| List of Abbreviations |
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xii | |
| Preface |
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xiii | |
| Table of Cases |
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xvii | |
| Table of Statutes |
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xxxv | |
| Table of Statutory Instruments |
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xli | |
| Table of European Legislation |
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xlii | |
| 1 An Introduction To Modern Land Law |
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1 | (26) |
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1.1 The Nature and Scope of the Law of Real Property |
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3 | (4) |
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1.2 Types of Proprietary Right |
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7 | (3) |
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1.3 The Legal or Equitable Quality of Proprietary Rights |
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10 | (7) |
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1.4 The Consequences of the Distinction between Legal and Equitable Property Rights |
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17 | (1) |
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1.5 The 1925 Property Legislation and the Land Registration Act 2002 |
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18 | (2) |
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1.6 The Distinction between Registered and Unregistered Land |
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20 | (3) |
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23 | (4) |
| 2 Registered Land |
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27 | (72) |
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2.1 The Basic Concept of Title Registration |
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29 | (3) |
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2.2 The Nature and Purpose of the System of Registered Land |
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32 | (2) |
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2.3 The Three Fundamental Operating Principles of Registered Land |
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34 | (4) |
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2.4 An Overview of the Registered Land System under the Land Registration Act 2002 |
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38 | (6) |
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2.5 The Operation of Registered Land: Titles |
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44 | (5) |
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2.6 The Operation of Registered Land: Unregistered Interests which Override |
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49 | (25) |
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2.7 The Operation of Registered Land: Protected Registered Interests under the Land Registration Act 2002 |
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74 | (8) |
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82 | (1) |
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2.9 The Operation of Registered Land: Overreaching |
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83 | (4) |
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2.10 Alteration of the Register |
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87 | (6) |
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2.11 Indemnity under the Land Registration Act 2002 |
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93 | (2) |
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2.12 An Overview of the Land Registration Act 2002 |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (3) |
| 3 Unregistered Land |
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99 | (31) |
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3.1 Unregistered Land: An Introduction to the System of Unregistered Conveyancing |
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100 | (2) |
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3.2 An Overview of Unregistered Land |
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102 | (4) |
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3.3 Titles in Unregistered Land |
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106 | (1) |
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3.4 Third-party Rights in Unregistered Land |
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107 | (1) |
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3.5 The Purchaser of Unregistered Land and the Protection of Legal Rights |
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108 | (1) |
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3.6 The Purchaser of Unregistered Land and the Protection of Equitable Interests: The Land Charges Act 1972 |
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109 | (12) |
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121 | (1) |
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3.8 A Residual Class of Equitable Interests in Unregistered Conveyancing |
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122 | (3) |
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3.9 Inherent Problems in the System of Unregistered Land |
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125 | (1) |
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3.10 A Comparison with Registered Land |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (3) |
| 4 Co-Ownership |
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130 | (68) |
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4.1 The Nature and Types of Concurrent Co-ownership |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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4.4 The Effect of the Law of Property Act 1925 and the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 |
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135 | (3) |
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4.5 The Distinction between Joint Tenancy and Tenancy in Common in Practice: The Equitable Interest |
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138 | (3) |
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4.6 The Statutory Machinery Governing Co-ownership |
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141 | (1) |
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4.7 The Nature of the Unseverable Legal Joint Tenancy: The Trust of Land |
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142 | (3) |
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4.8 The Advantages of the 1925 and 1996 Legislative Reforms |
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145 | (2) |
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4.9 The Disadvantages of the Trust of Land as a Device for Regulating Co-ownership |
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147 | (21) |
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4.10 The Express and Implied Creation of Co-ownership in Practice: Express, Resulting and Constructive Trusts |
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168 | (21) |
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189 | (4) |
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193 | (5) |
| 5 Successive Interests In Land |
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198 | (19) |
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5.1 Successive Interests: In General |
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199 | (6) |
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5.2 Successive Interests under the Old Regime: The Strict Settlement and the Settled Land Act 1925 |
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205 | (7) |
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5.3 The Trust for Sale of Land: Before the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 |
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212 | (1) |
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5.4 A Comparison between the Strict Settlement under the Settled Land Act 1925 and the Regime of the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (3) |
| 6 Leases |
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217 | (66) |
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6.1 The Nature of a Lease |
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218 | (2) |
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6.2 The Essential Characteristics of a Lease |
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220 | (10) |
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6.3 The Creation of Legal and Equitable Leases |
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230 | (7) |
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237 | (2) |
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6.5 Rules for Leases Granted before 1 January 1996 |
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239 | (16) |
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6.6 The New Scheme-The Law Applicable to Tenancies Granted on or after 1 January 1996: The Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995 |
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255 | (9) |
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6.7 The Landlord's Remedies for Breach of Covenant |
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264 | (11) |
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6.8 The Tenant's Remedies for Breach of Covenant |
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275 | (1) |
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6.9 Termination of Leases |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (5) |
| 7 The Law Of Easements And Profits |
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283 | (82) |
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7.1 The Nature of Easements as Interests in Land |
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284 | (1) |
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7.2 The Essential Characteristics of an Easement |
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284 | (9) |
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7.3 Legal and Equitable Easements: Formalities |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (2) |
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295 | (1) |
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7.6 The Significance of the Distinction between Legal and Equitable Easements in Practice: Easements and Purchasers of the Dominant or Servient Tenement |
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296 | (7) |
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7.7 The Creation of Easements |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (2) |
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305 | (10) |
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7.10 Easements Resulting from Prescription |
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315 | (7) |
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7.11 Methods of Establishing an Easement by Prescription |
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322 | (3) |
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7.12 The Extinguishment of Easements |
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325 | (1) |
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7.13 A Note on Profits a Prendre |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (5) |
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332 | (2) |
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8.1 The Nature of Freehold Covenants |
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334 | (2) |
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8.2 The Relevance of Law and Equity and the Enforcement of Covenants |
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336 | (1) |
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8.3 The Factual Context for the Enforcement of Freehold Covenants |
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337 | (1) |
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8.4 Principle 1: Enforcing the Covenant in an Action between the Original Covenantor and the Original Covenantee |
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338 | (2) |
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8.5 Principle 2: Enforcing the Covenant against Successors in Title to the Original Covenantor-Passing the Burden |
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340 | (8) |
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8.6 Principle 3: Passing the Benefit to Successors in Title to the Original Covenantee |
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348 | (7) |
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8.7 Escaping the Confines of the Rules: Can the Burden of Positive Covenants be Enforced by Other Means? |
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355 | (5) |
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8.8 Discharge and Modification of Restrictive Covenants |
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360 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (4) |
| 9 Licences To Use Land |
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365 | (17) |
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366 | (1) |
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9.2 The Essential Nature of a Licence |
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366 | (4) |
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370 | (10) |
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380 | (2) |
| 10 Proprietary Estoppel |
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382 | (26) |
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10.1 Proprietary Estoppel |
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383 | (1) |
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10.2 Conditions for the Operation of Proprietary Estoppel |
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384 | (11) |
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10.3 What is the Result of a Successful Plea of Proprietary Estoppel? |
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395 | (2) |
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10.4 The Nature of Proprietary Estoppel and its Effect on Third Parties |
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397 | (5) |
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10.5 Proprietary Estoppel and Constructive Trusts |
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402 | (3) |
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405 | (3) |
| 11 The Law Of Mortgages |
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408 | (52) |
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11.1 The Essential Nature of a Mortgage |
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409 | (5) |
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11.2 The Creation of Mortgages before 1925 |
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414 | (1) |
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11.3 The Creation of Legal Mortgages on or after 1 January 1926 |
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414 | (1) |
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11.4 Legal Mortgages of Freehold Estates before 13 October 2003 |
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415 | (1) |
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11.5 Legal Mortgages of Leasehold Estates: Unregistered Leases and Registered Leasehold Titles Mortgaged before 13 October 2003 |
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416 | (1) |
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11.6 Legal Mortgages of Registered Titles under the Land Registration Act 2002 |
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417 | (1) |
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11.7 Registration of Legal Mortgages under the Land Registration Act 2002 |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (5) |
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11.9 The Rights of the Mortgagor: The Equity of Redemption |
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424 | (15) |
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11.10 The Rights of the Mortgagee under a Legal Mortgage: Remedies for Default |
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439 | (16) |
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11.11 The Rights of a Mortgagee under an Equitable Mortgage |
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455 | (1) |
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455 | (5) |
| 12 Adverse Possession |
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460 | (34) |
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12.1 How is Adverse Possession Established? The Rules Common to Unregistered and Registered Land |
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463 | (10) |
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12.2 Adverse Possession and Unregistered Land |
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473 | (8) |
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12.3 Adverse Possession under the Land Registration Act 1925 |
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481 | (1) |
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12.4 Adverse Possession under the Land Registration Act 2002 |
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482 | (7) |
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489 | (5) |
| Index |
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494 | |