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Modeling and Optimization of LCD Optical Performance [Kõva köide]

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(Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong), (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong), (Saratov State University Saratov, Russia)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 592 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 252x175x33 mm, kaal: 1016 g
  • Sari: Wiley Series in Display Technology
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Mar-2015
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0470689145
  • ISBN-13: 9780470689141
Teised raamatud teemal:
Modeling and Optimization of LCD Optical PerformanceSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 592 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 252x175x33 mm, kaal: 1016 g
  • Sari: Wiley Series in Display Technology
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Mar-2015
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0470689145
  • ISBN-13: 9780470689141
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780470689141.html
Focusing on polarization matrix optics in many forms, this book includes coverage of a wide range of methods which have been applied to LCD modeling, ranging from the simple Jones matrix method to elaborate and high accuracy algorithms suitable for off-axis optics. Researchers and scientists are constantly striving for improved performance, faster response times, wide viewing angles, improved colour in liquid crystal display development, and with this comes the need to model LCD devices effectively. The authors have significant experience in dealing with the problems related to the practical application of liquid crystals, in particular their optical performance.

Key features:





Explores analytical solutions and approximations to important cases in the matrix treatment of different LC layer configurations, and the application of these results to improve the computational method Provides the analysis of accuracies of the different approaches discussed in the book Explains the development of the Eigenwave Jones matrix method which offers a path to improved accuracy compared to Jones matrix and extended Jones matrix formalisms, while achieving significant improvement in computational speed and versatility compared to full 4x4 matrix methods Includes a companion website hosting the authors' program library LMOPTICS (FORTRAN 90), a collection of routines for calculating the optical characteristics of stratified media, the use of which allows for the easy implementation of the methods described in this book. The website also contains a set of sample programs (source codes) using LMOPTICS, which exemplify the application of these methods in different situations
Series Editor's Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
List of Abbreviations xxi
About the Companion Website xxiii
1 Polarization of Monochromatic Waves. Background of the Jones Matrix Methods. The Jones Calculus 1(58)
1.1 Homogeneous Waves in Isotropic Media
1(13)
1.1.1 Plane Waves
1(2)
1.1.2 Polarization. Jones Vectors
3(6)
1.1.3 Coordinate Transformation Rules for Jones Vectors. Orthogonal Polarizations. Decomposition of a Wave into Two Orthogonally Polarized Waves
9(5)
1.2 Interface Optics for Isotropic Media
14(9)
1.2.1 Fresnel's Formulas. Snell's Law
14(6)
1.2.2 Reflection and Transmission Jones Matrices for a Plane Interface between Isotropic Media
20(3)
1.3 Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media
23(18)
1.3.1 Wave Equations
23(2)
1.3.2 Waves in a Uniaxial Layer
25(5)
1.3.3 A Simple Birefringent Layer and Its Principal Axes
30(2)
1.3.4 Transmission Jones Matrices of a Simple Birefringent Layer at Normal Incidence
32(4)
1.3.5 Linear Retarders
36(2)
1.3.6 Jones Matrices of Absorptive Polarizers. Ideal Polarizer
38(3)
1.4 Jones Calculus
41(16)
1.4.1 Basic Principles of the Jones Calculus
42(4)
1.4.2 Three Useful Theorems for Transmissive Systems
46(4)
1.4.3 Reciprocity Relations. Jones's Reversibility Theorem
50(3)
1.4.4 Theorem of Polarization Reversibility for Systems Without Diattenuation
53(2)
1.4.5 Particular Variants of Application of the Jones Calculus. Cartesian Jones Vectors for Wave Fields in Anisotropic Media
55(2)
References
57(2)
2 The Jones Calculus: Solutions for Ideal Twisted Structures and Their Applications in LCD Optics 59(16)
2.1 Jones Matrix and Eigenmodes of a Liquid Crystal Layer with an Ideal Twisted Structure
59(5)
2.2 LCD Optics and the Gooch-Tarry Formulas
64(3)
2.3 Interactive Simulation
67(2)
2.4 Parameter Space
69(4)
References
73(2)
3 Optical Equivalence Theorem 75(16)
3.1 General Optical Equivalence Theorem
75(2)
3.2 Optical Equivalence for the Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cell
77(1)
3.3 Polarization Conserving Modes
77(5)
3.3.1 LP1 Modes
78(1)
3.3.2 LP2 Modes
79(1)
3.3.3 LP3 Modes
80(1)
3.3.4 CP Modes
81(1)
3.4 Application to Nematic Bistable LCDs
82(2)
3.4.1 2π Bistable TN Displays
82(1)
3.4.2 π Bistable TN Displays
83(1)
3.5 Application to Reflective Displays
84(2)
3.6 Measurement of Characteristic Parameters of an LC Cell
86(1)
3.6.1 Characteristic Angle Ω
86(1)
3.6.2 Characteristic Phase Γ
87(1)
References
87(4)
4 Electro-optical Modes: Practical Examples of LCD Modeling and Optimization 91(62)
4.1 Optimization of LCD Performance in Various Electro-optical Modes
91(28)
4.1.1 Electrically Controlled Birefringence
91(10)
4.1.2 Twist Effect
101(8)
4.1.3 Supertwist Effect
109(7)
4.1.4 Optimization of Optical Performance of Reflective LCDs
116(3)
4.2 Transflective LCDs
119(5)
4.2.1 Dual-Mode Single-Cell-Gap Approach
119(3)
4.2.2 Single-Mode Single-Cell-Gap Approach
122(2)
4.3 Total Internal Reflection Mode
124(7)
4.4 Ferroelectric LCDs
131(14)
4.4.1 Basic Physical Properties
131(4)
4.4.2 Electro-optical Effects in FLC Cells
135(10)
4.5 Birefringent Color Generation in Dichromatic Reflective FLCDs
145(4)
References
149(4)
5 Necessary Mathematics. Radiometric Terms. Conventions. Various Stokes and Jones Vectors 153(24)
5.1 Some Definitions and Relations from Matrix Algebra
153(14)
5.1.1 General Definitions
153(7)
5.1.2 Some Important Properties of Matrix Products
160(1)
5.1.3 Unitary Matrices. Unimodular Unitary 2 x 2 Matrices. STU Matrices
160(3)
5.1.4 Norms of Vectors and Matrices
163(3)
5.1.5 Kronecker Product of Matrices
166(1)
5.1.6 Approximations
167(1)
5.2 Some Radiometric Quantities. Conventions
167(2)
5.3 Stokes Vectors of Plane Waves and Collimated Beams Propagating in Isotropic Nonabsorbing Media
169(2)
5.4 Jones Vectors
171(5)
5.4.1 Fitted-to-Electric-Field Jones Vectors and Fitted-to-Transverse-Component-of-Electric-Field Jones Vectors
171(1)
5.4.2 Fitted-to-Irradiance Jones Vectors
172(3)
5.4.3 Conventional Jones Vectors
175(1)
References
176(1)
6 Simple Models and Representations for Solving Optimization and Inverse Optical Problems. Real Optics of LC Cells and Useful Approximations 177(40)
6.1 Polarization Transfer Factor of an Optical System
178(4)
6.2 Optics of LC Cells in Terms of Polarization Transport Coefficients
182(10)
6.2.1 Polarization-Dependent Losses and Depolarization. Unpolarized Transmittance
185(2)
6.2.2 Rotations
187(3)
6.2.3 Symmetry of the Sample
190(2)
6.3 Retroreflection Geometry
192(3)
6.4 Applications of Polarization Transport Coefficients in Optimization of LC Devices
195(12)
6.5 Evaluation of Ultimate Characteristics of an LCD that can be Attained by Fitting the Compensation System. Modulation Efficiency of LC Layers
207(9)
References
216(1)
7 Some Physical Models and Mathematical Algorithms Used in Modeling the Optical Performance of LCDs 217(34)
7.1 Physical Models of the Light-Layered System Interaction Used in Modeling the Optical Behavior of LC Devices. Plane-Wave Approximations. Transfer Channel Approach
217(20)
7.2 Transfer Matrix Technique and Adding Technique
237(9)
7.2.1 Transfer Matrix Technique
238(4)
7.2.2 Adding Technique
242(4)
7.3 Optical Models of Some Elements of LCDs
246(2)
References
248(3)
8 Modeling Methods Based on the Rigorous Theory of the Interaction of a Plane Monochromatic Wave with an Ideal Stratified Medium. Eigenwave (EW) Methods. EW Jones Matrix Method 251(80)
8.1 General Properties of the Electromagnetic Field Induced by a Plane Monochromatic Wave in a Linear Stratified Medium
252(23)
8.1.1 Maxwell's Equations and Constitutive Relations
252(4)
8.1.2 Plane Waves
256(3)
8.1.3 Field Geometry
259(16)
8.2 Transmission and Reflection Operators of Fragments (TR Units) of a Stratified Medium and Their Calculation
275(8)
8.2.1 EW Jones Vector. EW Jones Matrices. Transmission and Reflection Operators
275(6)
8.2.2 Calculation of Overall Transmission and Overall Reflection Operators for Layered Systems by Using Transfer Matrices
281(2)
8.3 Berreman's Method
283(8)
8.3.1 Transfer Matrices
283(2)
8.3.2 Transfer Matrix of a Homogeneous Layer
285(2)
8.3.3 Transfer Matrix of a Smoothly Inhomogeneous Layer. Staircase Approximation
287(2)
8.3.4 Coordinate Systems
289(2)
8.4 Simplifications, Useful Relations, and Advanced Techniques
291(13)
8.4.1 Orthogonality Relations and Other Useful Relations for Eigenwave Bases
291(6)
8.4.2 Simple General Formulas for Transmission Operators of Interfaces
297(6)
8.4.3 Calculation of Transmission and Reflection Operators of Layered Systems by Using the Adding Technique
303(1)
8.5 Transmissivities and Reflectivities
304(7)
8.6 Mathematical Properties of Transfer Matrices and Transmission and Reflection EW Jones Matrices of Lossless Media and Reciprocal Media
311(8)
8.6.1 Properties of Matrix Operators for Nonabsorbing Regions
311(2)
8.6.2 Properties of Matrix Operators for Reciprocal Regions
313(6)
8.7 Calculation of EW 4 x 4 Transfer Matrices for LC Layers
319(3)
8.8 Transformation of the Elements of EW Jones Vectors and EW Jones Matrices Under Changes of Eigenwave Bases
322(6)
8.8.1 Coordinates of the EW Jones Vector of a Wave Field in Different Eigenwave Bases
322(4)
8.8.2 EW Jones Operators in Different Eigenwave Bases
326(2)
References
328(3)
9 Choice of Eigenwave Bases for Isotropic, Uniaxial, and Biaxial Media 331(36)
9.1 General Aspects of EWB Specification. EWB-generating routines
331(7)
9.2 Isotropic Media
338(4)
9.3 Uniaxial Media
342(10)
9.4 Biaxial Media
352(13)
References
365(2)
10 Efficient Methods for Calculating Optical Characteristics of Layered Systems for Quasimonochromatic Incident Light. Main Routines of LMOPTICS Library 367(26)
10.1 EW Stokes Vectors and EW Mueller Matrices
368(7)
10.2 Calculation of the EW Mueller Matrices of the Overall Transmission and Reflection of a System Consisting of "Thin" and "Thick" Layers
375(9)
10.3 Main Routines of LMOPTICS
384(8)
10.3.1 Routines for Computing 4 x 4 Transfer Matrices and EW Jones Matrices
384(4)
10.3.2 Routines for Computing EW Mueller Matrices
388(3)
10.3.3 Other Useful Routines
391(1)
References
392(1)
11 Calculation of Transmission Characteristics of Inhomogeneous Liquid Crystal Layers with Negligible Bulk Reflection 393(48)
11.1 Application of Jones Matrix Methods to Inhomogeneous LC Layers
394(15)
11.1.1 Calculation of Transmission Jones Matrices of LC Layers Using the Classical Jones Calculus
394(10)
11.1.2 Extended Jones Matrix Methods
404(5)
11.2 NBRA. Basic Differential Equations
409(11)
11.3 NBRA. Numerical Methods
420(10)
11.3.1 Approximating Multilayer Method
421(6)
11.3.2 Discretization Method
427(1)
11.3.3 Power Series Method
428(2)
11.4 NBRA. Analytical Solutions
430(7)
11.4.1 Twisted Structures
430(2)
11.4.2 Nontwisted Structures
432(2)
11.4.3 NBRA and GOA. Adiabatic and Quasiadiabatic Approximations
434(3)
11.5 Effect of Errors in Values of the Transmission Matrix of the LC Layer on the Accuracy of Modeling the Transmittance of the LCD Panel
437(1)
References
438(3)
12 Some Approximate Representations in EW Jones Matrix Method and Their Application in Solving Optimization and Inverse Problems for LCDs 441(66)
12.1 Theory of STUM Approximation
442(5)
12.2 Exact and Approximate Expressions for Transmission Operators of Interfaces at Normal Incidence
447(16)
12.3 Polarization Jones Matrix of an Inhomogeneous Nonabsorbing Anisotropic Layer with Negligible Bulk Reflection at Normal Incidence. Simple Representations of Polarization Matrices of LC Layers at Normal Incidence
463(3)
12.4 Immersion Model of the Polarization-Converting System of an LCD
466(8)
12.5 Determining Configurational and Optical Parameters of LC Layers With a Twisted Structure: Spectral Fitting Method
474(15)
12.5.1 How to Bring Together the Experiment and Unitary Approximation
476(4)
12.5.2 Parameterization and Solving the Inverse Problem
480(9)
12.5.3 Appendix to Section
12.5
489(1)
12.6 Optimization of Compensation Systems for Enhancement of Viewing Angle Performance of LCDs
490(14)
References
504(3)
13 A Few Words About Modeling of Fine-Structure LCDs and the Direct Ray Approximation 507(10)
13.1 Virtual Microscope
508(5)
13.2 Directional Illumination and Diffuse Illumination
513(3)
References
516(1)
A LCD Modeling Software MOUSE-LCD Used for the HKUST Students Final Year Projects (FYP) from 2003 to 2011 517(20)
A.1 Introductory Remarks
517(1)
A.2 Fast LCD
517(7)
A.2.1 TN Cell
517(2)
A.2.2 Effect of d/p Ratio
519(1)
A.2.3 Effect of K22/K11
520(1)
A.2.4 Effect of K33/K11
520(1)
A.2.5 Effect of Δepsilon
521(1)
A.2.6 Effect of γ1
521(2)
A.2.7 Effect of Anchoring Strength W
523(1)
A.2.8 Optimized TN Cell With Fast Response Time
523(1)
A.2.9 Other LC Modes
524(1)
A.3 Color LCD
524(1)
A.3.1 The Super-Twisted Nematic Cell
524(1)
A.3.2 STN Birefringent Colors in Transmissive and Reflective Modes
525(1)
A.4 Transflective LCD
525(10)
A.4.1 Vertical Aligned Nematic Cell
525(10)
A.5 Switchable Viewing Angle LCD
535(1)
A.6 Optimal e-paper Configurations
535(1)
A.7 Color Filter Optimization
536(1)
References
536(1)
B Some Derivations and Examples 537(8)
B.1 Conservation Law for Energy Flux
537(1)
B.2 Lorentz's Lemma
538(1)
B.3 Nonexponential Waves
538(2)
B.4 To the Power Series Method (Section 11.3.3)
540(1)
B.5 One of the Ways to Obtain the Explicit Expressions for Transmission Jones Matrices of an Ideal Twisted LC Layer
541(2)
Reference
543(2)
Index 545
Dmitry A. Yakovlev, Saratov State University, Russia Dr Yakovlev is a senior researcher in the Department of Physics at Saratov State University, Russia. He is the head developer of commercial software MOUSE-LCD (MOdeling Universal System of Electrooptics of LCDs), developed in cooperation with HKUST, and the author of a number of efficient methods for computer modeling and optimization of LCDs used within many research projects performed in cooperation with Center Display Research of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, ROLIC Research Ltd (Switzerland), TechnoDisplay AS (Norway. He has authored 30 refereed journal papers.

Vladimir G. Chigrinov, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Professor Chigrinov is a member of the department of electrical and electronic engineering at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He is the author of 3 books, including Photoalignment of Liquid Crystalline Materials (with Professor Kwok), published by Wiley (2008). He has authored more than 150 refereed journal papers and holds 56 patents in the field of liquid crystals. He is a member of the editorial board of Liquid Crystal Today and Associate Editor of the Journal of SID. Prof. Chigrinov is Vice-President of the Russian SID chapter and a SID Fellow.

Hoi Sing Kwok, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Professor Kwok is a member of the department of electrical and electronic engineering at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He is a fellow of the IEEE, Optical Society of America and the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers. Prof. Kwok is the co-author of Photoalignment of Crystalline Materials (Wiley, 2008) with Prof. Chigrinov and Vladimir M. Kozenkov, and has authored over 300 refereed journal papers.