| Preface |
|
xv | |
|
Natural Hazards and Disasters: Catastrophic Events in Nature |
|
|
1 | (11) |
|
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
Avoiding Natural Disasters |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
Pointing the Blame Finger |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
Randomness in Natural Events |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
Population and Social Pressures |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
The Role of Public Education |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
Plate Tectonics and Physical Hazards |
|
|
12 | (23) |
|
Development of the Theory |
|
|
12 | (4) |
|
|
|
16 | (17) |
|
Where Plates Pull Apart (Spreading Zones or Divergent Boundaries) |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
Where Plates Come Together (Convergent Boundaries) |
|
|
24 | (5) |
|
Where Plates Slide Past Each Other (Transform Faults) |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
|
|
30 | (3) |
|
Box 2.1 The Scientific Method |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
Earthquakes and Their Damages: Shaking Ground, Collapsing Buildings |
|
|
35 | (29) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 | (2) |
|
Earthquakes and Earthquake Waves |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
Box 3.1 Movement of a Pendulum |
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
|
|
41 | (3) |
|
|
|
42 | (2) |
|
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
Earthquake Size and Characteristics |
|
|
44 | (6) |
|
|
|
45 | (2) |
|
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
Large-Earthquake Characteristics |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
Ground Acceleration, Shaking Time, and Displacement |
|
|
48 | (2) |
|
Ground Motion and Failure During Earthquakes |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
Mexico City Earthquake, 1985 |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Effect of Bedrock Structure |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
Armenian Earthquake, 1988 |
|
|
53 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
Kobe Earthquake, Japan, 1995 |
|
|
57 | (2) |
|
Earthquake Effects on Buildings |
|
|
59 | (3) |
|
Building Vibration and Oscillation |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
|
60 | (2) |
|
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
Earthquake Prediction and Tectonic Environments |
|
|
64 | (35) |
|
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
Earthquake Predictions and Consequences |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
Haicheng and Tangshan Earthquakes, China, 1975 and 1976 |
|
|
66 | (7) |
|
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
Water as a Triggering Mechanism? |
|
|
69 | (2) |
|
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
Long-Term Forecasts and Risk Maps |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
|
|
73 | (12) |
|
San Francisco Bay Area Earthquakes |
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
Hayward and Rodgers Creek Faults |
|
|
79 | (2) |
|
Los Angeles Area Earthquakes |
|
|
81 | (4) |
|
Tectonic Environments of Major Earthquakes |
|
|
85 | (11) |
|
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Blind Thrust Faults over an Active Subduction Zone |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
Continent-Continent Collision Zones |
|
|
88 | (2) |
|
Blind Thrust Faults Associated with a Continental Collision Zone |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
Continental Spreading Zones |
|
|
91 | (2) |
|
Intraplate Earthquakes without Obvious Tectonic Context |
|
|
93 | (3) |
|
The Potential for Still Larger Events |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
|
|
99 | (28) |
|
|
|
99 | (5) |
|
Sumatra Tsunami: December 2004 |
|
|
99 | (3) |
|
|
|
102 | (2) |
|
|
|
104 | (2) |
|
Earthquake-Generated Tsunami |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
Volcano-Generated Tsunami |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Tsunami from Fast-Moving Landslides or Rockfalls |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
106 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
111 | (3) |
|
Tsunami from Volcano Flank Collapse |
|
|
111 | (3) |
|
Tsunami from Asteroid Impact |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
|
|
114 | (2) |
|
Coastal Effects and Vulnerability |
|
|
116 | (6) |
|
Tsunami from Great Earthquakes in the Pacific North west |
|
|
118 | (4) |
|
Tsunami Hazard Mitigation |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
|
122 | (2) |
|
The Potential for Giant Tsunami |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
Volcanoes: Materials, Hazards, and Eruptive Mechanisms |
|
|
127 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
Mount St. Helens Eruption, 1980 |
|
|
128 | (2) |
|
Mount St. Helens Eruption, May 18, 1980 |
|
|
130 | (4) |
|
Preamble to the May 18 Eruption |
|
|
131 | (3) |
|
Types of Volcanic Hazards and Products |
|
|
134 | (8) |
|
|
|
134 | (2) |
|
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
Continental Flood Basalts |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
Ash Flows, Glowing Avalanches, and Surges |
|
|
138 | (4) |
|
Magma Chambers and the Driving Force behind Eruptions |
|
|
142 | (7) |
|
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
Volcanic Behavior: Relationships to Viscosity, Volatiles, and Volume |
|
|
146 | (3) |
|
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
Volcanoes: Types, Behavior, and Risks |
|
|
151 | (36) |
|
|
|
151 | (6) |
|
|
|
151 | (4) |
|
|
|
155 | (2) |
|
Andesitic Volcanoes: Stratovolcanoes |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
157 | (8) |
|
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
|
|
159 | (2) |
|
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
Mount Mazama (Crater Lake) |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
Mount Pelee, Martinique, West Indies |
|
|
166 | (4) |
|
Giant Continental Calderas |
|
|
168 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
Volcanic Eruptions and Products |
|
|
171 | (2) |
|
Explosive Eruption Styles |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
Assessment of Hazard and Risk of Volcanoes |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
174 | (4) |
|
Eruption Warnings: Volcanic Precursors |
|
|
176 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
178 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
Vesuvius and Its Neighbors |
|
|
180 | (5) |
|
Violent Eruptions and Active Subduction Zones |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
Landslides and Other Downslope Movements: Falling Mountains |
|
|
187 | (41) |
|
Factors Controlling Downslope Movement of Landslides |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
188 | (2) |
|
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Slope Material: Strength and Friction |
|
|
190 | (8) |
|
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
|
191 | (2) |
|
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
Liquefaction and Earthquakes |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
Earthquakes Trigger Many Landslides |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
|
196 | (2) |
|
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
Types of Downslope Movement |
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
Rockfalls and Rock Avalanches |
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
Rockfall Hazards West of Denver |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
Rockville Rockfall, Southwestern Utah |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
205 | (5) |
|
Rotational Slides and Slumps |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Stresses on the Shear Surface: Method of Slices |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
|
208 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
210 | (6) |
|
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
|
212 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
A Tropical Climate Debris-Flow and Flood Disaster |
|
|
216 | (4) |
|
Danger Signs: Evidence for Former Debris Flows |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
|
220 | (2) |
|
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
Rates of Downslope Movements |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
Failure of Landslide Dams |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
Landslide Influences and Hazard Maps |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Why Do People Build in Landslide-Prone Areas? |
|
|
224 | (2) |
|
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
Sinkholes, Land Subsidence, and Swelling Soils |
|
|
228 | (17) |
|
Ground Collapse and Sinkholes |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
Formation of Cavities in Limestone |
|
|
228 | (3) |
|
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Sinkholes in Different Regions |
|
|
231 | (2) |
|
Central Florida Sinkholes |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
Sinkhole Problems in Central and Eastern Pennsylvania |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
Collapse over a Salt Mine in Western New York |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
Mining Groundwater and Petroleum |
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
San Joaquin Valley of California |
|
|
235 | (3) |
|
Drainage of Organic Soils |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
Ground Subsidence with Drying of Clays |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
238 | (2) |
|
|
|
240 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
242 | (2) |
|
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Climate and Weather Related to Hazards: Storms on the Horizon |
|
|
245 | (23) |
|
|
|
245 | (3) |
|
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
|
248 | (3) |
|
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Precession of the Equinoxes: ~26,000 Years |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Change in the Tilt of Earth's Axis: ~41,000 Years |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Change in the Elliptical Shape of Earth's Orbit: ~100,000-Year Cycles |
|
|
249 | (2) |
|
Basic Elements of Weather |
|
|
251 | (9) |
|
Hydrologic Cycle and Humidity |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
Adiabatic Cooling and Condensation |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Atmospheric Pressure and Weather |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
|
|
254 | (2) |
|
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
|
258 | (2) |
|
|
|
260 | (2) |
|
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
North Atlantic Oscillation |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Climate Controls on Flooding |
|
|
263 | (2) |
|
Importance of Duration and Intensity of Rainfall |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Strong Winds Not Associated with Storms |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Streams and Flood Processes: Rising Waters |
|
|
268 | (29) |
|
Stream Flow and Sediment Transport Processes |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
Big Thompson Canyon, Northwest of Denver |
|
|
270 | (7) |
|
Bankfull Channel Width, Depth, and Capacity |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Sediment Transport and Stream Equilibrium |
|
|
273 | (4) |
|
Sediment Transport Mechanisms |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
|
277 | (5) |
|
|
|
277 | (3) |
|
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
|
282 | (2) |
|
Precipitation Intensity and Runoff |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
Stream Order and Hydrograph Shape |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Flood Crests Move Downstream |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Floods on Frozen or Water-Saturated Ground |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
Destructive Energy of Floods |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Flood Frequency and Recurrence Intervals |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Recurrence Intervals and Discharge |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
Spring Thaw from the South on a North-Flowing River |
|
|
286 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
Guadalupe River Upstream of New Braunfels, Texas |
|
|
288 | (4) |
|
Problems with Recurrence Intervals |
|
|
290 | (2) |
|
Floodplains and 100-Year Floodplains |
|
|
292 | (2) |
|
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Floods and Human Interactions |
|
|
297 | (29) |
|
Effects of Development on Floodplains |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
|
297 | (9) |
|
The Great Mississippi River Basin Flood of 1993 |
|
|
299 | (4) |
|
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
Levees, Safety, and Costs |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
Yellow (Huang-Ho) River of China |
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
A Channelized Old World River |
|
|
310 | (2) |
|
Flood Control and Multipurpose Dams |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Floods Caused by Failure of Human-Made Dams |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley, California |
|
|
312 | (3) |
|
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
Failure of the Teton Dam, Idaho |
|
|
315 | (2) |
|
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Changes Imposed on Streams |
|
|
317 | (3) |
|
Forest Fires and Range Fires |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Dams and Stream Equilibrium |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Mining of Stream Sand and Gravel |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
Channel Deepening and Groundwater Loss from Gravel Mining |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Review of Factors That Influence Floods |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Complexity, or ``Coincident Criticality'' and Floods |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Waves, Beaches, and Coastal Erosion: Rivers of Sand |
|
|
326 | (25) |
|
Living on Dangerous Coasts |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
|
|
329 | (3) |
|
Wave Refraction and Longshore Drift |
|
|
329 | (2) |
|
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Beach Slope: An Equilibrium Profile |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Loss of Sand from the Beach |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Beach Erosion and Hardening |
|
|
333 | (5) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Artificial Barriers to Wave Action |
|
|
333 | (4) |
|
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (9) |
|
Erosion of Gently Sloping Coasts and Barrier Islands |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
Barrier Bars at Estuaries and Inlets |
|
|
343 | (4) |
|
Erosion Along Cliff-Bound Coasts |
|
|
347 | (2) |
|
Letting Nature Take Its Course |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Hurricanes and Nor'Easters: The Big Winds |
|
|
351 | (46) |
|
Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
352 | (3) |
|
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Formation of Hurricanes and Cyclones |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
358 | (4) |
|
Extratropical Cyclones, Including Nor'easters |
|
|
362 | (3) |
|
Winter Windstorms and Heavy Snow |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
365 | (3) |
|
|
|
368 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
372 | (2) |
|
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
|
375 | (3) |
|
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
Hurricanes Dennis and Floyd, 1999 |
|
|
379 | (3) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Poor Countries: Different Problems |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
386 | (3) |
|
|
|
|
Cyclones of Bangladesh and Calcutta, India |
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
Hurricane Prediction and Warnings |
|
|
391 | (3) |
|
Categories of Hurricane Warning |
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
A More Damaging Hurricane than Any in Historic Time? |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Thunderstorms and Tornadoes |
|
|
397 | (18) |
|
|
|
397 | (4) |
|
|
|
398 | (3) |
|
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (10) |
|
|
|
402 | (5) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
141 | (273) |
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (13) |
|
|
|
|
The Black Mountain Fire, Missoula, Montana |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Fire Process and Behavior |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
Storm King Mountain, Colorado |
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
Southern California Firestorm, 2003 |
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
Fire Suppression and Prevention |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Erosion Following Wildfires |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
Bitterroot Valley Fires, Summer 2000 |
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Impact of Asteroids and Comets |
|
|
428 | (16) |
|
Projectiles from Space: The Ultimate Catastrophe? |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Identification of Meteorites |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Evolution of an Impact Crater |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Some Key Points and Evidence for an Impact |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
Popigai Crater in Northern Siberia |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
The Sudbury Complex, Ontario |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Chances of a Large Asteroid Impact on Earth |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Likely Consequences of Impacts with Earth |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Impact of a Large Asteroid |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
A Modest-Sized Asteroid Impact |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
What Could We Do About an Incoming Asteroid? |
|
|
439 | (2) |
|
Falling Rocks: Your Personal Chance of Being Hit by a Meteorite? |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Other Consequences of a Major Asteroid Impact |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
The Future: Where Do We Go from Here? |
|
|
444 | (7) |
|
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
Hazard Assessment and Mitigation |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
|
446 | (2) |
|
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Different Ground Rules for the Poor |
|
|
448 | (2) |
|
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Important Words and Concepts |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
APPENDIX 1 Geological Time Scale |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
APPENDIX 2 Mineral and Rock Characteristics Related to Hazards |
|
|
452 | (11) |
|
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Weak Rocks and Strong Rocks |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Common Rock-Forming Minerals |
|
|
453 | (4) |
|
|
|
457 | (5) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Rocks, Landscapes, and Hazards |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
APPENDIX 3 Conversion Factors |
|
|
463 | (2) |
| Glossary |
|
465 | (15) |
| Index |
|
480 | |
