| Preface to 2nd Edition |
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xv | |
| Preface to 1st Edition |
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xix | |
| Terms and Symbols |
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xxi | |
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1 | (42) |
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Applications of Optical Components |
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1 | (2) |
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Key Environmental Considerations |
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3 | (11) |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Single frequency periodic |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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Moisture, contamination, and corrosion |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Extreme Service Environments |
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14 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (12) |
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19 | (7) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Materials for mechanical components |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Tolerancing Optical and Mechanical Components |
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30 | (3) |
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Cost Aspects of Tightened Tolerances on Optics |
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33 | (3) |
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Manufacturing Optical and Mechanical Components |
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36 | (4) |
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40 | (3) |
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The Optic-to-Mount Interface |
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43 | (22) |
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43 | (18) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (10) |
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54 | (1) |
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The rim contact interface |
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54 | (1) |
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The surface contact interface |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (1) |
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Interfaces with other optical components |
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61 | (1) |
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Consequences of Mounting Forces |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (1) |
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Mounting Individual Lenses |
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65 | (62) |
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65 | (3) |
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Weight and Center of Gravity Calculations |
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68 | (6) |
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Spring Mountings for Lenses and Filters |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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Snap and ``Interference Fit'' Rings |
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77 | (7) |
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Retaining Ring Constraints |
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84 | (8) |
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84 | (4) |
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88 | (4) |
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Constraining the Lens with Multiple Spring Clips |
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92 | (3) |
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Geometry of the Lens-to-Mount Interface |
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95 | (11) |
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The sharp-corner interface |
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95 | (2) |
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The tangential (conical) interface |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (3) |
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102 | (1) |
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Interfaces with bevels on optics |
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103 | (3) |
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106 | (9) |
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Flexure Mountings for Lenses |
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115 | (5) |
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120 | (3) |
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123 | (4) |
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Multiple-Component Lens Assemblies |
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127 | (52) |
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Spacer Design and Manufacture |
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127 | (7) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (4) |
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141 | (1) |
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Assemblies Designed for High-Shock Environments |
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142 | (3) |
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Photographic Objective Lenses |
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145 | (7) |
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Modular Construction and Assembly |
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152 | (4) |
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Catoptric and Catadioptric Assemblies |
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156 | (4) |
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Assemblies with Plastic Housings and Lenses |
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160 | (5) |
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165 | (11) |
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165 | (8) |
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173 | (3) |
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Sealing and Purging Lens Assemblies |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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Mounting Optical Windows, Filters, Shells, and Domes |
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179 | (26) |
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179 | (4) |
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Mounting ``Special'' Windows |
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183 | (3) |
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186 | (4) |
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Windows Subject to Pressure Differential |
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190 | (7) |
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190 | (5) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (2) |
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Mounting Shells and Domes |
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199 | (4) |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (48) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (9) |
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Refraction and reflection |
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205 | (6) |
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Total internal reflection |
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211 | (3) |
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Aberration Contributions of Prisms |
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214 | (1) |
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Typical Prism Configurations |
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214 | (37) |
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215 | (1) |
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Beamsplitter (or beamcombiner) cube prism |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (3) |
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Abbe version of the Porro prism |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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Reversion, Abbe Type A, and Abbe Type B prisms |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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Amici/penta erecting system |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (2) |
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The 45-deg Bauernfeind prism |
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234 | (1) |
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Frankford Arsenal prisms nos. 1 and 2 |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (1) |
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Internally-reflecting axicon prism |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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An ocular prism for a coincidence rangefinder |
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239 | (3) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (3) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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Focus-adjusting wedge system |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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Techniques for Mounting Prisms |
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253 | (36) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (11) |
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The Use of Pads on Cantilevered and Straddling Springs |
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265 | (5) |
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Mechanically Clamped Nonkinematic Mountings |
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270 | (4) |
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274 | (11) |
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274 | (2) |
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Examples of bonded prisms |
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276 | (3) |
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Double-sided prism support techniques |
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279 | (6) |
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Flexure Mountings for Prisms |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (64) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (4) |
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First- and Second-Surface Mirrors |
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294 | (2) |
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Ghost Image Formation with Second-Surface Mirrors |
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296 | (5) |
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Approximation of Mirror Aperture |
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301 | (2) |
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Weight Reduction Techniques |
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303 | (31) |
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Contoured-back configurations |
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304 | (10) |
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Cast ribbed substrate configurations |
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314 | (1) |
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Built-up structural configurations |
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315 | (3) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (4) |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (2) |
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Machined core construction |
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325 | (3) |
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328 | (4) |
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Internally machined mirror construction |
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332 | (2) |
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Thin Facesheet Configurations |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (7) |
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Metallic Foam Core Mirrors |
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343 | (3) |
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346 | (2) |
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348 | (5) |
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Techniques for Mounting Smaller Nonmetallic Mirrors |
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353 | (46) |
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Mechanically Clamped Mirror Mountings |
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353 | (13) |
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366 | (5) |
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Compound Mirror Mountings |
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371 | (9) |
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Flexure Mountings for Smaller Mirrors |
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380 | (8) |
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Central and Zonal Mountings |
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388 | (2) |
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Gravitational Effects on Smaller Mirrors |
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390 | (6) |
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396 | (3) |
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Techniques for Mounting Metallic Mirrors |
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399 | (34) |
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Single Point Diamond Turning of Metallic Mirrors |
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399 | (13) |
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Integral Mounting Provisions |
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412 | (1) |
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Flexure Mountings for Metallic Mirrors |
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413 | (9) |
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422 | (2) |
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Interfacing Metallic Mirrors for Assembly and Alignment |
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424 | (5) |
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429 | (4) |
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Techniques for Mounting Larger Nonmetallic Mirrors |
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433 | (78) |
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Mounts for Axis-Horizontal Applications |
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433 | (19) |
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434 | (7) |
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441 | (1) |
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The ``ideal'' radial mount |
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442 | (3) |
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Strap and roller chain supports |
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445 | (4) |
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Comparison of dynamic relaxation and FEA methods of analysis |
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449 | (2) |
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451 | (1) |
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Mounts for Axis Vertical Applications |
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452 | (13) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (4) |
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457 | (8) |
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Mounts for Axis Variable Applications |
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465 | (35) |
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Counterweighted lever-type mountings |
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465 | (6) |
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Hindle mounts for large mirrors |
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471 | (12) |
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Pneumatic and hydraulic mountings |
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483 | (17) |
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Supports for Large, Space-borne Mirrors |
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500 | (6) |
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The Hubble Space Telescope |
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500 | (3) |
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The Chandra X-Ray Telescope |
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503 | (3) |
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506 | (5) |
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Aligning Refracting, Reflecting and Catadioptric Systems |
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511 | (42) |
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Aligning the Individual Lens |
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511 | (13) |
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Simple techniques for aligning a lens |
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512 | (2) |
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Rotating spindle techniques |
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514 | (6) |
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Techniques using a ``Point Source Microscope'' |
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520 | (4) |
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Aligning Multiple Lens Assemblies |
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524 | (21) |
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Using an alignment telescope |
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525 | (2) |
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Aligning microscope objectives |
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527 | (6) |
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Aligning multiple lenses on a precision spindle |
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533 | (2) |
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Aberration compensation at final assembly |
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535 | (8) |
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Selecting aberration compensators |
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543 | (2) |
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Aligning Reflecting Systems |
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545 | (5) |
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Aligning a simple Newtonian telescope |
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545 | (2) |
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Aligning a simple Cassegrain telescope |
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547 | (2) |
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Aligning a simple Schmidt camera |
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549 | (1) |
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550 | (3) |
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Estimation of Mounting Stresses |
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553 | (32) |
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553 | (1) |
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Statistical Prediction of Optic Failure |
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554 | (5) |
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Rule-of-Thumb Stress Tolerances |
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559 | (3) |
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Stress Generation at Point, Line, and Area Contacts |
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562 | (8) |
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Peak Contact Stress in an Annular Interface |
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570 | (10) |
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Stress with a sharp corner interface |
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571 | (1) |
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Stress with a tangential interface |
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572 | (2) |
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Stress with a toroidal interface |
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574 | (2) |
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Stress with a spherical interface |
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576 | (1) |
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Stress with a flat bevel interface |
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576 | (1) |
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Parametric comparisons of interface types |
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576 | (4) |
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Bending Effects in Asymmetrically Clamped Optics |
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580 | (3) |
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Bending stress in the optic |
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580 | (2) |
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Change in surface sagittal depth of a bent optic |
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582 | (1) |
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583 | (2) |
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Effects of Temperature Changes |
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585 | (56) |
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Athermalization Techniques for Reflective Systems |
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585 | (4) |
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585 | (1) |
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Metering rods and trusses |
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586 | (3) |
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Athermalization Techniques for Refractive Systems |
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589 | (13) |
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591 | (7) |
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598 | (4) |
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Effects of Temperature Change on Axial Preload |
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602 | (15) |
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602 | (3) |
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605 | (1) |
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Considering bulk effects only |
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606 | (3) |
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Considering other contributing factors |
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609 | (3) |
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Advantages of athermalization and compliance |
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612 | (5) |
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Radial Effects in Rim Contact Mountings |
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617 | (6) |
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Radial stress in the optic |
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618 | (2) |
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Tangential (hoop) stress in the mount wall |
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620 | (1) |
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Growth of radial clearance at high temperatures |
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621 | (1) |
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Adding radial compliance to maintain lens centration |
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622 | (1) |
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Effects of Temperature Gradients |
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623 | (7) |
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Radial temperature gradients |
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627 | (2) |
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Axial temperature gradients |
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629 | (1) |
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Temperature Change-Induced Stresses in Bonded Optics |
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630 | (9) |
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639 | (2) |
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641 | (68) |
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Infrared Sensor Lens Assembly |
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641 | (1) |
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A Family of Commercial Mid-Infrared Lenses |
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642 | (1) |
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Using SPDT to Mount and Align Poker Chip Subassemblies |
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643 | (6) |
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A Dual Field IR Tracker Assembly |
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649 | (2) |
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A Dual Field IR Camera Lens Assembly |
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651 | (2) |
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A Passively Stabilized 10:1 Zoom Lens Objective |
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653 | (1) |
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A 90-mm, f/2 Projection Lens Assembly |
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653 | (2) |
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A Solid Catadioptric Lens Assembly |
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655 | (2) |
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An All-Aluminum Catadioptric Lens Assembly |
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657 | (1) |
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A Catadioptric Star Mapping Objective Assembly |
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658 | (4) |
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A 150-in., f/10 Catadioptric Camera Objective |
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662 | (4) |
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The Camera Assembly for the DEIMOS Spectrograph |
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666 | (2) |
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Mountings for Prisms in a Military Articulated Telescope |
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668 | (5) |
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A Modular Porro Prism Erecting System for a Binocular |
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673 | (3) |
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Mounting Large Dispersing Prisms in a Spectrograph Imager |
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676 | (5) |
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Mounting Gratings in the FUSE Spectrograph |
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681 | (4) |
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The Spitzer Space Telescope |
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685 | (4) |
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A Modular Dual Collimator Assembly |
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689 | (5) |
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Lens Mountings for the JWST's NIRCam |
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694 | (5) |
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Concept for axial constraint of the LIF lens |
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695 | (1) |
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Concept for radial constraint of the LIF lens |
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695 | (1) |
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Analytical and experimental verification of the Prototype lens mount |
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696 | (1) |
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Design and initial testing of flight hardware |
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697 | (2) |
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Long-term stability tests |
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699 | (1) |
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699 | (1) |
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A Double-Arch Mirror Featuring Silicon-Foam-Core-Technology |
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699 | (5) |
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704 | (5) |
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Appendix A. Unit Conversion Factors |
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709 | (2) |
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Appendix B. Mechanical Properties of Materials |
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711 | (26) |
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Table B1 Optomechanical properties of 50 Schott optical glasses |
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712 | (3) |
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Table B2 Optomechanical properties of radiation resistant Schott glasses |
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715 | (1) |
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Table B3 Selected optomechanical characteristics of optical plastics |
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716 | (1) |
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Table B4 Optomechanical properties of selected alkali halides and alkaline earth halides |
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717 | (2) |
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Table B5 Optomechanical properties of selected IR-transmitting glasses and other oxides |
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719 | (1) |
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Table B6 Optomechanical properties of diamond and selected IR-transmitting semiconductor materials |
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720 | (1) |
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Table B7 Mechanical properties of selected IR-transmitting chalcogenide materials |
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721 | (1) |
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Table B8a Mechanical properties of selected nonmetallic mirror substrate materials |
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722 | (1) |
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Table B8b Mechanical properties of selected metallic and composite mirror substrate materials |
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723 | (1) |
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Table B9 Comparison of material figures of merit for mirror design |
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724 | (1) |
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Table B10a Characteristics of aluminum alloys used in mirrors |
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725 | (1) |
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Table B10b Common temper conditions for aluminum alloys |
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726 | (1) |
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Table B10c Characteristics of aluminum matrix composites |
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726 | (1) |
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Table B10d Beryllium grades and some of their properties |
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727 | (1) |
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Table B10e Characteristics of major silicon carbide types |
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727 | (1) |
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Table B11 Comparison of metal matrix and polymer matrix composites |
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728 | (1) |
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Table B12 Mechanical properties of selected metals used for mechanical parts in optical instruments |
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729 | (2) |
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Table B13 Typical characteristics of a generic optical cement |
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731 | (1) |
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Table B14 Typical characteristics of representative structural adhesives |
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732 | (2) |
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Table B15 Typical physical characteristics of representative elastomeric sealants |
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734 | (2) |
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Table B16 Fracture strength SF of infrared materials |
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736 | (1) |
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Appendix C. Torque-Preload Relationship for a Threaded Retaining Ring |
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737 | (4) |
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Appendix D. Summary of Methods for Testing Optical Components and Optical Instruments under Adverse Environmental Conditions |
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|
741 | (6) |
| Index |
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747 | |
