Musculoskeletal System [Pehme köide]

Preface viii

Acknowledgements x

1 Anatomy and Physiology: The Musculoskeletal System 1

Muscles 1

Muscle Tissues 2

Properties of Muscle Tissue 5

Bone 6

The Skeleton 6

Bone as Connective Tissue 10

Osteoblasts 11

Osteoclasts 11

Osteocytes 11

Cartilage 12

Ligaments 12

Tendons 13

The Formation of Bone 13

Bone Growth 13

Bone Remodelling 14

Bone Fractures 15

Bone Shapes 17

Joints 20

Movements 20

Fibrous Joints 21

Cartilaginous Joints 21

Synovial Joints 22

Hinge 22

Pivot 22

Ball and Socket 24

Condyloid 24

Saddle 24

Gliding 24

Fixed Joints 24

Conclusion 24

Glossary of Terms 24

Multiple Choice Questions 26

References 27

2 Assessment of the Musculoskeletal System 28

Kinesiology 28

Assessing Needs 30

Bones 30

Muscles 30

Joints 30

Ligaments and Tendons 30

Anatomical Terms Used in Assessment 30

Principles of Assessment 34

The Health History 36

Biographical Data 36

Current Health Status 36

Balance and Coordination Problems 37

Past Health History 39

Family History 40

Review of Systems 40

Psychosocial Profile 40

The Physical Examination 41

Method 42

Carrying Out a Musculoskeletal Physical Assessment 42

Balance 43

Coordination 43

Accuracy of Movements 43

Taking Limb Measurements 44

Assessing Joints and Muscles 44

Abnormal Findings 45

Conclusion 47

Glossary of Terms 47

Multiple Choice Questions 48

References 49

3 Osteoarthritis 51

Arthritis 51

Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Osteoarthritis 52

Epidemiology 53

Risk Factors 54

Clinical Presentation 55

Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 60

Management 64

Pharmacological Approaches 65

Intra-articular Injections 65

Surgery 66

Health Teaching 66

Conclusion 68

Glossary of Terms 68

Multiple Choice Questions 69

References 70

Bone Mineral Density 76

Transgender 77

Epidemiology 77

Risk Factors 79

Clinical Presentation 80

Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 81

Management 84

Treatment of Fractures 86

Health Teaching 87

Conclusion 88

Glossary of Terms 88

Multiple Choice Questions 89

References 90

5 Rheumatoid Arthritis 92

Autoimmune Disorders 92

Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis 93

Epidemiology 95

Risk Factors 96

Clinical Presentation 97

Extra-articular Manifestations 99

Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 100

Management 104

Health Teaching 107

Conclusion 107

Glossary of Terms 107

Multiple Choice Questions 108

References 110

4 Osteoporosis 72

Bone Health 72

Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Osteoporosis 73

Fragility Fractures 74

6 Bone Cancer 111

Musculoskeletal Oncology 111

Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Primary Bone Cancer 111

Epidemiology 115

Risk Factors 116

Clinical Presentation 118

Grading and Staging 119

Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 120

Management 126

Health Teaching 127

Conclusion 127

Glossary of Terms 128

Multiple Choice Questions 128

References 130

7 Gout 131

Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Gout 131

Epidemiology 134

Risk Factors 134

Clinical Presentation 136

Complications 138

Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 139

Management 142

Comorbidity Management 143

Health Teaching 144

Conclusion 145

Glossary of Terms 145

Multiple Choice Questions 146

References 147

8 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 149

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome 149

Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 149

Epidemiology 150

Risk Factors 151

Clinical Presentation 152

Stage 1 155

Stage 2 155

Stage 3 155

Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 155

Management 159

Health Teaching 161

Conclusion 162

Glossary of Terms 162

Multiple Choice Questions 163

References 164

MCQ Answers 166

Index 167

IAN PEATE is a Visiting Professor at Northumbria University, a Senior Clinical Fellow at the University of Hertfordshire, and a Professorial Fellow at the University of Roehampton. He is also the Editor-in-Chief of the British Journal of Nursing and the Consultant Editor of the Journal of Paramedic Practice and the International Journal of Advancing Practice.