| Preface |
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iii | |
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ix | |
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xi | |
| Summary |
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xiii | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
| Abbreviations |
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xxi | |
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1 | (6) |
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Background, Methodology, and Study Questions |
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2 | (1) |
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Analytical Goals and Methodology |
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3 | (1) |
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Regulatory Considerations |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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Chapter Two Cofiring Experience in the United States |
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7 | (22) |
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7 | (4) |
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Producing Electricity from Coal and Biomass |
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11 | (1) |
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General Information on the Companies and Their Facilities |
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11 | (2) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Precombustion Biomass Considerations |
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13 | (6) |
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13 | (2) |
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Biomass Fuel Acquisition, Receiving, Preprocessing, and Storage |
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15 | (2) |
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Biomass Fuel Handling, Processing, and Feeding |
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17 | (2) |
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Considerations for Combustion of Biomass |
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19 | (2) |
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Technical Concerns with Biomass Combustion |
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19 | (1) |
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Biomass Emissions, Emission Controls, and Waste |
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20 | (1) |
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Economic, Regulatory, and Policy Issues |
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21 | (3) |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (3) |
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27 | (1) |
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Biomass Utilization Decision Process |
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28 | (1) |
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Chapter Three Plant-Site Costs of Cofiring |
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29 | (10) |
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Summary of Model of Plant-Site Costs of Cofiring |
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29 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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Estimating the Costs of Cofiring |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (8) |
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Base-Case Input Parameters and Assumptions |
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31 | (1) |
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Total Cost of Firing Biomass and Prices for Renewable-Electricity Credits |
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32 | (7) |
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Chapter Four Near-Term Potential Demand for Biomass for Cofiring Applications |
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39 | (10) |
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39 | (1) |
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Methodology and Data for Estimating Potential Biomass Demand |
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39 | (3) |
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Current Biomass Energy Use |
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39 | (3) |
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Near-Term Potential Demand for Biomass Energy Resources for Cofiring |
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42 | (5) |
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Near-Term Potential Supply Constraints |
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47 | (2) |
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Chapter Five Logistical Considerations |
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49 | (10) |
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49 | (1) |
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Costs of Handling, Processing, and Transporting Biomass |
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49 | (3) |
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Loading and Unloading Biomass |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Storage Requirements and Costs |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Biomass Sourcing Scenarios |
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52 | (7) |
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Scenario 1 Local Supply of Biomass Energy |
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52 | (2) |
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Scenario 2 Local and External Supply of Biomass Energy |
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54 | (2) |
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Scenario 3 External Supply of Biomass Energy |
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56 | (3) |
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Chapter Six Reductions in Life-Cycle Greenhouse-Gas Emissions from Cofiring with Biomass |
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59 | (4) |
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59 | (1) |
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Estimating Greenhouse-Gas Emissions from Cofiring |
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59 | (1) |
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Implications of Biomass Life-Cycle Greenhouse-Gas Emissions of Cofiring |
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60 | (3) |
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Chapter Seven Factors Influencing the Development of Biomass Markets |
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63 | (8) |
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63 | (1) |
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Limiting Factors for Biomass Markets |
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64 | (2) |
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Biomass Prices and Production Costs |
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64 | (1) |
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Technological Constraints on Biomass Production |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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The Potential for Processing to Facilitate Biomass Market Expansion |
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66 | (2) |
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What Would Cause Biomass Markets to Grow? |
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68 | (3) |
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Chapter Eight Conclusions |
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71 | (4) |
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Plant Operators' Experiences Cofiring Biomass |
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71 | (1) |
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The Principal Challenge with Respect to Cofiring Biomass Is Maintaining a Consistent Fuel Supply |
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71 | (1) |
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The Choice to Cofire Biomass Depends on a Confluence of Technical and Regulatory Factors |
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71 | (1) |
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Plant-Site Costs of Cofiring |
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72 | (1) |
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Cofiring Biomass Results in Increased Capital and Operating Costs and Lost Revenues |
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72 | (1) |
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Densification of Biomass Does Not Result in Plant-Site Cost Savings |
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72 | (1) |
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Fixed-Price Renewable-Energy Credits Might Not Be an Effective Tool to Encourage Cofiring |
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72 | (1) |
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Potential Biomass Demand and Logistics |
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73 | (1) |
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The Appalachia and Northeast Regions Are Potential Biomass Importers, and the Pacific and Lake States Regions Are Potential Suppliers for the Purposes of Cofiring |
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73 | (1) |
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Densification of Biomass Is Cost-Effective at Distances Greater Titan 200 Miles |
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73 | (1) |
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Greenhouse-Gas Reductions from Cofiring |
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73 | (1) |
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Cofiring Is a Cost-Effective Means of Reducing Greenhouse-Gas Emissions |
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73 | (1) |
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Developing Biomass Markets |
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74 | (1) |
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Biomass Markets for Electricity Generation Cannot Currently Support Densified Fuels |
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74 | (1) |
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A Additional Details from Facility Interviews |
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75 | (8) |
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B Supporting Information for Plant-Site Costs of Cofiring |
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83 | (34) |
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C State Summaries of Biomass Use and Potential Demand |
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117 | (18) |
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D Logistics Analysis Documentation |
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135 | (10) |
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E Calculation of Net Greenhouse-Gas Emissions from Biomass Cofiring |
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145 | (12) |
| References |
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157 | |
