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Modeling, Analysis and Optimization of Process and Energy Systems [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 488 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 287x224x32 mm, kaal: 1315 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 27-Jan-2012
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0470624213
  • ISBN-13: 9780470624210
Teised raamatud teemal:
Modeling, Analysis and Optimization of Process and Energy SystemsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 488 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 287x224x32 mm, kaal: 1315 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 27-Jan-2012
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0470624213
  • ISBN-13: 9780470624210
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780470624210.html
Märksõnad:
"Energy costs impact the profitability of virtually all industrial processes. Stressing how plants use power, and how that power is actually generated, this book provides a clear and simple way to understand the energy usage in various processes, as wellas methods for optimizing these processes using practical hands-on simulations and a unique approach that details solved problems utilizing actual plant data. Invaluable information offers a complete energy-saving approach essential for both the chemicaland mechanical engineering curricula, as well as for practicing engineers"--Provided by publisher.

Knopf (chemical engineering, Louisiana State U.) establishes a unified platform for improving materials processing by analyzing both the energy demand side--the processing plant--and the energy supply side--available heat and power resources. The material and energy flows in a process must be quantified first, he explains, then the energy needs of the process guide the optimal design of the utility system. He also presents techniques for maintaining the most cost-effective operation. The textbook could be used for a course in an engineering curriculum or in a professional course. Supplementary materials are available free online. Annotation ©2012 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Energy costs impact the profitability of virtually all industrial processes. Stressing how plants use power, and how that power is actually generated, this book provides a clear and simple way to understand the energy usage in various processes, as well as methods for optimizing these processes using practical hands-on simulations and a unique approach that details solved problems utilizing actual plant data. Invaluable information offers a complete energy-saving approach essential for both the chemical and mechanical engineering curricula, as well as for practicing engineers.
Preface xiii
Conversion Factors xvii
List of Symbols
xix
1 Introduction to Energy Usage, Cost, and Efficiency
1(18)
1.1 Energy Utilization in the United States
1(1)
1.2 The Cost of Energy
1(3)
1.3 Energy Efficiency
4(6)
1.4 The Cost of Self-Generated versus Purchased Electricity
10(1)
1.5 The Cost of Fuel and Fuel Heating Value
11(1)
1.6 Text Organization
12(3)
1.7 Getting Started
15(1)
1.8 Closing Comments
16(3)
References
16(1)
Problems
17(2)
2 Engineering Economics with VBA Procedures
19(23)
2.1 Introduction to Engineering Economics
19(1)
2.2 The Time Value of Money: Present Value (PV) and Future Value (FV)
19(3)
2.3 Annuities
22(7)
2.4 Comparing Process Alternatives
29(4)
2.4.1 Present Value
31(1)
2.4.2 Rate of Return (ROR)
31(1)
2.4.3 Equivalent Annual Cost/Annual Capital Recovery Factor (CRF)
32(1)
2.5 Plant Design Economics
33(1)
2.6 Formulating Economics-Based Energy Optimization Problems
34(2)
2.7 Economic Analysis with Uncertainty: Monte Carlo Simulation
36(2)
2.8 Closing Comments
38(4)
References
39(1)
Problems
39(3)
3 Computer-Aided Solutions of Process Material Balances: The Sequential Modular Solution Approach
42(34)
3.1 Elementary Material Balance Modules
42(4)
3.1.1 Mixer
43(1)
3.1.2 Separator
43(1)
3.1.3 Splitter
44(1)
3.1.4 Reactors
45(1)
3.2 Sequential Modular Approach: Material Balances with Recycle
46(3)
3.3 Understanding Tear Stream Iteration Methods
49(9)
3.3.1 Single-Variable Successive Substitution Method
49(1)
3.3.2 Multidimensional Successive Substitution Method
50(2)
3.3.3 Single-Variable Wegstein Method
52(1)
3.3.4 Multidimensional Wegstein Method
53(5)
3.4 Material Balance Problems with Alternative Specifications
58(3)
3.5 Single-Variable Optimization Problems
61(5)
3.5.1 Forming the Objective Function for Single-Variable Constrained Material Balance Problems
61(1)
3.5.2 Bounding Step or Bounding Phase: Swann's Equation
61(4)
3.5.3 Interval Refinement Phase: Interval Halving
65(1)
3.6 Material Balance Problems with Local Nonlinear Specifications
66(2)
3.7 Closing Comments
68(8)
References
69(1)
Problems
70(6)
4 Computer-Aided Solutions of Process Material Balances: The Simultaneous Solution Approach
76(22)
4.1 Solution of Linear Equation Sets: The Simultaneous Approach
76(6)
4.1.1 The Gauss-Jordan Matrix Elimination Method
76(2)
4.1.2 Gauss-Jordan Coding Strategy for Linear Equation Sets
78(1)
4.1.3 Linear Material Balance Problems: Natural Specifications
78(4)
4.1.4 Linear Material Balance Problems: Alternative Specifications
82(1)
4.2 Solution of Nonlinear Equation Sets: The Newton-Raphson Method
82(16)
4.2.1 Equation Linearization via Taylor's Series Expansion
82(1)
4.2.2 Nonlinear Equation Set Solution via the Newton-Raphson Method
83(3)
4.2.3 Newton-Raphson Coding Strategy for Nonlinear Equation Sets
86(4)
4.2.4 Nonlinear Material Balance Problems: The Simultaneous Approach
90(2)
References
92(1)
Problems
93(5)
5 Process Energy Balances
98(34)
5.1 Introduction
98(3)
5.2 Separator: Equilibrium Flash
101(8)
5.2.1 Equilibrium Flash with Recycle: Sequential Modular Approach
103(6)
5.3 Equilibrium Flash with Recycle: Simultaneous Approach
109(3)
5.4 Adiabatic Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) Material and Energy Balances Including Rate Expressions: Euler's First-Order Method
112(5)
5.4.1 Reactor Types
112(5)
5.5 Styrene Process: Material and Energy Balances with Reaction Rate
117(4)
5.6 Euler's Method versus Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta Method for Numerical Integration
121(3)
5.6.1 The Euler Method: First-Order ODEs
121(1)
5.6.2 RK4 Method: First-Order ODEs
122(2)
5.7 Closing Comments
124(8)
References
125(1)
Problems
125(7)
6 Introduction to Data Reconciliation and Gross Error Detection
132(32)
6.1 Standard Deviation and Probability Density Functions
133(3)
6.2 Data Reconciliation: Excel Solver
136(2)
6.2.1 Single-Unit Material Balance: Excel Solver
136(2)
6.2.2 Multiple-Unit Material Balance: Excel Solver
138(1)
6.3 Data Reconciliation: Redundancy and Variable Types
138(5)
6.4 Data Reconciliation: Linear and Nonlinear Material and Energy Balances
143(6)
6.5 Data Reconciliation: Lagrange Multipliers
149(5)
6.5.1 Data Reconciliation: Lagrange Multiplier Compact Matrix Notation
152(2)
6.6 Gross Error Detection and Identification
154(4)
6.6.1 Gross Error Detection: The Global Test (GT) Method
154(1)
6.6.2 Gross Error (Suspect Measurement) Identification: The Measurement Test (MT) Method: Linear Constraints
155(1)
6.6.3 Gross Error (Suspect Measurement) Identification: The Measurement Test Method: Nonlinear Constraints
156(2)
6.7 Closing Remarks
158(6)
References
158(1)
Problems
158(6)
7 Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Performance, Design, and Off-Design Calculations: Ideal Gas Fluid Properties
164(34)
7.1 Equilibrium State of a Simple Compressible Fluid: Development of the T ds Equations
165(2)
7.1.1 Application of the T ds Equations to an Ideal Gas
166(1)
7.1.2 Application of the T ds Equations to an Ideal Gas: Isentropic Process
166(1)
7.2 General Energy Balance Equation for an Open System
167(1)
7.3 Cogeneration Turbine System Performance Calculations: Ideal Gas Working Fluid
167(2)
7.3.1 Compressor Performance Calculations
167(1)
7.3.2 Turbine Performance Calculations
168(1)
7.4 Air Basic Gas Turbine Performance Calculations
169(3)
7.5 Energy Balance for the Combustion Chamber
172(1)
7.5.1 Energy Balance for the Combustion Chamber: Ideal Gas Working Fluid
172(1)
7.6 The HRSG: Design Performance Calculations
173(4)
7.6.1 HRSG Design Calculations: Exhaust Gas Ideal and Water-Side Real Properties
176(1)
7.7 Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Performance with Design HRSG
177(3)
7.7.1 HRSG Material and Energy Balance Calculations Using Excel Callable Sheet Functions
179(1)
7.8 HRSG Off-Design Calculations: Supplemental Firing
180(5)
7.8.1 HRSG Off-Design Performance: Overall Energy Balance Approach
180(1)
7.8.2 HRSG Off-Design Performance: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Approach
181(4)
7.9 Gas Turbine Design and Off-Design Performance
185(8)
7.9.1 Gas Turbines Types and Gas Turbine Design Conditions
185(1)
7.9.2 Gas Turbine Design and Off-Design Using Performance Curves
186(1)
7.9.3 Gas Turbine Internal Mass Flow Patterns
186(2)
7.9.4 Industrial Gas Turbine Off-Design (Part Load) Control Algorithm
188(1)
7.9.5 Aeroderivative Gas Turbine Off-Design (Part Load) Control Algorithm
189(1)
7.9.6 Off-Design Performance Algorithm for Gas Turbines
189(4)
7.10 Closing Remarks
193(5)
References
194(1)
Problems
194(4)
8 Development of a Physical Properties Program for Cogeneration Calculations
198(24)
8.1 Available Function Calls for Cogeneration Calculations
198(4)
8.2 Pure Species Thermodynamic Properties
202(5)
8.3 Derivation of Working Equations for Pure Species Thermodynamic Properties
207(2)
8.4 Ideal Mixture Thermodynamic Properties: General Development and Combustion Reaction Considerations
209(2)
8.4.1 Ideal Mixture
209(1)
8.4.2 Changes in Enthalpy and Entropy
209(2)
8.5 Ideal Mixture Thermodynamic Properties: Apparent Difficulties
211(2)
8.6 Mixing Rules for EOS
213(2)
8.7 Closing Remarks
215(7)
References
216(1)
Problems
216(6)
9 Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Performance, Design, and Off-Design Calculations: Real Fluid Properties
222(21)
9.1 Cogeneration Gas Turbine System Performance Calculations: Real Physical Properties
223(7)
9.1.1 Air Compressor (AC) Performance Calculation
224(1)
9.1.2 Energy Balance for the Combustion Chamber (CC)
224(1)
9.1.3 C Functions for Combustion Temperature and Exhaust Gas Physical Properties
224(5)
9.1.4 Gas and Power Turbine (G&PT) Performance Calculations
229(1)
9.1.5 Air Preheater (APH)
230(1)
9.2 HRSG: Design Performance Calculations
230(2)
9.3 HRSG Off-Design Calculations: Supplemental Firing
232(3)
9.3.1 HRSG Off-Design Performance: Overall Energy Balance Approach
233(1)
9.3.2 HRSG Off-Design Performance: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Approach
234(1)
9.4 Gas Turbine Design and Off-Design Performance
235(2)
9.5 Closing Remarks
237(6)
References
238(1)
Problems
238(5)
10 Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Economic Design Optimization and Heat Recovery Steam Generator Numerical Analysis
243(29)
10.1 Cogeneration System: Economy of Scale
244(1)
10.2 Cogeneration System Configuration: Site Power-to-Heat Ratio
244(1)
10.3 Economic Optimization of a Cogeneration System: The CGAM Problem
245(4)
10.3.1 The Objective Function: Cogeneration System Capital and Operating Costs
246(2)
10.3.2 Optimization: Variable Selection and Solution Strategy
248(1)
10.3.3 Process Constraints
249(1)
10.4 Economic Design Optimization of the CGAM Problem: Ideal Gas
249(1)
10.4.1 Air Preheater (APH) Equations
249(1)
10.4.2 CGAM Problem Physical Properties
249(1)
10.5 The CGAM Cogeneration Design Problem: Real Physical Properties
250(3)
10.6 Comparing CogenD and General Electric's GateCycle™
253(1)
10.7 Numerical Solution of HRSG Heat Transfer Problems
254(12)
10.7.1 Steady-State Heat Conduction in a One-Dimensional Wall
254(1)
10.7.2 Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in a One-Dimensional Wall
255(4)
10.7.3 Steady-State Heat Conduction in the HRSG
259(7)
10.8 Closing Remarks
266(6)
References
267(1)
Problems
267(5)
11 Data Reconciliation and Gross Error Detection in a Cogeneration System
272(12)
11.1 Cogeneration System Data Reconciliation
272(6)
11.2 Cogeneration System Gross Error Detection and Identification
278(3)
11.3 Visual Display of Results
281(1)
11.4 Closing Comments
281(3)
References
282(1)
Problems
283(1)
12 Optimal Power Dispatch in a Cogeneration Facility
284(30)
12.1 Developing the Optimal Dispatch Model
284(2)
12.2 Overview of the Cogeneration System
286(1)
12.3 General Operating Strategy Considerations
287(1)
12.4 Equipment Energy Efficiency
287(11)
12.4.1 Stand-Alone Boiler (Boiler 4) Performance (Based on Fuel Higher Heating Value (HHV))
288(1)
12.4.2 Electric Chiller Performance
289(1)
12.4.3 Steam-Driven Chiller Performance
290(1)
12.4.4 GE Air Cooler Chiller Performance
291(3)
12.4.5 GE Gas Turbine Performance (Based on Fuel HHV)
294(1)
12.4.6 GE Gas Turbine HRSG Boiler 8 Performance (Based on Fuel HHV)
295(1)
12.4.7 GE Gas Turbine HRSG Boiler 8 Performance Supplemental Firing (Based on Fuel HHV)
296(1)
12.4.8 Allison Gas Turbine Performance (Based on Fuel HHV)
296(1)
12.4.9 Allison Gas Turbine HRSG Boiler 7 Performance (Based on Fuel HHV)
297(1)
12.4.10 Allison Gas Turbine HRSG Boiler 7 Performance Supplemental Firing (Based on Fuel HHV)
297(1)
12.5 Predicting the Cost of Natural Gas and Purchased Electricity
298(4)
12.5.1 Natural Gas Cost
299(1)
12.5.2 Purchased Electricity Cost
299(3)
12.6 Development of a Multiperiod Dispatch Model for the Cogeneration Facility
302(7)
12.7 Closing Comments
309(5)
References
310(1)
Problems
310(4)
13 Process Energy Integration
314(29)
13.1 Introduction to Process Energy Integration/Minimum Utilities
314(2)
13.2 Temperature Interval/Problem Table Analysis with 0° Approach Temperature
316(1)
13.3 The Grand Composite Curve (GCC)
317(1)
13.4 Temperature Interval/Problem Table Analysis with "Real" Approach Temperature
318(1)
13.5 Determining Hot and Cold Stream from the Process Flow Sheet
319(5)
13.6 Heat Exchanger Network Design with Maximum Energy Recovery (MER)
324(4)
13.6.1 Design above the Pinch
325(2)
13.6.2 Design below the Pinch
327(1)
13.7 Heat Exchanger Network Design with Stream Splitting
328(1)
13.8 Heat Exchanger Network Design with Minimum Number of Units (MNU)
329(2)
13.9 Software for Teaching the Basics of Heat Exchanger Network Design (Teaching Heat Exchanger Networks (THEN))
331(1)
13.10 Heat Exchanger Network Design: Distillation Columns
331(5)
13.11 Closing Remarks
336(7)
References
336(1)
Problems
337(6)
14 Process and Site Utility Integration
343(25)
14.1 Gas Turbine-Based Cogeneration Utility System for a Processing Plant
343(10)
14.2 Steam Turbine-Based Utility System for a Processing Plant
353(3)
14.3 Site-Wide Utility System Considerations
356(6)
14.4 Closing Remarks
362(6)
References
363(1)
Problems
363(5)
15 Site Utility Emissions
368(29)
15.1 Emissions from Stoichiometric Considerations
369(1)
15.2 Emissions from Combustion Equilibrium Calculations
370(10)
15.2.1 Equilibrium Reactions
371(1)
15.2.2 Combustion Chamber Material Balances
371(1)
15.2.3 Equilibrium Relations for Gas-Phase Reactions/Gas-Phase Combustors
372(4)
15.2.4 Equilibrium Compositions from Equilibrium Constants
376(4)
15.3 Emission Prediction Using Elementary Kinetics Rate Expressions
380(2)
15.3.1 Combustion Chemical Kinetics
380(1)
15.3.2 Compact Matrix Notation for the Species Net Generation (or Production) Rate
381(1)
15.4 Models for Predicting Emissions from Gas Turbine Combustors
382(11)
15.4.1 Perfectly Stirred Reactor for Combustion Processes: The Material Balance Problem
382(3)
15.4.2 The Energy Balance for an Open System with Reaction (Combustion)
385(1)
15.4.3 Perfectly Stirred Reactor Energy Balance
385(1)
15.4.4 Solution of the Perfectly Stirred Reactor Material and Energy Balance Problem Using the Provided CVODE Code
386(2)
15.4.5 Plug Flow Reactor for Combustion Processes: The Material Balance Problem
388(1)
15.4.6 Plug Flow Reactor for Combustion Processes: The Energy Balance Problem
389(4)
15.5 Closing Remarks
393(4)
References
393(1)
CVODE Tutorial
393(1)
Problems
394(3)
16 Coal-Fired Conventional Utility Plants with CO2 Capture (Design and Off-Design Steam Turbine Performance)
397(22)
16.1 Power Plant Design Performance (Using Operational Data for Full-Load Operation)
398(8)
16.1.1 Turbine System: Design Case (See Example 16.1.xls)
401(1)
16.1.2 Extraction Flow Rates and Feedwater Heaters
402(1)
16.1.3 Auxiliary Turbine/High-Pressure Feedwater Pump
402(1)
16.1.4 Low-Pressure Feedwater Pump
403(1)
16.1.5 Turbine Exhaust End Loss
403(2)
16.1.6 Steam Turbine System Heat Rate and Performance Parameters
405(1)
16.2 Power Plant Off-Design Performance (Part Load with Throttling Control Operation)
406(3)
16.2.1 Initial Estimates for All Pressures and Efficiencies: Sub Off_Design_Initial_Estimates ()
406(1)
16.2.2 Modify Pressures: Sub Pressure_Iteration ()
406(2)
16.2.3 Modify Efficiencies: Sub Update Efficiencies ()
408(1)
16.3 Levelized Economics for Utility Pricing
409(4)
16.4 CO2 Capture and Its Impact on a Conventional Utility Power Plant
413(1)
16.5 Closing Comments
414(5)
References
417(1)
Problems
417(2)
17 Alternative Energy Systems
419(10)
17.1 Levelized Costs for Alternative Energy Systems
419(1)
17.2 Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC): Determination of Levelized Cost
420(5)
17.3 Nuclear Power Cycle
425(4)
17.3.1 A High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Nuclear Reactor (HTGR)
425(2)
References
427(1)
Problems
427(2)
Appendix. Bridging Excel and C Codes
429(29)
A.1 Introduction
429(2)
A.2 Working with Functions
431(3)
A.3 Working with Vectors
434(8)
A.4 Working with Matrices
442(4)
A.4.1 Gauss-Jordan Matrix Elimination Method
442(1)
A.4.2 Coding the Gauss-Jordan Matrix Elimination Method
443(3)
A.5 Closing Comments
446(12)
References
448(1)
Tutorial
448(1)
Microsoft C++ 2008 Express: Creating C Programs and DLLs
448(10)
Index 458
F. Carl Knopf is the Robert D. and Adele Anding Professor of Chemical Engineering and Associate Director of the Center for Energy Studies' Minerals Processing Research Institute at Louisiana State University.