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Motor Control: Translating Research into Clinical Practice Fifth, North American Edition [Kõva köide]

(Uuem väljaanne: 9781975158279)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 680 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 277x218x30 mm, kaal: 1814 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Mar-2016
  • Kirjastus: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
  • ISBN-10: 149630263X
  • ISBN-13: 9781496302632 (Uuem väljaanne: 9781975158279)
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  • Lisa soovinimekirja
  • Formaat: Hardback, 680 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 277x218x30 mm, kaal: 1814 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Mar-2016
  • Kirjastus: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
  • ISBN-10: 149630263X
  • ISBN-13: 9781496302632 (Uuem väljaanne: 9781975158279)
Teised raamatud teemal:

Motor Control is the only text to bridge the gap between current motor control research and its applications to clinical practice. It gives you a full arsenal of best-evidence tools and information to examine, diagnose, and treat patients who have problems with balance, mobility, and upper extremity function.

After a review of the latest theories of motor control, motor learning, and recovery of function, students are provided with a conceptual framework for clinical practice and a practical framework for understanding and examining impairments in patients with neurological deficits. Armed with a solid foundation, students then build a thorough understanding of motor control issues as they relate to posture and balance, mobility, and upper extremity function. For each of these three key areas, the authors discuss normal control processes, age-related issues, abnormal function, and the clinical applications of current research.

New to this Third Edition—

  • Two-color design and updated art program engage readers and illuminate content.
  • Latest research findings and their clinical applications in postural control, mobility, and upper extremity function provide the most up-to-date information on new advances in the field.
  • Learning objectives and answer keys included in each chapter enhance learning.

More Highlights and Features—

  • Assessment and treatments are classified into impairment levels, strategy levels, and functional levels for easy reference.
  • Drawings, charts, tables, and photographs help students visualize and better understand postural control and functional mobility.
  • Laboratory activities and case studies reinforce and apply key concepts to patients with different diagnoses.

In recent years, there have been tremendous leaps in motor control research. Now you have the best-evidence tools to fully utilize this research for your own practice!

Preface iv
Part I Theoretical Framework 1(150)
1 Motor Control: Issues and Theories
3(18)
Introduction
3(1)
What Is Motor Control?
3(1)
Why Should Therapists Study Motor Control?
3(1)
Understanding the Nature of Movement
4(3)
Individual Systems Underlying Motor Control
4(1)
Task Constraints on Movement Control
5(1)
Environmental Constraints on Movement Control
6(1)
The Control of Movement: Theories of Motor Control
7(9)
Value of Theory to Practice
7(1)
Reflex Theory
8(1)
Hierarchical Theory
8(2)
Motor Programming Theories
10(1)
Systems Theory
11(3)
Ecological Theory
14(1)
Which Theory of Motor Control Is Best?
15(1)
Parallel Development of Clinical Practice and Scientific Theory
16(2)
Neurologic Rehabilitation: Reflex-Based Neurofacilitation Approaches
16(1)
Task-Oriented Approach
16(2)
Case Studies
18(2)
Summary
20(1)
Answers to Lab Activity Assignments
20(1)
2 Motor Learning and Recovery of Function
21(23)
Introduction to Motor Learning
21(1)
What Is Motor Learning?
22(1)
Nature of Motor Learning
22(4)
Early Definitions of Motor Learning
22(1)
Broadening the Definition of Motor Learning
22(1)
Relating Performance and Learning
22(1)
Forms of Learning
23(1)
Basic Forms of Long-Term Memory: Nondeclarative (Implicit) and Declarative (Explicit)
23(3)
Theories of Motor Learning
26(2)
Schmidt's Schema Theory
26(1)
Ecological Theory
27(1)
Theories Related to Stages of Learning Motor Skills
28(4)
Fitts and Posner Three-Stage Model
29(1)
Bernstein's Three-Stage Approach to Motor Learning: Mastering Degrees of Freedom
29(2)
Gentile's Two-Stage Model
31(1)
Stages of Motor Program Formation
32(1)
Practical Applications of Motor Learning Research
32(6)
Practice Levels
32(1)
Feedback
32(2)
Practice Conditions
34(4)
Recovery of Function
38(4)
Concepts Related to Recovery of Function
38(1)
Factors Affecting Recovery of Function
39(1)
Preinjury Neuroprotective Factors
40(1)
Postinjury Factors
40(2)
Summary
42(1)
Answers to Lab Activity Assignments
43(1)
3 Physiology of Motor Control
44(36)
Introduction and Overview
44(5)
Motor Control Theories and Physiology
44(1)
Overview of Brain Function
45(3)
Neuron-The Basic Unit of the CNS
48(1)
Sensory/Perceptual Systems
49(17)
Somatosensory System
49(9)
Visual System
58(6)
Vestibular System
64(2)
Action Systems
66(12)
Motor Cortex
66(4)
Higher-Level Association Areas
70(1)
Cerebellum
70(3)
Basal Ganglia
73(3)
Mesencephalon and Brainstem
76(2)
Summary
78(2)
4 Physiological Basis of Motor Learning and Recovery of Function
80(26)
Introduction
80(3)
Defining Neural Plasticity
81(1)
Learning and Memory
81(1)
Localization of Learning and Memory
82(1)
Plasticity and Learning
83(7)
Plasticity and Nondeclarative (Implicit) Forms of Learning
83(2)
Procedural Learning (Skills and Habits)
85(1)
Plasticity and Declarative (Explicit) Forms of Learning
86(2)
The Shift from Implicit to Explicit Knowledge
88(1)
The Shift from Explicit to Implicit Memory
88(1)
Complex Forms of Motor Learning
88(1)
Acquisition of Skill: The Shift to Automaticity
89(1)
Summary of Forms of Learning
90(1)
Neural Plasticity and Recovery of Function
90(13)
Conceptualizing Recovery
91(1)
Axonal Damage: Effects on Neurons and Neighboring Cells
91(1)
Early Transient Events That Depress Brain Function
91(2)
Axonal Regeneration: Difference in the Peripheral versus Central Nervous Systems
93(1)
CNS Response to Injury
93(3)
Changes in Cortical Maps after Lesions and during Recovery of Function
96(3)
Strategies to Enhance Neural Plasticity and Cortical Reorganization
99(3)
Clinical Implications of Research on Neural Plasticity and Recovery of Function in Acquired Brain Injury
102(1)
Neural Plasticity and Neurodegenerative Disease
103(2)
Neural Plasticity and Parkinson's Disease
103(2)
Clinical Implications of Research on Neural Plasticity and Recovery of Function in PD
105(1)
Summary
105(1)
5 Constraints on Motor Control: An Overview of Neurologic Impairments
106(29)
Introduction: Signs and Symptoms of Pathophysiology of Motor Control
106(1)
Classifying Impairments Associated with CNS Lesions
107(1)
Signs versus Symptoms
107(1)
Positive versus Negative Signs and Symptoms
107(1)
Primary versus Secondary Effects
107(1)
Impairments in the Action Systems
107(9)
Motor Cortex Deficits
108(4)
Motor Impairments Associated with Subcortical Pathology
112(4)
Secondary Musculoskeletal Impairments
116(1)
Impairments in Sensory Systems
116(2)
Somatosensory Deficits
116(1)
Visual Deficits
117(1)
Vestibular Deficits
117(1)
Pathology of Higher-Order Association Cortices: Spatial and NonSpatial Impairments
118(1)
Right Hemisphere Spatial Deficits
118(1)
Right Hemisphere Nonspatial Deficits
118(1)
Clinical Management of Impairments in the Action (Motor) Systems
119(7)
Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract Impairments
119(4)
Clinical Management of Cerebellar and Basal Ganglia Impairments
123(3)
Clinical Management of Musculoskeletal Impairments
126(1)
Clinical Management of Impairments in the Sensory Systems
126(3)
Somatosensory Impairments
126(1)
Visual Impairments
126(1)
Vestibular Impairments
127(2)
Clinical Management of Impairments in the Perceptual and Cognitive Systems
129(5)
Spatial Deficits: Hemineglect
129(1)
Nonspatial Deficits
130(4)
Summary
134(1)
6 A Conceptual Framework for Clinical Practice
135(16)
Introduction
135(1)
Components of a Conceptual Framework for Clinical Practice
136(8)
Models of Practice
136(3)
Models of Functioning and Disability
139(3)
Hypothesis-Oriented Clinical Practice
142(1)
Theories of Motor Control and Learning
143(1)
Evidence-Based Clinical Practice
143(1)
Applying a Conceptual Framework to Clinical Practice
143(1)
Task-Oriented Approach to Examination
144(3)
Examination of Functional Activities and Participation
144(2)
Examination at the Strategy Level
146(1)
Examining Impairments of Body Structure and Function
147(1)
Task-Oriented Approach to Intervention
147(1)
Recovery versus Compensation
148(1)
Summary
148(1)
Answers to Lab Activity Assignments
149(2)
Part II Postural Control 151(156)
7 Normal Postural Control
153(30)
Introduction
153(5)
Defining Postural Control
154(2)
A Systems Framework for Postural Control
156(2)
Motor Systems in Postural Control
158(14)
Steady-State Balance
158(5)
Reactive Balance Control
163(7)
Proactive (Anticipatory) Balance Control
170(2)
Sensory/Perceptual Systems in Postural Control
172(6)
Sensory Inputs for Steady-State Balance
172(3)
Sensory Inputs for Reactive Balance
175(2)
Sensory Strategies for Proactive Balance
177(1)
Clinical Applications of Research on Sensory/Perceptual Aspects of Postural Control
177(1)
Cognitive Systems in Postural Control
178(1)
Clinical Applications of Research on Cognitive Aspects of Postural Control
179(1)
Neural Subsystems Controlling Postural Orientation and Stability
179(2)
Spinal Contributions
179(1)
Brainstem Contributions
180(1)
Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Contributions
181(1)
Summary
181(1)
Answers to Lab Activity Assignments
181(2)
8 Development of Postural Control
183(23)
Introduction
183(2)
Postural Control and Development
183(1)
Motor Milestones and Emerging Postural Control
184(1)
Theories of Developing Postural Control
185(3)
Reflex/Hierarchical Theory
185(1)
Systems Theory
185(3)
Development of Postural Control: a Systems Perspective
188(17)
General Movements in Infants
188(1)
Emerging Head Control
188(2)
Emergence of Independent Sitting
190(5)
Transition to Independent Stance
195(4)
Refinement of Postural Control
199(5)
Cognitive Systems in Postural Development
204(1)
Summary
205(1)
9 Aging and Postural Control
206(22)
Introduction
206(2)
Factors Contributing to Aging
206(1)
Interactions between Primary and Secondary Factors
207(1)
Heterogeneity of Aging
207(1)
Behavioral Indicators of Instability
208(3)
Defining Falls
208(1)
Risk Factors for Falls
209(2)
Age-Related Changes in the Systems of Postural Control
211(8)
Motor Systems
211(1)
Changes to Steady-State Balance
212(1)
Changes in Reactive Balance Control
213(5)
Changes in Anticipatory Postural Control
218(1)
Aging in the Sensory/Perceptual Systems
219(4)
Changes in Individual Sensory Systems
219(1)
Adapting Senses for Postural Control
220(3)
Cognitive Issues and Posture Control
223(3)
A Case Study Approach to Understanding Age-Related Postural Disorders
226(1)
Summary
227(1)
Answers to Lab Activity Assignments
227(1)
10 Abnormal Postural Control
228(32)
Introduction
228(1)
Falls in Persons with Neurologic Pathology
228(1)
Problems in the Motor Systems
229(18)
Impaired Steady-State Balance
229(5)
Impaired Reactive Balance
234(11)
Impaired Anticipatory Postural Control
245(2)
Problems in the Sensory/Perceptual Systems
247(5)
Sensory Problems Affecting Steady-State Balance
247(4)
Sensory Problems Affecting Reactive Balance
251(1)
Sensory Problems Affecting Anticipatory Balance
251(1)
Perceptual Problems Affecting Postural Control
251(1)
Clinical Implications of Research on Impaired Sensation/Perceptions and Postural Control
252(1)
Problems in Cognitive Systems
252(3)
Balance and Falls Self-Efficacy
252(1)
Impaired Postural Stability and Dual-Task Interference
253(2)
A Case Study Approach to Understanding Postural Dyscontrol
255(4)
Jean J and Genise T: Postural Problems following Cerebral Vascular Accident
256(1)
Mike M: Postural Problems in Parkinson's Disease
257(1)
John C: Postural Problems in Cerebellar Disorders
257(1)
Thomas L: Postural Problems in Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy
258(1)
Malachi: Postural Problems in Severe Athetoid/Spastic Cerebral Palsy
258(1)
Sue: Postural Problems in Multiple Sclerosis
258(1)
Summary
259(1)
11 Clinical Management of the Patient with a Postural Control Disorder
260(47)
Introduction
260(2)
Conceptual Framework for Balance Rehabilitation
261(1)
Examination
262(23)
Safety-The First Concern
262(1)
Examining the Effect of Balance on Participation
262(1)
Examining Balance in Functional Activities
263(13)
Assessing Strategies for Balance
276(7)
Examination of Underlying Impairments
283(2)
Evaluation: Interpreting the Results of the Examination
285(1)
Task-Oriented Balance Rehabilitation
285(14)
Motor System
285(8)
Sensory Systems
293(3)
Cognitive Systems
296(3)
Putting It All Together
299(5)
Research Evidence for a Task-Oriented Approach to Balance Rehabilitation
300(2)
Improving Participation-Evidence-Based Fall Prevention
302(2)
Summary
304(1)
Answers to the Lab Activities
305(2)
Part III Mobility Functions 307(156)
12 Control of Normal Mobility
309(32)
Introduction
309(1)
Mobility in the ICF Framework
309(1)
Motor Systems and Gait
310(14)
Essential Requirements of Locomotion: Progression, Postural Control, and Adaptation
310(1)
Characterizing Steady-State Gait
311(8)
Adaptation of Gait: Contributions of Reactive and Proactive Balance Control in Gait
319(4)
Initiating Gait
323(1)
Control Mechanisms for Gait
324(4)
Pattern Generators for Gait
324(2)
Descending Influences
326(1)
Musculoskeletal Contributions to Gait
327(1)
Sensory Systems and the Control of Gait
328(3)
Somatosensory Systems
328(2)
Vision
330(1)
Vestibular System
331(1)
Cognitive Systems and Gait
331(2)
Dual-Task Performance During Steady-State Gait
331(1)
Dual-Task Performance during Obstacle Crossing
332(1)
Stair-Walking
333(1)
Ascent
333(1)
Descent
334(1)
Adapting Stair-Walking Patterns to Changes in Sensory Cues
334(1)
Mobility Other Than Gait
334(5)
Transfers and Bed Mobility
334(5)
Summary
339(1)
Answers to Lab Activity Assignments
340(1)
13 Development of Mobility
341(19)
Introduction
341(1)
Development of Motor Systems and Gait
341(15)
Development of Steady-State Gait
342(6)
Development of Adaptation
348(3)
Expanding the Repertoire of Steady-State Gait Patterns: Run, Skip, Hop, and Gallop
351(1)
Sensory Systems
351(3)
Cognitive Systems
354(2)
Development of Other Mobility Skills
356(3)
Development of Rolling
357(1)
Development of Supine to Stand
358(1)
Summary
359(1)
Answers to Lab Activity Assignments
359(1)
14 Aging and Mobility
360(16)
Introduction
360(1)
Gait Dysfunction: Aging or Pathology?
360(1)
Motor Systems and Gait
361(8)
Age-Related Changes in Steady-State Gait
361(3)
Age-Related Changes in Adaptation of Gait: Reactive and Proactive Balance
364(4)
Age-Related Changes in Musculoskeletal Control
368(1)
Role of Pathology in Gait Changes in Older Adults
369(1)
Age-Related Changes in Sensory Systems and Gait
369(1)
Somatosensation
369(1)
Vision
369(1)
Vestibular
369(1)
Age-Related Changes in Cognitive Systems and Gait
369(3)
Age-Related Changes in Dual-Task Performance during Steady-State Gait
370(1)
Age-Related Changes in Dual-Task Performance during Obstacle Crossing
370(1)
Cognitive Influences on Gait: Fear of Falling in Older Adults
371(1)
Age-Related Changes in Other Mobility Skills
372(2)
Gait Initiation and Backward Gait
372(1)
Stair Walking
372(1)
Sit-to-Stand
372(1)
Rising from a Bed
373(1)
Supine to Standing
374(1)
Comparing Gait Characteristics of Infants and Older Adults: Testing the Regression Hypothesis
374(1)
A Case Study Approach to Understanding Age-Related Changes in Mobility
374(1)
Summary
375(1)
Answers to Lab Activity Assignments
375(1)
15 Abnormal Mobility
376(31)
Introduction
376(1)
Classification Systems
377(1)
Motor Systems and Abnormal Gait
377(14)
Paresis/Weakness
378(3)
Spasticity
381(4)
Loss of Selective Control and the Emergence of Abnormal Synergies
385(1)
Coordination Problems
386(1)
Musculoskeletal Impairments
387(1)
Impaired Adaptation of Gait: Contributions of Impaired Reactive and Proactive Balance Control
388(3)
Sensory Systems and Abnormal Gait
391(3)
Somatosensory Deficits
391(1)
Visual Deficits
392(1)
Vestibular Deficits
392(1)
Perceptual Problems Affecting Gait
393(1)
Cognitive Systems and Impaired Gait
394(2)
Impaired Dual-Task Walking
394(2)
What Factors Limit Participation in the Mobility Domain?
396(1)
Disorders of Mobility Other than Gait
397(4)
Gait Initiation
397(1)
Stair Walking
398(1)
Transfers and Bed Mobility
398(3)
A Case Study Approach to Understanding Mobility Disorders
401(5)
Jean J and Genise T: Stroke
401(1)
Mike M: Parkinson's Disease
402(1)
John C: Degenerative Cerebellar Injury
403(2)
Sue: Multiple Sclerosis
405(1)
Thomas: Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy
405(1)
Summary
406(1)
16 Clinical Management of the Patient with a Mobility Disorder
407(56)
Introduction
407(1)
A Task-Oriented Approach to Examination
408(26)
Measuring Participation: Mobility Performance in Home and Community Contexts
408(1)
Standardized Measures of Walking Capacity
409(18)
Examining the Gait Pattern
427(2)
Examination at the Impairment Level
429(3)
Measuring Mobility: Do We Really Need All These Tests and Measures?
432(2)
Transition to Treatment
434(1)
Setting Goals
434(1)
Task-Oriented Approach to Locomotor Training
435(18)
Interventions at the Impairment Level
435(2)
Intervention at the Strategy Level: Improving the Gait Pattern
437(7)
Training Adaptation: Complex Walking Tasks
444(9)
Improving Participation and Reducing Mobility Disability
453(1)
Retraining Other Mobility Skills
453(7)
Stair Walking
453(1)
Transfers and Bed Mobility
454(3)
Importance of Varying Task and Environmental Demands
457(3)
Summary
460(1)
Answers to Lab Activity Assignments
460(3)
Part IV Reach, Grasp, And Manipulation 463(126)
17 Normal Reach, Grasp, and Manipulation
465(25)
Introduction
465(1)
Movement Control Principles
466(1)
Feedforward versus Feedback Control of Movement
466(1)
Locating a Target
467(2)
Eye-Head-Trunk Coordination
467(1)
Interactions between Eye Movements and Hand Movements
468(1)
Reach and Grasp
469(1)
Kinematics of Reach and Grasp
469(1)
Neural Control of Reach and Grasp
469(8)
Sensory Systems
469(6)
Motor Systems
475(2)
Grasping
477(3)
Classification of Grasping Patterns
477(1)
Anticipatory Control of Grasping Patterns: Precision Grip Formation
478(1)
Grasp and Lift Tasks
479(1)
Coordination of Reach and Grasp
480(1)
General Principles of Neural Control of Reach and Grasp
481(7)
Invariant Features of Movement: Motor Programs
481(1)
Reaction Times for Reach and Grasp
481(1)
Fitts' Law
481(1)
How Does the Nervous System Plan Movements? Muscle Coordinate, Joint Angle Coordinate, and End Point Coordinate Strategies
482(3)
Distance versus Location Programming Theories
485(3)
Interference Between Reaching and the Performance of Secondary Cognitive Tasks
488(1)
Summary
489(1)
Answers to Lab Activity Assignments
489(1)
18 Reach, Grasp, and Manipulation: Changes across the Life Span
490(27)
Introduction
490(1)
Principles Underlying the Development of Reaching Behaviors
490(3)
Role of Reflexes in the Development of Reaching Behaviors
490(1)
Reaching Behaviors: Innate or Learned?
491(2)
Locating a Target: Eye-Head Coordination
493(2)
Shifting Gaze
493(1)
Tracking Object Movements
493(1)
Development of Visual Pathways for Reaching
494(1)
Eye-Head-Hand Coordination Development
494(1)
Reach and Grasp
495(10)
Motor Components
495(4)
Sensory Components
499(1)
Grasp Development
500(2)
When Do Children Start Using Anticipatory Control in Grasping and Lifting Objects?
502(1)
Adaptation of Grip Forces
503(1)
Learning to Reach for and Grasp Moving Objects (Catching)
504(1)
Cognitive Components
504(1)
The Role of Experience in the Development of Eye-Hand Coordination
505(1)
Reaction Time Reaching Tasks
506(1)
Fitts' Law
507(1)
Changes in Older Adults
507(7)
Reaching: Changes with Age
508(3)
Grasping: Changes with Age
511(1)
Reach-Grasp Adaptation: Changes with Age
512(1)
Compensation and Reversibility of Decrements in Reaching Performance
512(2)
A Case Study Approach to Understanding Age-Related Changes in Reach, Grasp, and Manipulation
514(1)
Summary
515(1)
Answers to Lab Activity Assignments
515(2)
19 Abnormal Reach, Grasp, and Manipulation
517(27)
Introduction
517(1)
Target Location Problems
518(1)
Visual Deficits and Object Localization
518(1)
Problems with Eye-Head-Hand Coordination
519(1)
Problems with Reach and Grasp
520(18)
Impairments of Reach
520(12)
Problems with Grasp
532(6)
Problems with In-Hand Manipulation
538(1)
Problems with Release
538(1)
Interlimb Coupling and Bimanual Tasks
538(2)
Reach and Grasp in the Ipsilesional Nonhemiparetic Limb
540(1)
Apraxia
540(1)
A Case Study Approach to Understanding Upper-Extremity Disorders
541(1)
Jean J and Genise T: Reach-and-Grasp Problems Following Cerebrovascular Accident
541(1)
Mike M: Reach-and-Grasp Problems in Parkinson's Disease
541(1)
John C: Reach-and-Grasp Problems Following Cerebellar Pathology
542(1)
Thomas: Reach-and-Grasp Problems in Cerebral Palsy
542(1)
Malachi: Reach-and-Grasp Problems in Severe Dystonic/Spastic Cerebral Palsy
542(1)
Sue: Reach-and-Grasp Problems in Multiple Sclerosis
542(1)
Summary
542(2)
20 Clinical Management of the Patient with Reach, Grasp, and Manipulation Disorders
544(45)
Introduction
544(1)
Examination
545(16)
Examining the Effect of Prehension on Participation
545(2)
Examining Prehension in Functional Activities
547(11)
Examination of Underlying Impairments
558(3)
Evaluation: Interpreting the Results of the Examination
561(1)
Long-Term Goals
562(1)
Short-Term Goals
562(1)
Patient-Identified Goals
562(1)
Task-Oriented Rehabilitation of Prehension
562(23)
Intervention for Underlying Impairments
563(6)
Intervention for Sensorimotor Strategies
569(8)
Interventions at the Functional Level
577(8)
Improving Participation
585(1)
Summary
585(1)
Answers to Lab Activity Assignments
585(4)
References 589(54)
Index 643