Preface |
|
ix | |
|
|
1 | (24) |
|
1.1 Concept of Particle Methods |
|
|
1 | (10) |
|
1.1.1 Lagrangian Description |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
1.1.2 Meshless Discretization |
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
1.1.3 Continuum Mechanics |
|
|
5 | (6) |
|
|
11 | (9) |
|
1.2.1 Weighted Difference |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
1.2.2 Particle Interaction Models |
|
|
12 | (4) |
|
1.2.3 Semi-implicit Algorithm |
|
|
16 | (2) |
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
1.3 Research History of Particle Methods |
|
|
20 | (5) |
|
|
23 | (2) |
|
2 Fundamental of Fluid Simulation by the MPS Method |
|
|
25 | (86) |
|
2.1 The Elements of the MPS Method |
|
|
26 | (7) |
|
2.1.1 Setting the Initial Positions of Particles |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
2.1.2 Setting Initial Velocities of Particles |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
2.1.3 How to Move Particles |
|
|
29 | (2) |
|
2.1.4 How to Calculate Acceleration of Particles |
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
2.2 Basic Theory of the MPS Method |
|
|
33 | (41) |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
2.2.2 Governing Equations |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
2.2.2.1 The Navier---Stokes Equations |
|
|
35 | (3) |
|
2.2.2.2 Equation of Continuity |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
2.2.2.3 Notation by Vectors |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
2.2.3 Particle Number Density and Weight Function |
|
|
40 | (2) |
|
2.2.3.1 The Standard Particle Number Density n° |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
2.2.3.2 Relationship Between Particle Number Density and Fluid Density |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
2.2.3.3 Example of Calculation |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
2.2.3.4 The Form of a Weight Function |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
2.2.4 Approximation of Partial Differential Operators |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
2.2.4.2 The Gradient Model of the MPS Method (Nabla Model) |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
2.2.4.3 The Meaning of Each Parts of the Gradient Model |
|
|
47 | (4) |
|
2.2.4.4 Example of Gradient Calculation |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
2.2.4.5 Laplacian Operator and Its Uses |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
2.2.4.6 The Laplacian Model of the MPS Method |
|
|
53 | (4) |
|
2.2.5 Semi-implicit Method |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
2.2.5.1 How to Calculate Pressure, and the Necessity of the Semi-implicit Method |
|
|
57 | (2) |
|
2.2.5.2 The Outline of the Semi-implicit Method in the MPS Method |
|
|
59 | (2) |
|
2.2.5.3 Details of the Semi-implicit Method of the MPS Method |
|
|
61 | (7) |
|
2.2.5.4 Derivation of Pressure Poison Equation of the MPS Method |
|
|
68 | (2) |
|
2.2.5.5 How to Calculate the Pressure Poisson Equation |
|
|
70 | (3) |
|
2.2.5.6 The Boundary Condition of Pressure |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
2.2.5.7 The Boundary Condition of Velocity |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
2.3 Outline of Simulation Programs |
|
|
74 | (29) |
|
2.3.1 Contents of Program |
|
|
74 | (10) |
|
2.3.2 How to Compile and Execute the Sample Programs |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
2.3.3 How to Visualize the Simulation Result |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
2.3.4 Functions of the Program |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
2.3.4.1 Libraries and Declarations |
|
|
86 | (2) |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
2.3.4.3 initializeParticlePositionAndVelocity_for 2dim() Function |
|
|
88 | (2) |
|
2.3.4.4 calculateNZeroAndLambda() Function |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
2.3.4.5 weight() Function |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
2.3.4.6 mainLoopOfSimulation() Function |
|
|
91 | (2) |
|
2.3.4.7 calculateGravity Function |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
2.3.4.8 calculateViscosity Function |
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
2.3.4.9 moveParticle() Function |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
2.3.4.10 calculatePressure() Function |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
2.3.4.11 calculateNumberDensity() Function |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
2.3.4.12 setBoundaryCondition() Function |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
2.3.4.13 setSourceTerm() Function |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
2.3.4.14 setMatrix() Function |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
2.3.4.15 solveSimultaniousEquationsBy GaussianElimination() Function |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
2.3.4.16 calculatePressureGradient() Function |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
2.3.4.17 calculatePressure_forExplicitMPS() Function |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
2.3.4.18 calculatePressureGradient_forExplicitMPS() Function |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
2.4 Exercise of Simulation |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
2.6 Frequently Asked Questions |
|
|
105 | (6) |
|
2.6.1 What Is the Best Effective Radius of the Interaction Zone? |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
2.6.2 Why Do We Need to Arrange Dummy Wall Particles Behind Wall Particles? |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
2.6.3 Particles Penetrated a Wall: What Is the Possible Reason? |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
2.6.4 How Do We Set the Time Increment Δt? |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
2.6.5 It Seems Simulation Diverged Because Particles Exploded: What Is the Reason? |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
2.6.6 Fluid Was Compressed: What Is the Reason? |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
2.6.7 How Can We Add a Function of Inlet or Outlet Boundary in a Simulation Program? |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
2.6.8 What Is the Most Time-Consuming Part in an MPS Simulation? |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
2.6.9 What Are the Drawbacks and the Strong Points of the Semi-implicit Method? |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
|
108 | (3) |
|
|
111 | (44) |
|
3.1 Compressible-incompressible Unified Algorithm |
|
|
111 | (7) |
|
3.2 Explicit Algorithm Using Pseudo-Compressibility |
|
|
118 | (7) |
|
|
125 | (9) |
|
3.4 Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian |
|
|
134 | (6) |
|
|
140 | (6) |
|
|
146 | (9) |
|
|
150 | (3) |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
|
155 | (62) |
|
|
155 | (4) |
|
|
159 | (30) |
|
4.2.1 Wall Particle Representation |
|
|
162 | (6) |
|
4.2.2 Mirror Particle Representation |
|
|
168 | (8) |
|
4.2.3 Distance Function---Based Polygon Representation |
|
|
176 | (4) |
|
4.2.4 Boundary Integral---Based Polygon Representation |
|
|
180 | (9) |
|
|
189 | (18) |
|
4.3.1 Free-Surface Particle Detection |
|
|
193 | (7) |
|
4.3.2 Pressure Calculation |
|
|
200 | (7) |
|
4.4 Inlet and Outlet Boundary Modeling |
|
|
207 | (10) |
|
|
212 | (5) |
|
5 Surface Tension Models in Particle Methods |
|
|
217 | (16) |
|
5.1 Surface Tension Calculation Using CSF Continuum Equation |
|
|
218 | (5) |
|
5.1.1 CSF-Based Model Proposed by Nomura et al. (2001) |
|
|
218 | (4) |
|
5.1.2 Other Surface Tension Models Based on CSF Equation |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
5.2 Surface Tension Calculation Based on a Pairwise Potential |
|
|
223 | (6) |
|
5.2.1 Potential-Based Model Proposed by Kondo et al. (2007a,b) |
|
|
224 | (3) |
|
5.2.2 Further Improvement of the Potential-Based Approach |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
5.2.3 Wettability Calculation in the Potential Model |
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
5.3 Applications of the Surface Tension Models Using the MPS Method |
|
|
229 | (4) |
|
|
231 | (2) |
|
|
233 | (48) |
|
6.1 Liquid---Solid Phase Change Model |
|
|
233 | (3) |
|
6.2 Gas---Liquid Two-Phase Flow and Phase Change Model |
|
|
236 | (6) |
|
|
242 | (3) |
|
6.4 Suppression of Pressure Fluctuations |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
|
247 | (3) |
|
|
250 | (4) |
|
|
254 | (5) |
|
|
259 | (22) |
|
6.8.1 Verification and Validation |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
6.8.2 Application to Automobile Industry |
|
|
260 | (5) |
|
6.8.3 Application to Chemical Engineering |
|
|
265 | (3) |
|
6.8.4 Application to Metal Engineering |
|
|
268 | (2) |
|
6.8.5 Application to Biomechanics |
|
|
270 | (3) |
|
|
273 | (8) |
Index |
|
281 | |