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xix | |
Foreword |
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xxv | |
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Chapter 1 Efficient Nanocarriers for Drug-Delivery Systems: Types and Fabrication |
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1 | (42) |
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1 | (3) |
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2 An Overview of the Role of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery |
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4 | (16) |
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2.1 Carriers and Vehicles for Drug Delivery |
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7 | (2) |
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2.2 Need for Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery: An Outline |
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9 | (1) |
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2.3 Thermoresponsive Nanoparticles |
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9 | (2) |
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2.4 Magnetic-Responsive Nanoparticles |
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11 | (2) |
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2.5 Electrical-Responsive Nanoparticles |
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13 | (1) |
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2.6 Light-Responsive Nanoparticles |
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14 | (1) |
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2.7 Mechanical-Responsive Nanoparticles |
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15 | (1) |
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2.8 Ultrasound-Responsive Nanoparticles |
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16 | (1) |
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2.9 pH-Responsive Nanoparticles |
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17 | (1) |
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2.10 Redox-Responsive Nanoparticles |
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18 | (1) |
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2.11 Various Biomolecular-Responsive Nanoparticles |
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18 | (1) |
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2.12 Enzyme-Responsive Nanoparticles |
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19 | (1) |
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3 Types of Nanocarriers: Fabrication Approaches and Applications in Drug Delivery |
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20 | (10) |
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3.1 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery |
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22 | (1) |
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3.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles |
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23 | (1) |
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3.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles |
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24 | (3) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (2) |
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3.6 Graphene and Its Derivatives |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (13) |
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Chapter 2 Nanohybrid Filler-Based Drug-Delivery System |
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43 | (38) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (26) |
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2.1 Organic---Organic Hybrids |
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45 | (7) |
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2.2 Organic---Inorganic Hybrids |
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52 | (18) |
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3 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (10) |
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Chapter 3 Hydrogel Nanocomposite Systems: Physico-Chemical Characterization and Application for Drug-Delivery Systems |
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81 | (52) |
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81 | (1) |
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2 Hydrogels: Physicochemical Properties and General Applications |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (3) |
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84 | (1) |
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3.2 Solution Polymerization |
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85 | (1) |
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3.3 Emulsion/Suspension Polymerization |
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85 | (1) |
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3.4 Polymerization by High-Energy Radiation |
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85 | (1) |
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3.5 Free Radical Polymerization |
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85 | (1) |
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3.6 Chemical Modification of Polymers |
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86 | (1) |
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4 Hydrogel Nanocomposites |
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87 | (16) |
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4.1 Inorganic Nanoparticle-Based Hydrogels |
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89 | (10) |
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4.2 Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Hydrogels |
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99 | (3) |
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4.3 Liposomal Nanocomposite Hydrogels |
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102 | (1) |
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5 Physicochemical Characterization of Hydrogel Nanocomposites |
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103 | (9) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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5.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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5.7 Sol---Gel Transition Behavior |
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108 | (1) |
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5.8 Rheological Properties |
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109 | (1) |
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5.9 Viscosity Determination |
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109 | (1) |
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5.10 In Vitro Release Studies |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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5.12 Biocompatibility Evaluation |
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111 | (1) |
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6 Application of Hydrogel Nanocomposites as Drug-Delivery Systems |
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112 | (7) |
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112 | (4) |
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6.2 Antitumor Drug-Delivery Systems |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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List of Abbreviations of the Polymers |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (12) |
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Chapter 4 Nanopharmaceuticals as Drug-Delivery Systems: For, Against, and Current Applications |
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133 | (22) |
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133 | (1) |
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2 History of Nanotechnology and Nano Definitions |
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133 | (1) |
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3 Nanomedicines and Biological Environment |
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134 | (1) |
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4 Characterization of Nanomaterials |
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135 | (1) |
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5 Nanoparticle Types, Applications, Advantages, and Potential |
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136 | (3) |
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5.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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6 Manufacturing Prospects for Nano Drugs, Nanoadditives, and Nanocarriers |
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139 | (2) |
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7 Regulatory Perspective on the Development of Nanomedicines |
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141 | (1) |
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8 Scale-Up of Nanomedicines: Preparative Methods and Their Challenges |
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141 | (2) |
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9 Nanotechnology Clinical Applications |
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143 | (1) |
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10 Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders |
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144 | (5) |
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11 Problems With Current Nanotechnology Concepts |
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149 | (2) |
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149 | (1) |
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11.2 Stability and Storage |
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149 | (1) |
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11.3 Complexity of Nanocarriers |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (4) |
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Chapter 5 Nucleic Acid-Based Nanocarriers |
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155 | (18) |
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155 | (1) |
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1.1 Silver and Gold Nanoparticles |
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155 | (1) |
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1.2 Carbon Nanoparticles (Graphenes, Fullerenes, and Nanodiamond) |
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156 | (1) |
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2 Watson---Crick DNA Structure and DNA Nanotechnology |
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156 | (4) |
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3 DNA Nanotechnology as Drug Delivery |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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3.3 Ribozymes, small interfering RNA, Antisense RNA, and Inhibitory RNA |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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4 Uses of DNA Nanotechnology in Various Diseases |
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161 | (4) |
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4.1 Special Discovery for Cancer |
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161 | (2) |
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4.2 Special Discovery for Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria |
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163 | (1) |
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4.3 Special Discovery for HIV and AIDS |
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163 | (1) |
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4.4 Special Discovery for Diabetes |
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163 | (1) |
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4.5 Special Discovery for Parkinson's Disease |
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164 | (1) |
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4.6 Special Discovery for Alzheimer's Disease |
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164 | (1) |
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4.7 Special Discovery for Hemophilia |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (5) |
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172 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 Protein Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy |
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173 | (32) |
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Mahadevappa Y. Kariduraganavar |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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3 Preparation Methods of Protein Nanocarriers |
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176 | (8) |
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3.1 Coacervation/Desolvation |
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177 | (1) |
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3.2 Emulsion/Solvent Extraction |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (1) |
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4 Preparation Methods for Hybrid Protein Nanocarriers |
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184 | (5) |
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184 | (1) |
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4.2 Desolvation---Chemical Crosslinking |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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5 Drag Loading Mechanism of Protein and Hybrid Nanocarriers |
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189 | (6) |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (4) |
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6 Protein and Hybrid Protein Nanocarriers in Targeted Drug Delivery |
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195 | (3) |
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6.1 Albumin Nanocarriers: Targeted Drug Delivery for Solid Tumors |
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195 | (1) |
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6.2 PEGylated Gelatin Nanocarriers: Targeted Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy |
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196 | (1) |
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6.3 Casein Nanocarriers: Targeted Drug Delivery for Tumor Growth |
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196 | (1) |
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6.4 Zein Nanocarriers: Targeted Drug Delivery for Breast Cancer |
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196 | (1) |
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6.5 Gliadin Nanocarriers: Targeted Drug Delivery for Cancer |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (6) |
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Chapter 7 TiO2-Based Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery |
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205 | (44) |
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205 | (1) |
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2 Computational Density Functional Theory Method: The Kohn---Sham Approach |
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206 | (3) |
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3 The Kohn---Sham Equations |
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209 | (1) |
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4 Computational Methods and Models of Nanoparticles |
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209 | (1) |
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5 Models of Nanoparticles |
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210 | (1) |
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6 Curcumin Interaction with TiO2 Anatase Nanoparticles |
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211 | (2) |
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7 Curcumin Adsorption on the N-Doped Nanoparticles (Position 1) |
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213 | (3) |
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8 Density of States and Molecular Orbitals |
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216 | (4) |
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9 Curcumin Adsorption on the N-Doped Nanoparticle (Position 2) |
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220 | (5) |
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10 Curcumin Adsorption on the Cu/N-Codoped Nanoparticles (Position 3) |
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225 | (4) |
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11 The Charge Exchange Between Adsorbed Curcumin and TiO2 Nanoparticles |
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229 | (1) |
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12 The Interaction of Immucillin-A With TiO2 Nanoparticles |
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230 | (8) |
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13 Adsorption of Immucillin-A on the N-Doped and Cu/N-Codoped TiO2 Nanoparticles |
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238 | (8) |
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246 | (3) |
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Chapter 8 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Drug-Delivery Systems |
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249 | (36) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (2) |
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251 | (1) |
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2.2 Liposome Production Methods |
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252 | (1) |
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3 Self-Micro-/nanoemulsifying Drug-Delivery Systems |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (6) |
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4.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles |
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254 | (1) |
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4.2 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers |
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255 | (1) |
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4.3 Methods for Preparation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers |
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256 | (4) |
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5 Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Characterization Techniques |
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260 | (3) |
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5.1 Particle Size and ζ Potential |
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260 | (1) |
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5.2 Electron Microscopy Techniques |
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260 | (1) |
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5.3 Atomic Force Microscopy |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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5.6 Infrared Spectroscopy |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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5.8 Solubility and Permeability |
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263 | (1) |
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6 Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Routes of Administration |
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263 | (3) |
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6.1 Parenteral Drug Delivery |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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7 Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Applications in Drug Delivery |
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266 | (3) |
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7.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy |
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266 | (1) |
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7.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Peptide and Protein Delivery |
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266 | (1) |
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7.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Targeting Brain Drug Delivery |
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266 | (1) |
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7.4 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Parasitic Diseases |
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267 | (1) |
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7.5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Ultrasonic Drug and Gene Delivery |
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267 | (1) |
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7.6 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Applied to Malaria Treatment |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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7.8 Cosmetic and Dermatological Preparations |
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269 | (1) |
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8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (15) |
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Chapter 9 Mesoporous Silica-Based Nano Drug-Delivery System Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications |
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285 | (34) |
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1 Mesoporous Silica in General |
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285 | (1) |
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2 Synthesis and Characterization |
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286 | (5) |
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2.1 Ordered Mesoporous Silica |
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286 | (2) |
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2.2 Hollow/Rattle-Type Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles |
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288 | (3) |
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3 Factors for Fabrication of Fine-Tuned Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles |
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291 | (3) |
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3.1 pH of Reaction Mixture and Charge State |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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3.3 Solvents and Catalysts |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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3.5 Basic Chemicals and Sources of Silica |
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293 | (1) |
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3.6 Mesoporous Dimensions |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (3) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (3) |
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6 Functionalization Strategies |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (13) |
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302 | (3) |
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7.2 Antibacterial Activity |
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305 | (3) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (2) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (5) |
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Chapter 10 Hydrogel Nanocomposite Systems: Characterization and Application in Drug-Delivery Systems |
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319 | (32) |
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319 | (3) |
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1.1 Drug Delivery and Nanotechnologies |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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1.3 Hydrogel Classification |
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320 | (1) |
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1.4 The Exigence of Hydrogel Nanocomposite Systems |
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321 | (1) |
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2 Hydrogel Nanocomposite Systems |
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322 | (6) |
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2.1 Materials Used for Hydrogel Nanocomposite Systems |
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322 | (4) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (1) |
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3 Nanocomposite Hydrogel Properties |
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328 | (3) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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3.7 Sliding Frictional Behaviors |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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3.10 Cell Cultivation and Biocompatibility |
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331 | (1) |
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4 Hydrogel Nanocomposite Applications in Drug Delivery |
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331 | (9) |
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4.1 Nanocomposite Hydrogels From Carbon-Based Nanomaterials |
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332 | (2) |
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4.2 Nanocomposite Hydrogels From Polymeric Nanoparticles |
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334 | (1) |
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4.3 Nanocomposite Hydrogels From Inorganic Nanoparticles |
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335 | (1) |
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4.4 Nanocomposite Hydrogels From Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles |
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336 | (3) |
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4.5 Next Generation of Nanocomposite Hydrogels |
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339 | (1) |
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5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (10) |
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Chapter 11 Mesoporous Silica as Carrier for Drug-Delivery Systems |
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351 | (24) |
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351 | (2) |
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2 Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Carriers |
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353 | (3) |
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3 Applications of Mesoporous Silica in Antibiotic-Delivery Systems |
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356 | (10) |
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3.1 Mesoporous Silica---Based Tetracycline Drug-Delivery Systems |
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357 | (2) |
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3.2 Aminoglycoside---Mesoporous Silica Drug-Delivery Systems |
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359 | (3) |
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3.3 Mesoporous Silica Drug-Delivery Systems for Penicillin Antibiotics |
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362 | (4) |
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4 Perspectives and Outlook for Mesoporous Silica---Based Antibiotic-Delivery Systems |
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366 | (3) |
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369 | (6) |
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Chapter 12 Cell-Line-Based Studies of Nanotechnology Drug-Delivery Systems: A Brief Review |
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375 | (20) |
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375 | (2) |
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2 Nanotechnology-Based Drug-Delivery System |
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377 | (2) |
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3 Cell Sources and Cell Types |
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379 | (4) |
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3.1 Immortalized Cell Lines |
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379 | (2) |
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381 | (1) |
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3.3 Human Cancer Cell Lines |
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382 | (1) |
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3.4 Mesenchymal Stem Cells |
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382 | (1) |
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3.5 Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells |
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382 | (1) |
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4 Cell-Culture-Based Assays |
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383 | (4) |
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384 | (2) |
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4.2 Microfluidic-Based Assay |
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386 | (1) |
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4.3 Other Nonconventional Methods for High-Throughput Screening in Drug Discovery |
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387 | (1) |
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5 Limitation and Challenges |
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387 | (1) |
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6 Conclusion and Perspectives |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (6) |
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Chapter 13 Nanoscale Drug-Delivery Systems: In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization |
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395 | (26) |
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395 | (1) |
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2 In Vitro Characterization of Nanoparticles |
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396 | (7) |
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2.1 Importance of Characterization of Nanoparticles |
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396 | (1) |
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2.2 Overview of Physicochemical Characteristics |
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397 | (3) |
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2.3 Modalities for Physicochemical Characterization |
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400 | (3) |
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403 | (1) |
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3 In Vivo Characterization Assays and Imaging |
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403 | (4) |
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404 | (1) |
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3.2 Contrast Agents, Molecular Markers, and Labels |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (2) |
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407 | (2) |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (2) |
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4.3 Nano-imaging and Contrast Agents |
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409 | (1) |
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5 Classification Based on Administration Route |
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409 | (3) |
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5.1 In Vivo Interactions During Administration |
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410 | (1) |
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5.2 Challenges of Systemic Circulation and Cellular Internalization |
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411 | (1) |
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6 In Vivo Characterization Based on Structural Properties |
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412 | (1) |
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7 In Vivo Characterization Based on Functionalization |
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413 | (1) |
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7.1 Optimized Administration by Functionalization |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (6) |
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Chapter 14 Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug-Delivery System and Solidified Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug-Delivery System |
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421 | (30) |
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421 | (2) |
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2 Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug-Delivery Systems |
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423 | (7) |
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423 | (2) |
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425 | (4) |
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429 | (1) |
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2.4 Optimization of SNEDDS Compositions |
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429 | (1) |
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3 Solidified Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug-Delivery System |
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430 | (3) |
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3.1 Adsorption to Solid Carriers |
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430 | (1) |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (1) |
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3.4 Extrusion---Spheronization Process |
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432 | (1) |
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3.5 Lyophilization (Freeze-Drying) |
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432 | (1) |
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4 Characterization of SNEDDSs and S-SNEDDSs |
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433 | (3) |
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4.1 Particle Size and ζ Potential |
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433 | (1) |
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4.2 Turbidity Measurement |
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433 | (1) |
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4.3 Emulsification Rate and Time Measurement |
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433 | (1) |
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4.4 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Measurement |
|
|
434 | (1) |
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|
434 | (1) |
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4.6 Crystallization of Drugs |
|
|
435 | (1) |
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|
435 | (1) |
|
4.8 Cloud-Point Measurement |
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|
435 | (1) |
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|
436 | (2) |
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6 Stability of SNEDDSs and S-SNEDDSs |
|
|
438 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
|
6.2 Freeze-Thaw Cycle Test |
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438 | (1) |
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|
438 | (1) |
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|
438 | (1) |
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7 Mechanism of SNEDDS Formation |
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|
438 | (2) |
|
8 Application of SNEDDSs and S-SNEDDSs |
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|
440 | (3) |
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|
440 | (2) |
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|
442 | (1) |
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8.3 Antimicrobial Activities |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
9 Conclusions and Outlooks |
|
|
443 | (1) |
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|
443 | (8) |
|
Chapter 15 Carbon and Carbon Nanotube Drug Delivery and Its Characterization, Properties, and Applications |
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|
451 | (18) |
|
|
|
451 | (1) |
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2 Goals of Using Drug Delivery |
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|
451 | (3) |
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|
454 | (3) |
|
3.1 Classical Drug-Delivery Systems |
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|
454 | (2) |
|
3.2 Drugs via Cell Carriers |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
4 Functions of Drug Delivery |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
5 Properties of Drug Delivery |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
6 Applications of Drug Delivery |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
7 Case Study of Carbon Nanotube Drug Delivery |
|
|
459 | (1) |
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|
459 | (5) |
|
8.1 Allotropes, Structures, Properties, and Characterization of Carbon |
|
|
459 | (2) |
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461 | (3) |
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|
464 | (5) |
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Chapter 16 Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Drug-Delivery Systems |
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|
469 | (62) |
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|
|
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
2 Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis and Nomenclature |
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|
470 | (6) |
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|
470 | (1) |
|
|
471 | (1) |
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|
472 | (2) |
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|
474 | (2) |
|
|
476 | (3) |
|
3.1 Covalent Functionalization |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
3.2 Noncovalent Functionalization |
|
|
477 | (2) |
|
4 Biomedical Applications |
|
|
479 | (31) |
|
4.1 Nanotherapeutic Delivery |
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|
479 | (18) |
|
4.2 Biomedical Engineering |
|
|
497 | (1) |
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|
498 | (4) |
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|
502 | (5) |
|
|
507 | (2) |
|
4.6 Computer Advanced Simulations |
|
|
509 | (1) |
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|
510 | (2) |
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|
512 | (19) |
|
Chapter 17 Polymer-Based Nanomaterials for Drug-Delivery Carriers |
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|
531 | (26) |
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|
|
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
2 Types of Polymer-Based Nanomaterials |
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|
532 | (5) |
|
2.1 Polymeric Nanocarriers |
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|
532 | (3) |
|
2.2 Polymeric Nanocomposites |
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|
535 | (2) |
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|
537 | (4) |
|
3.1 Direct Dissolution (Polymeric Micelles) |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
3.2 Dialysis (Polymeric Micelles and Polymeric Nanoparticles) |
|
|
537 | (2) |
|
3.3 Solvent Evaporation (Polymeric Nanoparticles) |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
3.4 Nanoprecipitation (Polymeric Nanoparticles) |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
3.5 Interfacial Polymerization (Polymeric Nanoparticles) |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
3.6 Exfoliation---Adsorption (Layered Silicate) |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
3.7 Template Synthesis (Layered Silicate) |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
4 Characteristics of Polymeric Nano Materials |
|
|
541 | (2) |
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|
543 | (4) |
|
5.1 Dendrimers in Drug Delivery |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
5.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
5.3 Polymeric Micelles in Drug Delivery |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
5.4 Hydrogels Based on Chitosan for Drug Delivery |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
5.5 Lipid---Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
6 Characterizations of Polymeric Nanomaterials |
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
6.1 Size and Encapsulation Efficiency |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
6.3 Surface Hydrophobicity |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
8 Environment and Health Safety |
|
|
550 | (2) |
|
8.1 Toxicity of Some Nanomaterials |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
8.3 Nanomaterials for Water Treatment |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
8.4 Dendrimers in Environmental Applications |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
9 Challenges and Limitations |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
9.2 Failure in Reaching the Core of the Tumor Cell |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
9.3 The Toxicity of Some Nanomaterials |
|
|
552 | (1) |
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|
552 | (1) |
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|
553 | (4) |
|
Chapter 18 Polymeric Nanomaterials: Methods of Preparation and Characterization |
|
|
557 | (98) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
557 | (1) |
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|
558 | (13) |
|
|
559 | (7) |
|
|
566 | (5) |
|
2.3 Polymers With FDA Approval for Use in Drug Products |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
3 Polymer-Based Therapeutics for Drug Delivery |
|
|
571 | (26) |
|
3.1 Solid Polymeric Nanoparticles |
|
|
571 | (7) |
|
3.2 Self-Assembled Nanoparticles From Amphiphilic Block Copolymers |
|
|
578 | (9) |
|
|
587 | (4) |
|
|
591 | (6) |
|
4 Biomedical Applications |
|
|
597 | (23) |
|
4.1 Nanomedicine in Cancer |
|
|
597 | (9) |
|
4.2 Nanomedicine in Cardiovascular Disease |
|
|
606 | (7) |
|
4.3 Nanomedicine in Ocular Diseases |
|
|
613 | (2) |
|
4.4 Nanomedicine in Oral Delivery |
|
|
615 | (5) |
|
5 Challenges and Concluding Remarks |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
621 | (34) |
Index |
|
655 | |