosion in Gas Pipeline Systems
94(1)
3.3.2 Recommended Practices for Mitigating Internal Corrosion
95(1)
3.3.3 Practices for Mitigating Internal Corrosion - Operation
95(38)
3.3.3.1 Product Monitoring
104(1)
3.3.3.2 Internal Coatings
105(6)
3.3.3.3 Chemical Injection
111(12)
3.3.3.4 Dehydration
123(4)
3.3.3.5 Cleaning Pigs
127(2)
3.3.3.6 Buffering
129(1)
3.3.3.7 Corrosion Monitoring Techniques
129(1)
3.3.3.8 Corrosion Inspection Techniques
129(4)
3.3.4 Mitigation of Internal Corrosion in Carbon Steel Oil-Effluent Pipeline Systems
133(15)
3.3.4.1 Corrosion Mechanisms and Mitigation
133(2)
3.3.4.2 Recommended Practices
135(1)
3.3.4.3 Corrosion Mitigation Techniques
135(1)
3.3.4.4 Corrosion Monitoring Techniques
135(1)
3.3.4.5 Corrosion Inspection Techniques
135(1)
3.3.4.6 Repair and Rehabilitation Techniques
135(13)
3.4 AC Corrosion Mitigation
148(2)
3.4.1 AC Corrosion Mitigation Approaches
149(1)
3.4.1.1 Decoupler
149(1)
3.5 Stray Current Corrosion Mitigation
150(6)
3.5.1 Stray Current Sources
151(1)
3.5.2 Stray Current Corrosion Prevention
151(5)
3.5.2.1 Construction Technique
151(1)
3.5.2.2 Corrosion and Prevention of DC Stray Current
151(4)
3.5.2.3 AC Interference Hazards and Protection
155(1)
3.6 Stress Corrosion Cracking
156(5)
3.6.1 Mitigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines
157(5)
3.6.1.1 Material Selection
157(1)
3.6.1.2 Environment
158(2)
3.6.1.3 Stress
160(1)
3.6.1.4 Coating
160(1)
3.6.1.5 Cathodic Protection
161(1)
3.7 Mitigation of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking
161(1)
3.8 Mitigation of Sulfide Stress Cracking
161(1)
3.9 How to Find Corrosion
162(15)
3.9.1 Internal Inspection
162(6)
3.9.1.1 In-line Inspection
162(6)
3.9.2 External Inspection
168(7)
3.9.2.1 Visual Inspection
169(3)
3.9.2.2 Pipe-to-Soil Readings
172(2)
3.9.2.3 Drone/Robot Technology
174(1)
3.9.3 Mandatory Monitoring
175(2)
3.9.3.1 Supplemental Integrity Monitoring
176(1)
3.10 What to Do When Corrosion Is Found
177(12)
3.10.1 Pipeline Repair Standard
178(2)
3.10.1.1 Corrosion
178(2)
3.10.2 Repair Methods
180(9)
3.10.2.1 Dig and Replace
180(1)
3.10.2.2 Composite Sleeve
181(1)
3.10.2.3 Full Encirclement Steel Sleeves
182(1)
3.10.2.4 Weld Deposition Repair
183(1)
3.10.2.5 Grinding
184(1)
3.10.2.6 Hot Tapping
184(1)
3.10.2.7 Wraps
184(1)
3.10.2.8 Clamping
184(2)
3.10.2.9 Dig and Recoat
186(1)
3.10.2.10 Choosing the Most Appropriate Method of Repair
186(3)
Chapter 4 Construction and Materials Defect 189(28)
4.1 Quality Control Program
189(3)
4.1.1 QA/QC Program Administration and Documentation
189(1)
4.1.1.1 Management Commitment and Responsibility
189(1)
4.1.1.2 Materials
189(1)
4.1.1.3 Design Codes and Standards
190(1)
4.1.1.4 Quality Inspections
190(1)
4.1.1.5 Workmanship
190(1)
4.1.1.6 Documentation and Retention of Documentation
190(1)
4.1.2 Subcontractor Evaluation and Selection
190(2)
4.1.2.1 Contractor and Consultant Competency and Procurement
191(1)
4.1.3 Contractual Risk Transfer
192(1)
4.2 Quality Assurance of Pipeline Design
192(23)
4.2.1 Design Factor
193(2)
4.2.2 Design Criteria
195(10)
4.2.2.1 Stresses
195(6)
4.2.2.2 Fatigue Life
201(2)
4.2.2.3 Expansion and Flexibility
203(2)
4.2.3 Materials
205(10)
4.2.3.1 Wall Thickness
205(2)
4.2.3.2 Material Properties
207(3)
4.2.3.3 Material Selection
210(5)
4.3 Quality Control of Pipeline Construction
215(2)
4.3.1 Pipe Jointing
215(1)
4.3.2 Mitigation from Improper Design or Materials Selection during Operation
216(1)
Chapter 5 Geotechnical Hazards 217(14)
5.1 Mitigation of Geotechnical Hazards
217(13)
5.1.1 Geotechnical Investigation
218(1)
5.1.2 Geohazard Assessment
219(1)
5.1.3 Re-routing
219(2)
5.1.4 Strain-Based Design
221(8)
5.1.4.1 Determination of Component of Strain
222(2)
5.1.4.2 Buckling
224(5)
5.1.5 Scheduling
229(1)
5.2 Mitigation from External Forces
230(1)
Chapter 6 Off-Spec Natural Gas 231(16)
6.1 Introduction
231(1)
6.2 Natural Gas Specifications
232(11)
6.2.1 Hydrocarbon Dewpoint
236(2)
6.2.2 Water Dewpoint (Moisture)
238(1)
6.2.3 Carbon Dioxide
238(1)
6.2.4 Oxygen
238(1)
6.2.5 Hydrogen Sulfide
238(1)
6.2.6 Total Sulfur
238(1)
6.2.7 Temperature
239(1)
6.2.8 Gas Interchangeability
239(1)
6.2.9 Calorific Value
240(1)
6.2.10 Relative Density
241(1)
6.2.11 Wobbe Number
241(1)
6.2.12 Relative Humidity
242(1)
6.2.13 Compressibility Factor (Z)
242(6)
6.2.13.1 Compressibility Factors at Standard Conditions
243(1)
6.3 Adjustment of Gas Quality
243(2)
6.4 Properties Relevant to Liquefaction
245(1)
6.5 The More Important Gas Characteristics
245(2)
Chapter 7 Natural Gas Hydrate 247(24)
7.1 Introduction
247(1)
7.2 Structure of Gas Hydrate
248(1)
7.2.1 Types of hydrates
249(1)
7.3 Conditions Necessary for Hydrate Formation
249(2)
7.4 Prediction of Hydrate Formation Condition
251(6)
7.4.1 Prediction from Gas Gravity
251(2)
7.4.1.1 Example Calculation
251(2)
7.4.2 Prediction Using Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants
253(1)
7.4.2.1 Example Calculation
254(1)
7.4.3 Predict gas hydrate formation temperature with a simple correlation
254(3)
7.4.4 Commercial computer programs
257(1)
7.5 Water Content of a Natural Gas Stream
257(4)
7.5.1 Example Calculation of Water Dropout in a Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline
258(3)
7.6 Methods of Hydrate Prevention and Mitigation
261(4)
7.6.1 Hydrate Inhibitors
262(2)
7.6.1.1 Methanol Injection
263(1)
7.6.1.2 Glycol Injection
263(1)
7.6.2 Glycol Dehydration
264(1)
7.6.2.1 Water Removal
264(1)
7.6.3 Low Pressure Operation
264(1)
7.6.4 Insulation
265(1)
7.6.5 Active heating
265(1)
7.7 Prevention of Hydrate Formation during Commissioning
265(1)
7.7.1 Pipelines
265(1)
7.7.2 Spool Pieces
266(1)
7.8 Removing Hydrates
266(5)
7.8.1 Injection of Hydrate Point Depressant
268(3)
7.8.1.1 Determination of Total Inhibitor Required
269(2)
Chapter 8 Leak and Break Detection 271(4)
8.1 Introduction
271(1)
8.2 Leak Detection Methods
271(4)
References 275(4)
Index 279
Mavis Sika Okyere (née Nyarko) is a senior pipeline integrity engineer at Ghana National Gas Company. She is an expert in risk-based assessment, pipeline integrity, corrosion protection and monitoring. She has experience with subsea structural engineering, piping and pipeline engineering principles as applied to both onshore and offshore conditions.

Mavis studied MSc. Gas Engineering and Management at University of Salford, United Kingdom and BSc. Civil Engineering at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana.

She worked with LUDA Development Ltd, Bluecrest College, INTECSEA/Worleyparsons Atlantic Ltd, Technip, Ussuya Ghana Ltd, and Ghana Highway Authority. She has published in several books and journals, and is a member of many National and International bodies.