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Natural Gas Processing from Midstream to Downstream [Kõva köide]

Edited by (Bryan Research & Engineering, Bryan, TX, USA), Edited by (Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar), Edited by (Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar), Edited by (Texas A&M University, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 584 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 259x183x31 mm, kaal: 1247 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Feb-2019
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119270251
  • ISBN-13: 9781119270256
Teised raamatud teemal:
Natural Gas Processing from Midstream to DownstreamSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 584 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 259x183x31 mm, kaal: 1247 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Feb-2019
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119270251
  • ISBN-13: 9781119270256
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781119270256.html
Märksõnad:

A comprehensive review of the current status and challenges for natural gas and shale gas production, treatment and monetization technologies 

Natural Gas Processing from Midstream to Downstream presents an international perspective on the production and monetization of shale gas and natural gas. The authors review techno-economic assessments of the midstream and downstream natural gas processing technologies.

Comprehensive in scope, the text offers insight into the current status and the challenges facing the advancement of the midstream natural gas treatments. Treatments covered include gas sweeting processes, sulfur recovery units, gas dehydration and natural gas pipeline transportation.

The authors highlight the downstream processes including physical treatment and chemical conversion of both direct and indirect conversion. The book also contains an important overview of natural gas monetization processes and the potential for shale gas to play a role in the future of the energy market, specifically for the production of ultra-clean fuels and value-added chemicals. This vital resource:

  • Provides fundamental chemical engineering aspects of natural gas technologies
  • Covers topics related to upstream, midstream and downstream natural gas treatment and processing
  • Contains well-integrated coverage of several technologies and processes for treatment and production of natural gas
  • Highlights the economic factors and risks facing the monetization technologies
  • Discusses supply chain, environmental and safety issues associated with the emerging shale gas industry
  • Identifies future trends in educational and research opportunities, directions and emerging opportunities in natural gas monetization
  • Includes contributions from leading researchers in academia and industry

Written for Industrial scientists, academic researchers and government agencies working on developing and sustaining state-of-the-art technologies in gas and fuels production and processing, Natural Gas Processing from Midstream to Downstream provides a broad overview of the current status and challenges for natural gas production, treatment and monetization technologies.

Arvustused

"...an important book which should be purchased by all those involved both with the oil industry and with environmental topics." Edlard R. Adlard, Chromatographia (2019) 82:1423

List of Contributors
xix
About the Editors xxv
Preface xxvii
1 Introduction to Natural Gas Monetization
1(14)
Nimir O. Elbashir
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Natural Gas Chain
2(2)
1.3 Monetization Routes for Natural Gas
4(5)
1.3.1 Large Industries and Power Plants
4(2)
1.3.2 Small/Medium Industries and Commercial Users
6(1)
1.3.3 Residential
7(1)
1.3.4 Natural Gas Export
7(1)
1.3.4.1 Pipeline Export
7(1)
1.3.4.2 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
8(1)
1.4 Natural Gas Conversion to Chemicals and Fuels
9(4)
1.5 Summary
13(1)
Acknowledgment
13(1)
References
13(2)
2 Techno-Economic Analyses and Policy Implications of Environmental Remediation of Shale Gas Wells in the Barnett Shales
15(42)
Rasha Hasaneen
Andrew Avalos
Nathan Sibley
Mohammed Shammaa
2.1 Introduction
15(1)
2.1.1 Framing the Issues: The Energy and Environmental Equation
15(2)
2.1.2 Well Lifecycle Analysis and Environmental Impacts
17(1)
2.2 Shale Gas Operations
18(4)
2.2.1 Summary of Shale Gas Operations
18(1)
2.2.2 Hydraulic Fracturing and Water Impacts
19(1)
2.2.2.1 Fresh Water Consumption
20(1)
2.2.2.2 Transportation and Disposal of Produced Water
20(1)
2.2.3 Fuel Usage
21(1)
2.2.4 Seismicity and Seismic Implications
21(1)
2.3 The Barnett Shale
22(1)
2.4 Environmental Remediation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using Natural Gas as a Fuel
22(2)
2.4.1 Single Fuel, Bi-Fuel, or Dual Fuel
23(1)
2.4.2 Forms of Natural Gas
23(1)
2.4.3 Environmental Impact
24(1)
2.5 Environmental Remediation of Water and Seismic Impacts
24(4)
2.5.1 Waterless Fracturing
24(1)
2.5.1.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Fracturing
25(1)
2.5.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Fracturing
25(1)
2.5.2 Recycling Produced Water
26(1)
2.5.2.1 Fracturing with Produced Water
26(1)
2.5.2.2 Treating Wastewater
27(1)
2.6 Theoretical Calculations
28(7)
2.6.1 Current Operations
28(1)
2.6.1.1 Key Assumptions
28(1)
2.6.1.2 Fuel Usage by Well
28(2)
2.6.1.3 Annual Fuel Usage and Costs
30(1)
2.6.1.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fuel Burn
30(1)
2.6.1.5 Hydraulic Fracturing Impacts
31(1)
2.6.2 Operations after Environmental Remediation of Greenhouse Gases
31(1)
2.6.2.1 Conversion to Dual Fuel Systems
31(1)
2.6.2.2 Environmental Improvements
32(1)
2.6.3 Operations after Environmental Remediation of Hydraulic Fracturing
32(1)
2.6.3.1 Waterless Fracturing
32(2)
2.6.3.2 Environmental Improvements
34(1)
2.6.4 Net Present Value and Expected Capital Outlay
34(1)
2.7 Results and Discussion
35(14)
2.7.1 Improved Operations with Environmental Remediation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
35(2)
2.7.1.1 Capital Investment Analysis
37(1)
2.7.1.2 Broader Economic and Environmental Benefits
38(1)
2.7.2 Improved Operations with Alternative Fracturing Fluids
39(2)
2.7.2.1 Cost of Alternative Fracturing Fluids
41(1)
2.7.2.2 Availability of Salt Water Disposal Sites
42(1)
2.7.2.3 Fracturing with C02 vs. LPG
43(2)
2.7.2.4 Flowback and Recycling of Fracturing Fluid
45(1)
2.7.2.5 Seismic Implications
46(1)
2.7.2.6 Unlocking Arid and Water Sensitive Shales
46(1)
2.7.2.7 Broader Economic and Environmental Benefits
47(1)
2.7.3 Environmental and Microeconomic Impacts of Combined Technology Alternatives
47(2)
2.8 Opportunities for Future Research
49(1)
References
50(7)
3 Thermodynamic Modeling of Natural Gas and Gas Condensate Mixtures
57(32)
Epaminondas Voutsas
Nefeli Novak
Vasiliki Louli
Georgia Pappa
Eirini Petropoulou
Christos Boukouvalas
Eleni Panteli
Stathis Skouras
3.1 Introduction
57(4)
3.2 Thermodynamic Models
61(3)
3.2.1 Peng-Robinson EoS
61(1)
3.2.2 PC-SAFT EoS
61(2)
3.2.3 UMR-PRU
63(1)
3.3 Prediction of Natural Gas Dew Points
64(6)
3.3.1 Synthetic Natural Gases
65(2)
3.3.2 Real Natural Gases
67(3)
3.4 Prediction of Dew Points and Liquid Dropout in Gas Condensates
70(5)
3.4.1 Synthetic Gas Condensates
71(1)
3.4.2 Real Gas Condensates
72(1)
3.4.2.1 Characterization of the Plus Fraction
73(2)
3.4.2.2 Dew Point Predictions
75(1)
3.5 Case Study: Simulation of a Topside Offshore Process
75(6)
3.6 Concluding Remarks
81(1)
References
82(7)
4 C02 Injection in Coal Formations for Enhanced Coalbed Methane and CO2 Sequestration
89(24)
Ahmed Farid Ibrahim
Hisham A. Nasr-Ei-Din
4.1 Coalbed Characteristics
89(2)
4.2 Adsorption Isotherm Behavior
91(4)
4.3 Coal Wettability
95(6)
4.4 CO2 Injectivity
101(5)
4.5 Pilot Field Tests
106(2)
4.6 Conclusions
108(1)
References
108(5)
5 Fluid Flow: Basics
113(30)
Paul A. Nelson
Todd J. Willman
Vinay Gadekar
5.1 Introduction
113(3)
5.2 Thermodynamics of Fluids
116(3)
5.2.1 First Law of Thermodynamics
117(1)
5.2.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics
118(1)
5.2.3 Heat Capacity
118(1)
5.2 A Properties of a Perfect Gas
119(2)
5.2.5 Equations of State
120(1)
5.3 Fundamental Equations of Fluid Mechanics
121(5)
5.3.1 Continuity Equation
121(1)
5.3.2 Momentum Balance
122(1)
5.3.3 Bernoulli's Equation
123(1)
5.3.4 Mechanical Energy Balance
124(1)
5.3.5 Total Energy Balance
125(1)
5.3.6 Speed of Sound
125(1)
5.4 Incompressible Pipeline Flow
126(604)
5.4.1 Reynolds Number
126(1)
5.4.2 Friction Factor
127(1)
5.4.3 K-Factors for Fittings
127(1)
5.4.4 Fouling Factor
128(1)
5.4.5 Other Head Loss and Gain Terms
128(1)
5.4.6 Example Application
129(1)
5.5 Laminar Flow
130(2)
5.6 Compressible Pipeline Flow
132(1)
5.6.1 Introductory Remarks
132(1)
5.6.2 Isothermal Flow
132(1)
5.6.3 Bernoulli Approximation
133(1)
5.6.4 Isentropic Flow
133(1)
5.6.5 Polytropic Flow
134(1)
5.6.6 Adiabatic Flow
134(3)
5.6.7 Choked Flow
137(1)
5.6.8 Rationalization with Bernoulli's Equation
138(1)
5.6.9 Example Application
139(1)
5.7 Comparison with Crane Handbook
139(3)
References
142(1)
6 Fluid Flow: Advanced Topics
143(30)
Paul A. Nelson
Moye Wicks III
Todd J. Willman
Vinay Cadekar
6.1 Introduction
143(1)
6.2 Notation
143(2)
6.3 Piping Networks
145(7)
6.3.1 Network Flow
145(1)
6.3.2 Stagnation Pressure and Temperature
146(1)
6.3.2.1 Incompressible
146(1)
6.3.2.2 Isothermal
147(1)
6.3.2.3 Isentropic
148(1)
6.3.2.4 Adiabatic
149(1)
6.3.3 Flow Between Vessels
150(1)
6.3.3.1 Incompressible
150(1)
6.3.3.2 Compressible
150(1)
6.3.4 The System of Equations
151(1)
6.3.5 Example Application
151(1)
6.4 Meters
152(7)
6.4.1 Incompressible Flow Through a Meter
152(1)
6.4.2 Compressible Flow Through a Meter
153(2)
6.4.3 Individual Meter Types
155(1)
6.4.3.1 Orifice Meter
155(1)
6.4.3.2 Flow Nozzle
155(1)
6.4.3.3 Venturi Tube
156(1)
6.4.4 Choked Flow Through a Meter
156(1)
6.4.4.1 Critical Pressure Ratio
157(1)
6.4.4.2 Maximum Flow Rate
157(1)
6.4.5 Example Problem
158(1)
6.5 Control Valves
159(2)
6.5.1 Incompressible Flow Through a Control Valve
159(1)
6.5.2 Compressible Flow Through a Control Valve
159(2)
6.5.3 Example Problem
161(1)
6.6 Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow
161(10)
6.6.1 Introductory Remarks
161(1)
6.6.2 The Method of Dukler and Taitel
162(2)
6.6.3 Pressure Drop in Two-Phase Flow
164(1)
6.6.4 The Homogeneous Flow Model
165(1)
6.6.5 Temperature Effects
166(1)
6.6.6 Comment on the Effect of Change in Elevation
167(1)
6.6.7 Isothermal Flow
167(1)
6.6.8 Isentropic Flow
168(2)
6.6.9 Adiabatic Flow
170(1)
References
171(2)
7 Use of Process Simulators Upstream Through Midstream
173(24)
Justin C. Slagle
7.1 Introduction
173(1)
7.1.1 The Origin of Hydrocarbon Process Simulation
173(1)
7.1.2 What Is a Process Simulator?
174(1)
7.2 Upstream
174(9)
7.2.1 Down Hole PVT
175(1)
7.2.2 Well Site
176(2)
7.2.3 Pipelines
178(2)
7.2.4 Compressor/Pump Stations
180(1)
7.2.5 Methanol/Ethylene Glycol Injection
180(2)
7.2.6 Tanks
182(1)
7.3 Midstream
183(9)
7.3.1 Amine Sweetening
184(1)
7.3.2 Sulfur Recovery
184(2)
7.3.3 Tail Gas Treatment
186(1)
7.3.4 Sour Water Stripper
187(2)
7.3.5 Incinerator/Flare
189(1)
7.3.6 Glycol Dehydration
189(1)
7.3.7 NGL Recovery
190(2)
7.3.8 NGL Fractionation
192(1)
7.4 Going Further
192(4)
Acknowledgement
196(1)
References
196(1)
8 Optimization of Natural Gas Network Operation under Uncertainty
197(22)
Emmanuel Ogbe
Ali Elkamel
Michael Fowler
Ali Almansoori
8.1 Introduction
198(1)
8.2 Literature Review
199(1)
8.3 Natural Gas Supply Chains
200(2)
8.4 Optimization Model
202(6)
8.4.1 Mathematical Notation
202(1)
8.4.2 Considering Gas Quality in Natural Gas Production Operation
202(2)
8.4.3 Model for the Natural Gas Network System
204(1)
8.4.3.1 Model for the Sources
204(1)
8.4.3.2 Model for Mixing Stations
205(1)
8.4.3.3 Model for End Users
206(1)
8.4.3.4 Pressure Model
206(1)
8.4.3.5 Pipeline Performance Model
207(1)
8.4.3.6 Compression Performance model
207(1)
8.5 Computation Study
208(1)
8.5.1 Implementation
208(1)
8.5.2 Case Study and Description
208(1)
8.6 Results and Discussion
209(3)
8.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
212(1)
References
213(2)
Appendix
215(4)
8.A.1 Stochastic Model for the Sources
216(1)
8.A.2 Stochastic Model for Mixing Stations
216(1)
8.A.3 Stochastic Model for End Users
217(1)
8.A.4 Stochastic Pipeline Performance Model
217(1)
8.A.5 Stochastic Compression Performance Model
217(2)
9 A Multicriteria Optimization Approach to the Synthesis of Shale Gas Monetization Supply Chains
219(16)
Ahmad Al-Douri
Debalina Sengupta
Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi
9.1 Introduction
219(1)
9.2 Methodology
220(1)
9.3 Case Study
221(3)
9.3.1 Problem Statement
221(1)
9.3.2 Environmental and Safety Metrics
222(2)
9.3.3 Objectives of the Case Study
224(1)
9.4 Case Study Results
224(8)
9.4.1 Feedstock
224(1)
9.4.2 Conversion Technologies
224(1)
9.4.3 Base Case Product Prices
225(1)
9.4.4 Plant Costs and Capacity Limits
225(1)
9.4.5 Base Case Solution
226(1)
9.4.6 Reduced Methanol Price Case Results
227(2)
9.4.7 Reduced Urea Price Case Results
229(1)
9.4.8 Base Case Environmental Considerations
230(1)
9.4.9 Base Case Safety Considerations
231(1)
9.5 Conclusion
232(1)
References
232(3)
10 Study for the Optimal Operation of Natural Gas Liquid Recovery and Natural Gas Production
235(24)
Mozammel Mazumder
Qiang Xu
10.1 Introduction
235(2)
10.2 Methodology Framework
237(1)
10.3 New Process Design for NGL Recovery
238(6)
10.3.1 Demethanizer
241(1)
10.3.2 J-T Expansion
241(1)
10.3.3 Turboexpander
242(1)
10.3.4 Refrigeration
242(2)
10.3.5 Compression
244(1)
10.4 Thermodynamic Analysis for Propane Refrigeration System
244(1)
10.4.1 Liquefaction Process Analysis
244(1)
10.4.2 Simulation Results and Thermodynamic Analysis
244(1)
10.5 Optimization for Natural Gas Liquefaction
245(9)
10.5.1 Optimization Model Development
245(1)
10.5.1.1 Objective Function
246(1)
10.5.1.2 Pressure Ratio Constraints
247(1)
10.5.1.3 Heat Transfer Constraints
247(1)
10.5.1.4 Energy Balance Constraints
247(2)
10.5.1.5 Other Constraints
249(1)
10.5.2 Optimization Results
249(1)
10.5.2.1 Optimization Results of Propane Cycle
249(1)
10.5.2.2 Optimization Results of Compressor and Condenser
249(2)
10.5.2.3 Demethanizer Pressure and Ethane Recovery
251(3)
10.6 Conclusion
254(1)
Acknowledgements
254(1)
Abbreviations
254(1)
Nomenclature
255(1)
References
256(3)
11 Modeling and Optimization of Natural Gas Processing and Production Networks
259(46)
Saad A. Al-Sobhi
Munawar A. Shaik
Ali Elkamel
Fatih S. Erenay
11.1 Introduction
259(1)
11.2 Background and Process Description
260(5)
11.2.1 Natural Gas Supply Chain
260(1)
11.2.2 Natural Gas: Proven Reserves
261(1)
11.2.3 Natural Gas: Utilization
261(2)
11.2.3.1 LNG Process
263(1)
11.2.3.2 GTL Process
263(1)
11.2.3.3 Methanol Process
264(1)
11.3 Simulation of Natural Gas Processing and Production Network
265(9)
11.3.1 Problem Statement
266(1)
11.3.2 Steady State Process Simulation of Natural Gas Processing and Production Network
266(1)
11.3.2.1 LNG Process Simulation
266(5)
11.3.2.2 GTL Process Simulation
271(1)
11.3.2.3 Methanol Process Simulation
272(2)
11.4 LP Model for Natural Gas Processing and Production Network
274(6)
11.4.1 LP Model Formulation
278(1)
11.4.2 Illustrative Case Study for LP Model
279(1)
11.4.2.1 Scenario 1: Network Optimization (Base Case)
279(1)
11.4.2.2 Scenario 2: Natural Gas Feedstock Flowrate Increment
279(1)
11.4.2.3 Scenario 3: Natural Gas Feedstock and Product Price Increments
279(1)
11.5 MILP Model for Design and Synthesis of Natural Gas Upstream Processing Network
280(8)
11.5.1 Process Descriptions of Major Processing Units
282(1)
11.5.1.1 Stabilization Unit (A)
282(1)
11.5.1.2 Acid Gas Removal Unit (B)
282(1)
11.5.1.3 Sulfur Recovery Unit (C)
283(1)
11.5.1.4 Dehydration Unit (D)
283(1)
11.5.1.5 NGL Separation Unit (E)
283(1)
11.5.1.6 Fractionation Unit (F)
284(1)
11.5.2 Problem Statement and Solution Strategy
284(1)
11.5.3 MILP Model Formulation
285(1)
11.5.4 Illustrative Case Study
286(2)
11.6 MILP Model for Design and Synthesis of Natural Gas Production Network
288(8)
11.6.1 MILP Model Formulation
290(3)
11.6.2 Case Study
293(2)
11.6.2.1 Economic Planning Using Formulated MILP Model
295(1)
11.6.2.2 Sustainable Planning Using Formulated Model
295(1)
11.7 Sustainability Assessment of Natural Gas Network
296(4)
11.7.1 Case Study 1
297(1)
11.7.2 Case Study 2
298(1)
11.7.3 Case Study 3
298(2)
11.8 Conclusion
300(1)
References
300(5)
12 Process Safety in Natural Gas Industries
305(36)
Monir Ahammad
M. Sam Mannan
12.1 Introduction
305(1)
12.2 Incident History
306(3)
12.2.1 Cleveland, Ohio, 1944
306(2)
12.2.2 Skikda, Algeria, 2004
308(1)
12.2.3 San Bruno, California, 2010
308(1)
12.2.4 Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2014
309(1)
12.3 Process Safety Methods
309(3)
12.4 Equipment and Plant Reliability
312(3)
12.5 Facility Siting and Layout Optimization
315(8)
12.5.1 Separation Distances
318(1)
12.5.2 Advances in Facility Siting and Layout Optimizations
318(4)
12.5.3 Lessons Learned from Past Incidents
322(1)
12.6 Relief System Design
323(1)
12.7 Toxic and Heavy Gas Dispersion
324(2)
12.8 Fire and Explosion
326(3)
12.9 Effective Mitigation System
329(3)
12.10 Regulatory Program and Management Systems for Process Safety and Risks
332(3)
12.11 Concluding Remarks
335(1)
Nomenclature
336(2)
References
338(3)
13 Thermodynamic Modeling of Relevance to Natural Gas Processing
341(38)
Georgios M. Kontogeorgis
Eirini Karakatsani
13.1 Introduction to the Problem
341(2)
13.2 The Models
343(5)
13.2.1 GERG-Water
343(1)
13.2.2 CPA
344(2)
13.2.3 Van der Waals-Platteeuw Hydrate Model
346(1)
13.2.4 Model's Pure Component Parameters and Comments on Database
347(1)
13.3 Systems Studied and Selected Results: Part
1. No Chemicals
348(12)
13.3.1 Binary Systems of NG Components with Water
348(3)
13.3.2 Ternary Systems of NG Components with Water
351(4)
13.3.3 Systems with ≤ 4 NG Components and Water
355(5)
13.4 Systems Studied and Selected Results: Part
2. With Chemicals
360(12)
13.4.1 Systems of NG Components with Water and Alcohols
360(7)
13.4.2 Systems of NG Components with Water and Glycols
367(5)
13.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
372(2)
Nomenclature
374(2)
Acknowledgment
376(1)
References
376(3)
14 Light Alkane Aromatization: Efficient use of Natural Gas
379(24)
Swarom R. Kanitkar
James J. Spivey
14.1 Introduction
379(2)
14.1.1 Shale Gas Revolution
379(1)
14.1.2 Composition of Natural Gas
380(1)
14.2 Aromatization of Light Alkanes
381(13)
14.2.1 Thermodynamics and Short History
381(2)
14.2.2 Existing Technologies
383(2)
14.2.3 Role of Metals (Ga, Pt, Mo, Zn, Re)
385(1)
14.2.3.1 Mo/ZSM-5
386(1)
14.2.3.2 Pt/H-ZSM-5
387(1)
14.2.3.3 Ga/H-ZSM-5
387(1)
14.2.3.4 Re/H-ZSM-5
388(1)
14.2.3.5 Zn/H-ZSM-5
389(2)
14.2.3.6 Promoters
391(1)
14.2.4 Effect of Pore Structure (ZSM-5, ZSM-8, ZSM-11, ZSM-12)
392(1)
14.2.5 Effect of Acidity (Si/Al Ratio etc.)
393(1)
14.3 Future Perspective
394(3)
References
397(6)
15 Techno-Economic Analysis of Monetizing Shale Gas to Butadiene
403(10)
Ecem Ozinan
Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi
15.1 Introduction
403(1)
15.2 Process Description
404(2)
15.3 Techno-Economic Analysis
406(1)
15.4 Conclusions
406(5)
References
411(2)
16 Fractionation of the Gas-to Liquid Diesel Fuels for Production of On-Specifkation Diesel and Value-Added Chemicals
413(26)
Mostafa Shahin
Shaik Afzal
Nimir O. Elbashir
16.1 Introduction
413(3)
16.2 Experimental Study to Measure Properties of GTL Diesel for Different Specifications
416(2)
16.2.1 Distillation
418(1)
16.2.2 Atmospheric Distillation Analysis
419(1)
16.2.3 Carbon Distribution
419(1)
16.2.4 Density Analysis
419(1)
16.2.5 Viscosity Analysis
419(1)
16.2.6 Flash Point Analysis
420(1)
16.2.7 Cloud and Pour Points Analysis
420(1)
16.3 Experimental Study Results and Discussion
420(1)
16.3.1 GTL Diesel Fractionation
420(1)
16.3.2 Atmospheric Distillation
420(2)
16.3.3 Carbon Distribution for GTL Diesel Heavy Cuts
422(1)
16.3.4 Carbon Distribution for GTL Diesel Light Cuts
422(1)
16.3.5 Density Analysis
422(1)
16.3.6 Viscosity Analysis
423(2)
16.3.7 Flash Point Analysis
425(1)
16.3.8 Cloud and Pour Point Analysis
425(1)
16.3.9 Cetane Index Calculation
426(1)
16.4 Mathematical Models for Properties-Composition Relationship
427(7)
16.5 Summary and Conclusion
434(3)
References
437(2)
17 An Energy Integrated Approach to Design a Supercritical Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Products Separation and Solvent Recovery System
439(24)
Tala Katbeh
Nimir O. Elbashir
Mahmoud El-Halwagi
17.1 Introduction
439(5)
17.1.1 Block 1: Syngas Generation (Natural Gas Reformer)
439(1)
17.1.2 Block 2: Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
440(1)
17.1.2.1 Conventional FT Reactors
441(1)
17.1.3 Introduction on the Utilization of Supercritical Fluids in the FT Synthesis
442(1)
17.1.3.1 Block 3: Products Upgrading
442(2)
17.2 Approach and Methodology
444(3)
17.2.1 The FT Reactor Conditions
445(1)
17.2.2 The Process Design Approach
445(2)
17.3 Results and Discussion
447(13)
17.3.1 Scenario 1: Separation of the Heavy Components First
447(3)
17.3.2 Alternate Separation Design for Scenario 1
450(2)
17.3.3 Scenario 2: Separation of the Water First
452(3)
17.3.4 Scenario 3: Separation of the Vapor and Liquid Components and Use of 3-phase Separator to Recover Water, Solvent, and Syngas
455(5)
17.4 Conclusion
460(1)
Acknowledgements
461(1)
References
461(2)
18 Multi-Scale Models for the Prediction of Microscopic Structure and Physical Properties of Chemical Systems Related to Natural Gas Technology
463(36)
Konstantinos D. Papavasileiou
Manolis Vasileiadis
Vasileios K. Michalis
Loukas D. Peristeras
Loannis G. Economou
18.1 Introduction
463(4)
18.2 Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation: Modeling Gas Hydrates
467(3)
18.3 Modeling Porous Media in Separation and Storage Procedures
470(6)
18.3.1 Modeling Kerogens Porosity: A Case Study
472(4)
18.4 Molecular Simulation of Downstream Natural Gas Processing: The GTL Technology
476(9)
18.4.1 Investigations at the Quantum Level
476(1)
18.4.1.1 Methods and Models
476(1)
18.4.1.2 Methane Conversion to Syngas
477(1)
18.4.1.3 Syngas Conversion to Hydrocarbons
478(1)
18.4.1.4 Solvation Effects
479(1)
18.4.2 Moving Upscale: Modeling FTS Kinetics, Kinetic Monte Carlo
480(1)
18.4.3 Classical Approaches: Molecular Simulation at Larger Size and Time Scales of the FTS Process
481(4)
18.5 Future Outlook
485(2)
List of Abbreviations
487(1)
Acknowledgements
488(1)
References
488(11)
19 Natural Gas to Acetylene (GTA)/Ethylene (GTE)/Liquid Fuels (GTL) The Synfuels International, Inc. Process
499(10)
Kenneth R. Hall
Joel G. Cantrell
Ben R. Weber
Jr
19.1 Introduction
499(1)
19.2 Additive and Subtractive Processes
500(1)
19.3 The Synfuels Process
501(2)
19.4 Pilot Plant
503(2)
19.5 Location, Location, Location
505(1)
19.6 Biofuels
505(2)
19.7 Conclusion
507(2)
20 Natural-Gas-Based SOFC in Distributed Electricity Generation: Modeling and Control
509(10)
Gerald S. Ogumerem
Nikolaos A. Diangelakis
Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos
20.1 Introduction
509(4)
20.1.1 Distributed Energy Production
510(1)
20.1.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Overview
511(1)
20.1.3 Natural Gas Reforming
512(1)
20.1.4 Direct Internal Reforming (DIR) SOFC
512(1)
20.2 Mathematical Model
513(4)
20.2.1 Mass Balance
514(1)
20.2.2 Energy Balance 5i4
20.2.3 Kinetics
515(1)
20.2.4 Electrochemistry
516(1)
20.3 Simulation
517(2)
20 A Multiparametric Model Predictive Control (mpMPC)
519(8)
20.4.1 PAROC Framework
519(1)
20.4.1.1 Linear Model Approximation
519(1)
20.4.1.2 mpMPC Controller Design
520(3)
20.5 Closed-Loop Validation and Results
523(1)
20.6 Conclusion
523(1)
References
524(3)
21 Design of Synthetic Jet Fuel Using Multivariate Statistical Methods
527(18)
Rajib Mukherjee
Noof Abdalla
Nasr Mohamed
Marwan El Wash
Nimir O. Elbashir
Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi
21.1 Introduction
527(2)
21.2 Methodology
529(5)
21.2.1 Characterization with Principal Component Analysis
529(2)
21.2.2 Multivariate Regression Model for Blend Property Correlation
531(1)
21.2.2.1 PLS for Linear Regression
531(2)
21.2.2.2 Support Vector Machine (SVM) for Nonlinear Regression
533(1)
21.3 Results and Discussions
534(9)
21.3.1 Optimal Blend Selection Using Ternary Diagram
534(1)
21.3.2 Optimal Blend Selection Using Multivariate Statistics
535(1)
21.3.2.1 Contribution of Different Hydrocarbon Components
535(2)
21.3.2.2 Composition Property Correlation
537(1)
21.3.2.3 Reliability Prediction Using Score Plot
538(2)
21.3.3 Experimental Verification of Model Predicted Data
540(3)
21.4 Conclusions
543(1)
Acknowledgements
543(1)
References
543(2)
Index 545
Nimir O. Elbashir, Director of TEES Gas & Fuels Research Center and Professor of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar.

Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi, Professor in theDepartment of Chemical Engineering, and Managing Director of TEES Gas and Fuels Research Center, Texas A&M University, USA.

Ioannis G. Economou Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Professor of Chemical Engineering at Texas A&M University at Qatar.

Kenneth R. Hall is a Senior Consulting Engineer with Bryan Research & Engineering in Bryan, Texas USA.