Preface |
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iv | |
Part I Theoretical Framework |
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1 | (150) |
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1 Motor Control: Issues and Theories |
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3 | (18) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Why Should Therapists Study Motor Control? |
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3 | (1) |
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Understanding the Nature of Movement |
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4 | (3) |
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Individual Systems Underlying Motor Control |
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4 | (1) |
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Task Constraints on Movement Control |
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5 | (1) |
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Environmental Constraints on Movement Control |
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6 | (1) |
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The Control of Movement: Theories of Motor Control |
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7 | (9) |
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Value of Theory to Practice |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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Motor Programming Theories |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (3) |
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14 | (1) |
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Which Theory of Motor Control Is Best? |
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15 | (1) |
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Parallel Development of Clinical Practice and Scientific Theory |
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16 | (2) |
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Neurologic Rehabilitation: Reflex-Based Neurofacilitation Approaches |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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Answers to Lab Activity Assignments |
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20 | (1) |
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2 Motor Learning and Recovery of Function |
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21 | (23) |
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Introduction to Motor Learning |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (4) |
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Early Definitions of Motor Learning |
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22 | (1) |
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Broadening the Definition of Motor Learning |
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22 | (1) |
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Relating Performance and Learning |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Basic Forms of Long-Term Memory: Nondeclarative (Implicit) and Declarative (Explicit) |
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23 | (3) |
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Theories of Motor Learning |
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26 | (2) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Theories Related to Stages of Learning Motor Skills |
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28 | (4) |
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Fitts and Posner Three-Stage Model |
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29 | (1) |
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Bernstein's Three-Stage Approach to Motor Learning: Mastering Degrees of Freedom |
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29 | (2) |
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Gentile's Two-Stage Model |
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31 | (1) |
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Stages of Motor Program Formation |
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32 | (1) |
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Practical Applications of Motor Learning Research |
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32 | (6) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (4) |
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38 | (4) |
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Concepts Related to Recovery of Function |
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38 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Recovery of Function |
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39 | (1) |
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Preinjury Neuroprotective Factors |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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Answers to Lab Activity Assignments |
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43 | (1) |
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3 Physiology of Motor Control |
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44 | (36) |
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Introduction and Overview |
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44 | (5) |
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Motor Control Theories and Physiology |
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44 | (1) |
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Overview of Brain Function |
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45 | (3) |
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Neuron-The Basic Unit of the CNS |
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48 | (1) |
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Sensory/Perceptual Systems |
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49 | (17) |
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49 | (9) |
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58 | (6) |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (12) |
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66 | (4) |
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Higher-Level Association Areas |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (3) |
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73 | (3) |
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Mesencephalon and Brainstem |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (2) |
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4 Physiological Basis of Motor Learning and Recovery of Function |
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80 | (26) |
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80 | (3) |
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Defining Neural Plasticity |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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Localization of Learning and Memory |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (7) |
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Plasticity and Nondeclarative (Implicit) Forms of Learning |
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83 | (2) |
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Procedural Learning (Skills and Habits) |
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85 | (1) |
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Plasticity and Declarative (Explicit) Forms of Learning |
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86 | (2) |
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The Shift from Implicit to Explicit Knowledge |
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88 | (1) |
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The Shift from Explicit to Implicit Memory |
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88 | (1) |
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Complex Forms of Motor Learning |
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88 | (1) |
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Acquisition of Skill: The Shift to Automaticity |
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89 | (1) |
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Summary of Forms of Learning |
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90 | (1) |
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Neural Plasticity and Recovery of Function |
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90 | (13) |
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91 | (1) |
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Axonal Damage: Effects on Neurons and Neighboring Cells |
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91 | (1) |
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Early Transient Events That Depress Brain Function |
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91 | (2) |
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Axonal Regeneration: Difference in the Peripheral versus Central Nervous Systems |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (3) |
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Changes in Cortical Maps after Lesions and during Recovery of Function |
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96 | (3) |
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Strategies to Enhance Neural Plasticity and Cortical Reorganization |
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99 | (3) |
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Clinical Implications of Research on Neural Plasticity and Recovery of Function in Acquired Brain Injury |
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102 | (1) |
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Neural Plasticity and Neurodegenerative Disease |
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103 | (2) |
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Neural Plasticity and Parkinson's Disease |
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103 | (2) |
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Clinical Implications of Research on Neural Plasticity and Recovery of Function in PD |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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5 Constraints on Motor Control: An Overview of Neurologic Impairments |
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106 | (29) |
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Introduction: Signs and Symptoms of Pathophysiology of Motor Control |
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106 | (1) |
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Classifying Impairments Associated with CNS Lesions |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Positive versus Negative Signs and Symptoms |
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107 | (1) |
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Primary versus Secondary Effects |
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107 | (1) |
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Impairments in the Action Systems |
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107 | (9) |
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108 | (4) |
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Motor Impairments Associated with Subcortical Pathology |
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112 | (4) |
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Secondary Musculoskeletal Impairments |
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116 | (1) |
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Impairments in Sensory Systems |
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116 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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Pathology of Higher-Order Association Cortices: Spatial and NonSpatial Impairments |
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118 | (1) |
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Right Hemisphere Spatial Deficits |
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118 | (1) |
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Right Hemisphere Nonspatial Deficits |
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118 | (1) |
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Clinical Management of Impairments in the Action (Motor) Systems |
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119 | (7) |
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Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract Impairments |
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119 | (4) |
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Clinical Management of Cerebellar and Basal Ganglia Impairments |
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123 | (3) |
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Clinical Management of Musculoskeletal Impairments |
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126 | (1) |
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Clinical Management of Impairments in the Sensory Systems |
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126 | (3) |
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Somatosensory Impairments |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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Clinical Management of Impairments in the Perceptual and Cognitive Systems |
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129 | (5) |
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Spatial Deficits: Hemineglect |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (4) |
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134 | (1) |
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6 A Conceptual Framework for Clinical Practice |
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135 | (16) |
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135 | (1) |
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Components of a Conceptual Framework for Clinical Practice |
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136 | (8) |
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136 | (3) |
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Models of Functioning and Disability |
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139 | (3) |
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Hypothesis-Oriented Clinical Practice |
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142 | (1) |
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Theories of Motor Control and Learning |
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143 | (1) |
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Evidence-Based Clinical Practice |
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143 | (1) |
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Applying a Conceptual Framework to Clinical Practice |
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143 | (1) |
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Task-Oriented Approach to Examination |
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144 | (3) |
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Examination of Functional Activities and Participation |
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144 | (2) |
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Examination at the Strategy Level |
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146 | (1) |
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Examining Impairments of Body Structure and Function |
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147 | (1) |
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Task-Oriented Approach to Intervention |
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147 | (1) |
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Recovery versus Compensation |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Answers to Lab Activity Assignments |
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149 | (2) |
Part II Postural Control |
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151 | (156) |
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7 Normal Postural Control |
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153 | (30) |
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153 | (5) |
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Defining Postural Control |
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154 | (2) |
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A Systems Framework for Postural Control |
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156 | (2) |
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Motor Systems in Postural Control |
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158 | (14) |
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158 | (5) |
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163 | (7) |
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Proactive (Anticipatory) Balance Control |
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170 | (2) |
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Sensory/Perceptual Systems in Postural Control |
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172 | (6) |
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Sensory Inputs for Steady-State Balance |
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172 | (3) |
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Sensory Inputs for Reactive Balance |
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175 | (2) |
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Sensory Strategies for Proactive Balance |
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177 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications of Research on Sensory/Perceptual Aspects of Postural Control |
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177 | (1) |
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Cognitive Systems in Postural Control |
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178 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications of Research on Cognitive Aspects of Postural Control |
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179 | (1) |
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Neural Subsystems Controlling Postural Orientation and Stability |
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179 | (2) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Contributions |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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Answers to Lab Activity Assignments |
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181 | (2) |
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8 Development of Postural Control |
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183 | (23) |
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183 | (2) |
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Postural Control and Development |
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183 | (1) |
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Motor Milestones and Emerging Postural Control |
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184 | (1) |
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Theories of Developing Postural Control |
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185 | (3) |
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Reflex/Hierarchical Theory |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (3) |
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Development of Postural Control: a Systems Perspective |
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188 | (17) |
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General Movements in Infants |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (2) |
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Emergence of Independent Sitting |
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190 | (5) |
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Transition to Independent Stance |
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195 | (4) |
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Refinement of Postural Control |
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199 | (5) |
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Cognitive Systems in Postural Development |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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9 Aging and Postural Control |
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206 | (22) |
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206 | (2) |
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Factors Contributing to Aging |
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206 | (1) |
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Interactions between Primary and Secondary Factors |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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Behavioral Indicators of Instability |
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208 | (3) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (2) |
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Age-Related Changes in the Systems of Postural Control |
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211 | (8) |
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211 | (1) |
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Changes to Steady-State Balance |
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212 | (1) |
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Changes in Reactive Balance Control |
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213 | (5) |
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Changes in Anticipatory Postural Control |
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218 | (1) |
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Aging in the Sensory/Perceptual Systems |
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219 | (4) |
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Changes in Individual Sensory Systems |
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219 | (1) |
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Adapting Senses for Postural Control |
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220 | (3) |
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Cognitive Issues and Posture Control |
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223 | (3) |
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A Case Study Approach to Understanding Age-Related Postural Disorders |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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Answers to Lab Activity Assignments |
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227 | (1) |
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10 Abnormal Postural Control |
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228 | (32) |
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228 | (1) |
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Falls in Persons with Neurologic Pathology |
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228 | (1) |
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Problems in the Motor Systems |
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229 | (18) |
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Impaired Steady-State Balance |
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229 | (5) |
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Impaired Reactive Balance |
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234 | (11) |
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Impaired Anticipatory Postural Control |
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245 | (2) |
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Problems in the Sensory/Perceptual Systems |
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247 | (5) |
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Sensory Problems Affecting Steady-State Balance |
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247 | (4) |
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Sensory Problems Affecting Reactive Balance |
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251 | (1) |
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Sensory Problems Affecting Anticipatory Balance |
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251 | (1) |
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Perceptual Problems Affecting Postural Control |
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251 | (1) |
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Clinical Implications of Research on Impaired Sensation/Perceptions and Postural Control |
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252 | (1) |
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Problems in Cognitive Systems |
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252 | (3) |
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Balance and Falls Self-Efficacy |
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252 | (1) |
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Impaired Postural Stability and Dual-Task Interference |
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253 | (2) |
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A Case Study Approach to Understanding Postural Dyscontrol |
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255 | (4) |
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Jean J and Genise T: Postural Problems following Cerebral Vascular Accident |
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256 | (1) |
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Mike M: Postural Problems in Parkinson's Disease |
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257 | (1) |
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John C: Postural Problems in Cerebellar Disorders |
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257 | (1) |
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Thomas L: Postural Problems in Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy |
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258 | (1) |
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Malachi: Postural Problems in Severe Athetoid/Spastic Cerebral Palsy |
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258 | (1) |
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Sue: Postural Problems in Multiple Sclerosis |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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11 Clinical Management of the Patient with a Postural Control Disorder |
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260 | (47) |
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260 | (2) |
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Conceptual Framework for Balance Rehabilitation |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (23) |
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262 | (1) |
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Examining the Effect of Balance on Participation |
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262 | (1) |
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Examining Balance in Functional Activities |
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263 | (13) |
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Assessing Strategies for Balance |
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276 | (7) |
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Examination of Underlying Impairments |
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283 | (2) |
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Evaluation: Interpreting the Results of the Examination |
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285 | (1) |
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Task-Oriented Balance Rehabilitation |
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285 | (14) |
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285 | (8) |
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293 | (3) |
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296 | (3) |
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299 | (5) |
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Research Evidence for a Task-Oriented Approach to Balance Rehabilitation |
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300 | (2) |
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Improving Participation-Evidence-Based Fall Prevention |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (1) |
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Answers to the Lab Activities |
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305 | (2) |
Part III Mobility Functions |
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307 | (156) |
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12 Control of Normal Mobility |
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309 | (32) |
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309 | (1) |
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Mobility in the ICF Framework |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (14) |
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Essential Requirements of Locomotion: Progression, Postural Control, and Adaptation |
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310 | (1) |
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Characterizing Steady-State Gait |
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311 | (8) |
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Adaptation of Gait: Contributions of Reactive and Proactive Balance Control in Gait |
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319 | (4) |
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323 | (1) |
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Control Mechanisms for Gait |
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324 | (4) |
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Pattern Generators for Gait |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (1) |
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Musculoskeletal Contributions to Gait |
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327 | (1) |
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Sensory Systems and the Control of Gait |
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328 | (3) |
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328 | (2) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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Cognitive Systems and Gait |
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331 | (2) |
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Dual-Task Performance During Steady-State Gait |
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331 | (1) |
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Dual-Task Performance during Obstacle Crossing |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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Adapting Stair-Walking Patterns to Changes in Sensory Cues |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (5) |
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Transfers and Bed Mobility |
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334 | (5) |
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339 | (1) |
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Answers to Lab Activity Assignments |
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340 | (1) |
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13 Development of Mobility |
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341 | (19) |
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341 | (1) |
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Development of Motor Systems and Gait |
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341 | (15) |
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Development of Steady-State Gait |
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342 | (6) |
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Development of Adaptation |
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348 | (3) |
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Expanding the Repertoire of Steady-State Gait Patterns: Run, Skip, Hop, and Gallop |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (3) |
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354 | (2) |
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Development of Other Mobility Skills |
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356 | (3) |
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357 | (1) |
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Development of Supine to Stand |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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Answers to Lab Activity Assignments |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (16) |
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360 | (1) |
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Gait Dysfunction: Aging or Pathology? |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (8) |
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Age-Related Changes in Steady-State Gait |
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361 | (3) |
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Age-Related Changes in Adaptation of Gait: Reactive and Proactive Balance |
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364 | (4) |
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Age-Related Changes in Musculoskeletal Control |
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368 | (1) |
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Role of Pathology in Gait Changes in Older Adults |
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369 | (1) |
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Age-Related Changes in Sensory Systems and Gait |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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Age-Related Changes in Cognitive Systems and Gait |
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369 | (3) |
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Age-Related Changes in Dual-Task Performance during Steady-State Gait |
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370 | (1) |
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Age-Related Changes in Dual-Task Performance during Obstacle Crossing |
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370 | (1) |
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Cognitive Influences on Gait: Fear of Falling in Older Adults |
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371 | (1) |
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Age-Related Changes in Other Mobility Skills |
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372 | (2) |
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Gait Initiation and Backward Gait |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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Comparing Gait Characteristics of Infants and Older Adults: Testing the Regression Hypothesis |
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374 | (1) |
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A Case Study Approach to Understanding Age-Related Changes in Mobility |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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Answers to Lab Activity Assignments |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (31) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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Motor Systems and Abnormal Gait |
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377 | (14) |
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378 | (3) |
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381 | (4) |
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Loss of Selective Control and the Emergence of Abnormal Synergies |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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Musculoskeletal Impairments |
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387 | (1) |
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Impaired Adaptation of Gait: Contributions of Impaired Reactive and Proactive Balance Control |
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388 | (3) |
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Sensory Systems and Abnormal Gait |
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391 | (3) |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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Perceptual Problems Affecting Gait |
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393 | (1) |
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Cognitive Systems and Impaired Gait |
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394 | (2) |
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Impaired Dual-Task Walking |
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394 | (2) |
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What Factors Limit Participation in the Mobility Domain? |
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396 | (1) |
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Disorders of Mobility Other than Gait |
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397 | (4) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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Transfers and Bed Mobility |
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398 | (3) |
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A Case Study Approach to Understanding Mobility Disorders |
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401 | (5) |
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Jean J and Genise T: Stroke |
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401 | (1) |
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Mike M: Parkinson's Disease |
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402 | (1) |
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John C: Degenerative Cerebellar Injury |
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403 | (2) |
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405 | (1) |
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Thomas: Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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16 Clinical Management of the Patient with a Mobility Disorder |
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407 | (56) |
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407 | (1) |
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A Task-Oriented Approach to Examination |
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408 | (26) |
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Measuring Participation: Mobility Performance in Home and Community Contexts |
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408 | (1) |
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Standardized Measures of Walking Capacity |
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409 | (18) |
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Examining the Gait Pattern |
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427 | (2) |
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Examination at the Impairment Level |
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429 | (3) |
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Measuring Mobility: Do We Really Need All These Tests and Measures? |
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432 | (2) |
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434 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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Task-Oriented Approach to Locomotor Training |
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435 | (18) |
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Interventions at the Impairment Level |
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435 | (2) |
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Intervention at the Strategy Level: Improving the Gait Pattern |
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437 | (7) |
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Training Adaptation: Complex Walking Tasks |
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444 | (9) |
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Improving Participation and Reducing Mobility Disability |
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453 | (1) |
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Retraining Other Mobility Skills |
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453 | (7) |
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453 | (1) |
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Transfers and Bed Mobility |
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454 | (3) |
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Importance of Varying Task and Environmental Demands |
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457 | (3) |
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460 | (1) |
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Answers to Lab Activity Assignments |
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460 | (3) |
Part IV Reach, Grasp, And Manipulation |
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463 | (126) |
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17 Normal Reach, Grasp, and Manipulation |
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465 | (25) |
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465 | (1) |
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Movement Control Principles |
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466 | (1) |
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Feedforward versus Feedback Control of Movement |
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466 | (1) |
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467 | (2) |
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Eye-Head-Trunk Coordination |
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467 | (1) |
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Interactions between Eye Movements and Hand Movements |
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468 | (1) |
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469 | (1) |
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Kinematics of Reach and Grasp |
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469 | (1) |
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Neural Control of Reach and Grasp |
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469 | (8) |
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469 | (6) |
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475 | (2) |
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477 | (3) |
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Classification of Grasping Patterns |
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477 | (1) |
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Anticipatory Control of Grasping Patterns: Precision Grip Formation |
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478 | (1) |
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479 | (1) |
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Coordination of Reach and Grasp |
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480 | (1) |
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General Principles of Neural Control of Reach and Grasp |
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481 | (7) |
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Invariant Features of Movement: Motor Programs |
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481 | (1) |
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Reaction Times for Reach and Grasp |
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481 | (1) |
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481 | (1) |
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How Does the Nervous System Plan Movements? Muscle Coordinate, Joint Angle Coordinate, and End Point Coordinate Strategies |
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482 | (3) |
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Distance versus Location Programming Theories |
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485 | (3) |
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Interference Between Reaching and the Performance of Secondary Cognitive Tasks |
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488 | (1) |
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489 | (1) |
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Answers to Lab Activity Assignments |
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489 | (1) |
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18 Reach, Grasp, and Manipulation: Changes across the Life Span |
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490 | (27) |
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490 | (1) |
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Principles Underlying the Development of Reaching Behaviors |
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490 | (3) |
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Role of Reflexes in the Development of Reaching Behaviors |
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490 | (1) |
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Reaching Behaviors: Innate or Learned? |
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491 | (2) |
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Locating a Target: Eye-Head Coordination |
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493 | (2) |
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493 | (1) |
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Tracking Object Movements |
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493 | (1) |
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Development of Visual Pathways for Reaching |
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494 | (1) |
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Eye-Head-Hand Coordination Development |
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494 | (1) |
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495 | (10) |
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495 | (4) |
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499 | (1) |
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500 | (2) |
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When Do Children Start Using Anticipatory Control in Grasping and Lifting Objects? |
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502 | (1) |
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Adaptation of Grip Forces |
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503 | (1) |
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Learning to Reach for and Grasp Moving Objects (Catching) |
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504 | (1) |
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504 | (1) |
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The Role of Experience in the Development of Eye-Hand Coordination |
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505 | (1) |
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Reaction Time Reaching Tasks |
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506 | (1) |
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507 | (1) |
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507 | (7) |
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Reaching: Changes with Age |
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508 | (3) |
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Grasping: Changes with Age |
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511 | (1) |
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Reach-Grasp Adaptation: Changes with Age |
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512 | (1) |
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Compensation and Reversibility of Decrements in Reaching Performance |
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512 | (2) |
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A Case Study Approach to Understanding Age-Related Changes in Reach, Grasp, and Manipulation |
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514 | (1) |
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515 | (1) |
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Answers to Lab Activity Assignments |
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515 | (2) |
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19 Abnormal Reach, Grasp, and Manipulation |
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517 | (27) |
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517 | (1) |
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518 | (1) |
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Visual Deficits and Object Localization |
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518 | (1) |
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Problems with Eye-Head-Hand Coordination |
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519 | (1) |
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Problems with Reach and Grasp |
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520 | (18) |
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520 | (12) |
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532 | (6) |
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Problems with In-Hand Manipulation |
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538 | (1) |
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538 | (1) |
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Interlimb Coupling and Bimanual Tasks |
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538 | (2) |
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Reach and Grasp in the Ipsilesional Nonhemiparetic Limb |
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540 | (1) |
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540 | (1) |
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A Case Study Approach to Understanding Upper-Extremity Disorders |
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541 | (1) |
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Jean J and Genise T: Reach-and-Grasp Problems Following Cerebrovascular Accident |
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541 | (1) |
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Mike M: Reach-and-Grasp Problems in Parkinson's Disease |
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541 | (1) |
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John C: Reach-and-Grasp Problems Following Cerebellar Pathology |
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542 | (1) |
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Thomas: Reach-and-Grasp Problems in Cerebral Palsy |
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542 | (1) |
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Malachi: Reach-and-Grasp Problems in Severe Dystonic/Spastic Cerebral Palsy |
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542 | (1) |
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Sue: Reach-and-Grasp Problems in Multiple Sclerosis |
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542 | (1) |
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542 | (2) |
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20 Clinical Management of the Patient with Reach, Grasp, and Manipulation Disorders |
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|
544 | (45) |
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544 | (1) |
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545 | (16) |
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Examining the Effect of Prehension on Participation |
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545 | (2) |
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Examining Prehension in Functional Activities |
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547 | (11) |
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Examination of Underlying Impairments |
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558 | (3) |
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Evaluation: Interpreting the Results of the Examination |
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561 | (1) |
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562 | (1) |
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562 | (1) |
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562 | (1) |
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Task-Oriented Rehabilitation of Prehension |
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562 | (23) |
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Intervention for Underlying Impairments |
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563 | (6) |
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Intervention for Sensorimotor Strategies |
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|
569 | (8) |
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Interventions at the Functional Level |
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|
577 | (8) |
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585 | (1) |
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|
585 | (1) |
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Answers to Lab Activity Assignments |
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|
585 | (4) |
References |
|
589 | (54) |
Index |
|
643 | |