| Preface |
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xiii | |
| Terms and Symbols |
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xv | |
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1 | (20) |
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Applications of Optical Components |
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1 | (2) |
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Key Environmental Considerations |
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3 | (4) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Moisture and other contamination |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Extreme Service Environments |
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7 | (3) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (7) |
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11 | (3) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Materials for mechanical components |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (4) |
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18 | (3) |
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The Optic-to-Mount Interface |
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21 | (12) |
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21 | (8) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (4) |
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29 | (1) |
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Interfaces with other optical components |
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29 | (1) |
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Consequences of Mounting Forces |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Cost and Manufacturability |
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31 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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Mounting Individual Lenses |
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33 | (60) |
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Spring Mountings for Lenses and Filters |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (1) |
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Snap and ``Interference Fit'' Rings |
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36 | (7) |
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Retaining Ring Constraints |
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43 | (10) |
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44 | (4) |
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48 | (4) |
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Distributing preload uniformly |
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52 | (1) |
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Constraining the Lens with Multiple Spring Clips |
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53 | (3) |
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Geometry of the Lens-to-Mount Interface |
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56 | (10) |
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The ``sharp-corner'' interface |
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56 | (3) |
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The tangential (conical) interface |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (3) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (9) |
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Advantages of a Spherical Lens Rim |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (5) |
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Aligning the Lens in Its Mount |
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81 | (7) |
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Mounting Plastic Components |
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88 | (5) |
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90 | (3) |
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Multiple-Component Lens Assemblies |
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93 | (42) |
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Spacer Design and Manufacture |
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93 | (8) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (4) |
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Precision Alignment of Multiple-Lens Assemblies |
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108 | (8) |
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Assemblies with Plastic Housings and Lenses |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (4) |
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121 | (2) |
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Sealing and Purging Considerations |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (9) |
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126 | (4) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (4) |
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Mounting Optical Windows, Filters, Shells, and Domes |
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135 | (20) |
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135 | (4) |
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Mounting ``Special'' Windows |
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139 | (6) |
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Windows Subject to Pressure Differential |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (4) |
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Mounting Shells and Domes |
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151 | (4) |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (38) |
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155 | (7) |
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Refraction and reflection |
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155 | (6) |
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Total internal reflection |
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161 | (1) |
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Aberration Contributions of Prisms |
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162 | (1) |
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Typical Prism Configurations |
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163 | (30) |
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163 | (1) |
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Beamsplitter (or beamcombiner) cube prism |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Abbe version of the Porro prism |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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Amici/penta erecting system |
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170 | (3) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Internally reflecting axicon prism |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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Focus-adjusting wedge system |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (3) |
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192 | (1) |
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Techniques for Mounting Prisms |
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193 | (34) |
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193 | (15) |
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Mechanically Clamped Nonkinematic Mountings |
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208 | (4) |
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212 | (10) |
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212 | (4) |
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Cantilevered bonding techniques |
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216 | (1) |
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Double-sided bonded support techniques |
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217 | (5) |
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Flexure Mountings for Prisms |
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222 | (5) |
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224 | (3) |
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227 | (42) |
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First- and Second-Surface Mirrors |
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227 | (6) |
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Determination of Mirror Aperture |
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233 | (2) |
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Weight Reduction Techniques |
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235 | (25) |
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Contoured-back configurations |
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237 | (10) |
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Cast ribbed substrate configurations |
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247 | (1) |
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Machined-back and built-up structural configurations |
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248 | (9) |
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Thin facesheet configurations |
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257 | (3) |
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260 | (4) |
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264 | (5) |
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267 | (2) |
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Techniques for Mounting Small Mirrors |
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269 | (42) |
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Mechanically Clamped Mirror Mountings |
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269 | (8) |
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277 | (4) |
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Multiple Mirror Mountings |
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281 | (6) |
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Flexure Mountings for Mirrors |
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287 | (8) |
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Center Mountings for Circular-Aperture Mirrors |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (3) |
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Gravitational Effects on Small Mirrors |
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300 | (11) |
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308 | (3) |
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Techniques for Mounting Large Mirrors |
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311 | (60) |
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Mounts for Variable-Orientation Applications |
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311 | (32) |
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Counterweighted lever-type mountings |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (2) |
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The 2.13-m (84-in.) Kitt Peak telescope |
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313 | (3) |
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The 5.1-m (200-in.) Hale telescope |
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316 | (3) |
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319 | (1) |
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The 10-m (394-in.) Keck telescope |
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319 | (4) |
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323 | (3) |
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326 | (3) |
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Pneumatic and hydraulic mounts |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (4) |
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333 | (1) |
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The converted ``multiple mirror'' telescope |
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334 | (6) |
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340 | (3) |
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Mounts for Fixed-Orientation Applications |
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343 | (14) |
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343 | (5) |
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Air bag-type axial supports |
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348 | (2) |
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Spring-type axial supports |
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350 | (4) |
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Mercury tube and strap radial supports |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (3) |
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Supports for Large, Spaceborne Mirrors |
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357 | (14) |
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357 | (1) |
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The infrared astronomical satellite telescope |
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357 | (3) |
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360 | (4) |
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364 | (3) |
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367 | (4) |
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Estimation of Mounting Stresses in Optical Components |
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371 | (32) |
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371 | (1) |
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Average Compressive Stress |
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372 | (1) |
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Peak Axial Contact Stress in a Lens |
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373 | (8) |
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The sharp-corner interface |
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376 | (2) |
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378 | (2) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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Parametric Comparisons of Interface Types |
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381 | (5) |
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Contact Stress in a Lens Clamped with Spring Clips |
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386 | (5) |
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Springs with spherical pads |
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386 | (4) |
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Springs with cylindrical pads |
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390 | (1) |
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Contact Stress in Small Clamped Mirrors |
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391 | (1) |
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Contact Stress in Clamped Prisms |
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392 | (5) |
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Contact stress with curved interfaces |
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392 | (5) |
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Contact stress at flat prism locating pads |
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397 | (1) |
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Tensile Stress in the Single-Sided Bonded Interface |
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397 | (1) |
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Bending Stresses in Circular-Aperture Clamped Optics |
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398 | (5) |
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398 | (1) |
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Bending stress in the optical component |
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399 | (1) |
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Change in surface sag of a bent optic |
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400 | (2) |
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402 | (1) |
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Effects of Temperature Changes on Optical Component Mountings |
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403 | (40) |
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Athermalization Techniques |
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403 | (11) |
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403 | (3) |
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406 | (8) |
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Effects of Temperature Gradients |
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414 | (4) |
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Radial temperature gradients |
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415 | (2) |
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Axial temperature gradients |
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417 | (1) |
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Change in Axial Preload Caused by a Temperature Change |
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418 | (4) |
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Change in Lens Axial Clearance at Increased Temperature |
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422 | (1) |
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Providing Residual Axial Preload on a Lens at Maximum Temperature |
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423 | (1) |
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Contact Stress in a Lens at Low Temperature |
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424 | (1) |
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Stress in Multiple-Lens Assemblies |
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425 | (7) |
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425 | (3) |
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428 | (4) |
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General case of the multiple-component lens |
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432 | (1) |
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Radial Stresses in Rim-Mounted, Circular-Aperture Optics |
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432 | (4) |
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Radial stress in an optic at low temperature |
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433 | (2) |
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Tangential (hoop) stress in the mount wall |
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435 | (1) |
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Growth of Radial Clearance at Increased Temperatures |
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436 | (1) |
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Thermally Induced Stresses in Bonded Optics |
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437 | (6) |
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440 | (3) |
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443 | (82) |
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Lens Assembly Designed to Resist Thermal Shock |
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443 | (2) |
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Infrared Sensor Lens Assembly |
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445 | (1) |
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Cemented Doublet Binocular Objective Assembly |
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446 | (1) |
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Modular Binocular Objective Assembly |
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447 | |
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Air-Spaced Triplet Telescope Objective Assembly |
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446 | (3) |
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449 | (3) |
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Motorized Dual Field-of View Lens Assembly |
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452 | (1) |
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All-Plastic Projection Lens Assembly |
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452 | (4) |
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Microscope Objective Assembly |
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456 | (1) |
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A Simple Focusing Eyepiece Assembly |
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457 | (2) |
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Collimator Assembly Designed for High Shock Loading |
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459 | (3) |
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Elastomeric-Supported Camera Lens Assembly |
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462 | (1) |
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463 | (1) |
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Astrographic Telescope Objective Assembly |
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464 | (2) |
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Solid Catadioptric Lens Assembly |
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466 | (3) |
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All-Aluminum Catadioptric Lens Assembly |
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469 | (2) |
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Catadioptric Star-Mapping Objective Assembly |
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471 | (2) |
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Long-Focal-Length Catadioptric Camera Objective Assembly |
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473 | (4) |
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A 72-in. (1.8-m) Focal Length f/4 Aerial Camera Objective |
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477 | (5) |
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Passively Stabilized 10:1 Zoom Lens Assembly |
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482 | (2) |
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Camera Assembly for the DEIMOS Spectrograph |
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484 | (2) |
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Nine Cameras for the Earth-Observing System, Multiangle Imaging Spectro-adiometer |
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486 | (4) |
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Bonded Porro Prism Erecting System for a Binocular |
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490 | (5) |
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Large Flexure-Mounted Mirror Assembly |
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495 | (2) |
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Mountings for Large Dispersing Prisms in an Echellette Spectrograph/Imager |
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497 | (5) |
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Mountings for Prisms in an Articulated Telescope |
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502 | (4) |
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Semikinematic Design for Constraining a Penta Prism with Springs |
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506 | (8) |
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Constraint perpendicular to the plane of reflection |
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506 | (3) |
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Constraint in the plane of reflection |
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509 | (5) |
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Mounting for the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Telescope Secondary Mirror |
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514 | (1) |
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Mounting for the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Spectrograph Gratings |
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515 | (4) |
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Mounting Configuration for the Very Large Telescope Secondary Mirror |
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519 | (6) |
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520 | (5) |
| Appendix A Unit Conversion Factors |
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525 | (2) |
| Appendix B Mechanical Properties of Materials |
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527 | (46) |
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B1 Selected mechanical properties of 68 selected Schott glasses |
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528 | (4) |
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B2 Comparison of 11 lightweight optical glasses (L) with the nearest standard glass types (S) |
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532 | (1) |
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B3 Selected optical and mechanical characteristics of commonly used optical plastics |
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533 | (2) |
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B4 Optomechanical properties of selected alkali halides and alkaline earth halides |
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535 | (2) |
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B5 Mechanical properties of selected IR-transmitting glass and other oxides |
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537 | (3) |
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B6 Mechanical properties of diamond and selected IR-transmitting semiconductor materials |
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540 | (2) |
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B7 Mechanical properties of selected IR-transmitting chalcogenide materials |
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542 | (1) |
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B8a Mechanical properties of selected nonmetallic mirror substrate materials |
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543 | (2) |
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B8b Mechanical properties of selected metallic and composite mirror substrate materials |
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545 | (2) |
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B9 Comparison of material figures of merit especially pertinent to mirror design |
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547 | (2) |
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B10a Characteristics of aluminum alloys used in mirrors |
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549 | (1) |
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B10b Characteristics of aluminum matrix composites |
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550 | (1) |
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B10C Beryllium grades and some of their properties |
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551 | (1) |
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B10d Characteristics of major silicon carbide types |
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552 | (1) |
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B11 Techniques for machining, finishing, and coating materials for optical applications |
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553 | (1) |
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B12 Mechanical properties of selected metals used for mechanical parts in optical instruments |
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554 | (4) |
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B13 Typical physical characteristics of optical cements |
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558 | (1) |
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B14 Typical characteristics of representative structural adhesives |
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559 | (5) |
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B15 Typical physical characteristics of representative elastomeric sealants |
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564 | (2) |
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B16 Typical minimum values for fracture strength SF of infrared window materials |
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566 | (1) |
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B17 Coefficient of thermal defocus (δ) and thermo-optical coefficient (γ) for selected optical materials |
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567 | (6) |
| Appendix C Torque-Preload Relationship for a Threaded Retaining Ring |
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573 | (2) |
| Appendix D The Lens Temperature Sensitivity Factor K3 |
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575 | (4) |
| Index |
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579 | |
