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New Handbook of Second Language Acquisition 2nd New edition [Kõva köide]

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Sep-2009
  • Kirjastus: Emerald Group Publishing Limited
  • ISBN-10: 1848552408
  • ISBN-13: 9781848552401
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 750 pages, kaal: 1533 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Sep-2009
  • Kirjastus: Emerald Group Publishing Limited
  • ISBN-10: 1848552408
  • ISBN-13: 9781848552401
The New Handbook of Second Language Acquisition is a thoroughly revised, re-organized, and re-worked edition of Ritchie and Bhatia's 1996 handbook. The work is divided into six parts, each devoted to a different aspect of the study of SLA. Part I includes a recent history of methods used in SLA research and an overview of currently used methods. Part II contains chapters on Universal Grammar, emergentism, variationism, information-processing, sociocultural, and cognitive-linguistic. Part III is devoted to overviews of SLA research on lexicon, morphosyntax, phonology, pragmatics, sentence processing, and the distinction between implicit and explicit knowledge. Part IV examines neuropsycholgy of SLA, another on child SLA, and the effects of age on second language acquisition and use. Part V is concerned with the contribution of the linguistic environment to SLA, including work on acquisition in different environments, through the Internet, and by deaf learners. Finally, Part VI treats social factors in SLA, including research on acquisition in contact circumstances, on social identity in SLA, on individual differences in SLA, and on the final state of SLA, bilingualism.
Contributors xix
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxvii
I HISTORY AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A Historical Survey of SLA Research
Susan Gass
Introduction: Scope of Inquiry
3(1)
Where Does the Field Begin?
3(2)
What Sources to Use
5(1)
The Extent of the Survey
6(1)
Background Information on Journals
6(2)
Language Learning
6(1)
Studies in Second Language Acquisition
6(1)
Second Language Research
6(2)
Applied Linguistics
8(1)
Coding of the Data
8(5)
Data Elicitation Types
13(3)
Statistical Procedures
16(5)
Comparison of Means
17(1)
Nonparametric Tests
18(1)
Descriptive Statistics
18(1)
Correlation and Regression Analysis
18(1)
Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equational Modeling and Explanatory Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis
19(1)
Other
19(2)
Conclusion
21(8)
Acknowledgment
24(1)
References
24(1)
Appendix
25(1)
Judgment
25(1)
Production
25(1)
Proficiency Test and Language Skills
26(1)
Individual Differences and Cognitive Process
26(1)
Observation and Interview
26(1)
Database
27(1)
Appendix
27(2)
Research Methodology in Second Language Acquisition from a Linguistic Perspective
Suzanne Flynn
Claire Foley
Introduction
29(1)
Some Key Concepts and Distinctions in Methodology in SLA
29(4)
Overview
29(1)
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Work
30(1)
Longitudinal vs. Cross-Sectional Work
31(1)
Reliability
31(1)
Validity
32(1)
Disciplinary Differences
32(1)
Some Sources Commenting on Data Collection Methods
33(1)
Methods for Linguistic Approaches to SLA
33(6)
Overview
33(1)
Design Considerations
33(1)
Rationale
34(1)
Elicited Imitation
34(3)
Act-Out
37(2)
Conclusion
39(10)
References
41(8)
II APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
Grammatical Theory: Interfaces and L2 Knowledge
Lydia White
Introduction
49(1)
Interfaces
50(1)
External Interfaces
51(8)
Conceptual---Intentional
51(4)
Problems on the Grammar Side (C-Domain)
55(1)
Articulatory---Perceptual
56(1)
Sentence Processing
57(2)
Internal Interfaces
59(5)
Syntax/Semantics
59(1)
Syntax/Morphology
60(2)
Phonology/Morphology
62(2)
Conclusion
64(5)
References
65(4)
Emergentism and Second Language Acquisition
William O'Grady
Miseon Lee
Hye-Young Kwak
Introduction
69(1)
Emergentist Approaches to Language Acquisition
70(4)
Input-Based Emergentism
70(2)
Processor-Based Emergentism
72(2)
Scope
74(5)
Acquisition
77(1)
Typology
78(1)
Scope in Korean-Speaking ESL Learners
79(6)
Participants
81(1)
Procedure and Materials
81(1)
Results and Discussion
82(3)
Concluding Remarks
85(4)
Acknowledgment
85(1)
References
86(3)
Variationist Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition
Dennis R. Preston
Robert Bayley
A Brief History of Language Variation Study
89(1)
The Quantitative Paradigm
90(5)
Background
91(3)
The Early Labovian Paradigm in SLA Research
94(1)
More Recent Trends
95(15)
Objections
95(4)
More Recent Work
99(7)
The Psycholinguistics of Sociolinguistics in SLA
106(4)
Conclusions
110(6)
References
110(6)
An Information-Processing Approach to Second Language Acquisition
Jeanette Altarriba
Dana M. Basnight-Brown
Processing-Based Explanations for Language Learning
116(3)
Underlying Mechanisms in the Acquisition of Language Skills
119(2)
Automatic and Controlled Processes
121(7)
The Role of Practice
124(2)
Restructuring in the Acquisition Process
126(2)
Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition
128(3)
Pedagogical Implications and Instructional Strategies
131(2)
Conclusions
133(5)
References
134(4)
The Artificial Development of Second Language Ability: a Sociocultural Approach
James P. Lantolf
Matthew E. Poehner
The Symbolic Basis of Mind
138(2)
Conceptual Mediation: Spontaneous and Scientific Knowledge
140(2)
Spontaneous and Scientific Concepts
140(1)
Scientific Concepts
141(1)
Metacognition: The Zone of Proximal Development and Self-Regulation
142(1)
Education as Artificial Development
143(7)
Conceptual Knowledge in the Language Classroom: Aspect in L2 Spanish
144(6)
Dynamic Assessment
150(4)
Conclusion
154(6)
References
155(5)
Cognitive Linguistics and Second Language Learning
Marjolijn Verspoor
Andrea Tyler
What is Different About Cognitive Linguistics?
160(1)
Cognitive Linguistic Theory and its Implications for SLA
161(13)
Prototypes and Centrality Effects
162(3)
Motivated Meaning Extensions
165(3)
Cognitive Linguistics and L2 Teaching
168(6)
Further Reading
174(7)
References
174(7)
III COMPONENTS OF LINGUISTIC REPRESENTATION AND PROCESSING IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
Second Language Acquisition of the Lexicon
Alan Juffs
Introduction
181(1)
What is in the Lexicon?
182(5)
A Basic Model
182(3)
Representation of Forms
185(1)
Representation of Morphology
185(1)
Representation of Links between Meaning and Syntax
186(1)
Language, Culture, and Concepts
186(1)
Acquiring Form---Meaning Relations
187(6)
Psycholinguistic Research on the Relationship between L1 and L2 Word Forms and Meaning
187(5)
Collocation and ``Arbitrary'' Word Associations
192(1)
Syntax---Semantics Correspondences with Verbs
193(6)
Theoretical Background
193(3)
Current Issues in Verb Meaning, Verb Argument Structure, and Morphology
196(3)
The Lexicon and Second Language Pedagogy
199(1)
Future Research
200(3)
Neurolinguistic Evidence for Conceptual Organization and New Avenues of Research
200(1)
Cognitive Linguistic Approaches to Word Meaning
201(1)
Qualia Theory
202(1)
Conclusion
203(8)
Acknowledgments
204(1)
References
204(7)
Second Language Acquisition of Morphosyntax
Roger Hawkins
Introduction
211(1)
Example of the Morphosyntactic Representation of a Linguistic Expression
212(2)
Interpreting the Relationship Between Form in L2 Performance and Underlying Representation
214(1)
The Initial State
215(7)
Restricted Trees in the Initial State
215(1)
Functional Categories in Initial State Representations
216(2)
L1 Influence on Initial State Morphosyntactic Representations
218(3)
Methodological Issues Concerning the Initial State
221(1)
How L2 Morphosyntactic Representations Change: The Transition Problem
222(6)
Minimal Trees
222(1)
Change in Grammars with Functional Categories
223(5)
When Performance Stabilises: The Steady State
228(4)
Conclusion and Future Directions
232(5)
Acknowledgements
233(1)
References
233(4)
Second Language Phonology
John Archibald
Introduction
237(3)
Phonological Knowledge and Skill
237(1)
What Is Acquired?
238(1)
Age Effects
239(1)
Diverse Theoretical Approaches
239(1)
The Deficit Hypothesis
240(1)
Phonological Features
240(6)
A Nondeficit Stance
242(3)
The Speech Learning Model
245(1)
Syllables
246(5)
Moras
251(2)
Stress
253(1)
Rhythm
254(1)
Intonation
254(1)
Work Within Optimality Theory
255(1)
Summary
255(4)
References
256(3)
Pragmatic Development
Gabriele Kasper
Introduction
259(2)
Pragmatic Learning as Individual Cognition
261(8)
Pragmatic Comprehension
261(3)
Speech Act Production
264(1)
Learning
265(4)
Sociocultural Theory
269(4)
Language Socialization
273(5)
Conversation Analysis
278(5)
Conclusion
283(13)
References
284(12)
Sentence Parsing in L2 Learners: Linguistic and Experience-Based Factors
Paola E. Dussias
Pilar Pinar
Factors Influencing Sentence Comprehension in L2 Learners
296(16)
Linguistic Variables
296(5)
Participant Variables
301(11)
Concluding Remarks
312(7)
Acknowledgments
313(1)
References
313(6)
Implicit Learning in Second Language Acquisition
John N. Williams
Introduction
319(2)
Implicit and Explicit Knowledge
321(7)
Influences Behaviour Without Awareness
321(3)
Influences Behaviour Automatically
324(2)
Different Brain Systems
326(1)
Conclusion
327(1)
The Nature of What Can be Learned Implicitly
328(12)
Chunking and Statistical Learning in Orthography, Phonology and Syntax
328(2)
Abstraction and Transfer in Statistical Learning
330(2)
Implicit Learning of Grammatical Form---Meaning Connections
332(2)
Limitations of Implicit Learning
334(5)
Conclusions
339(1)
The Role of Attention in Implicit Learning
340(3)
Conclusion
343(14)
Acknowledgments
344(1)
References
344(13)
IV NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Neuropsychology of Second Language Acquisition
Cosimo Urgesi
Franco Fabbro
Bilingual Aphasia
357(5)
Clinical Aspects of Aphasia in Bilinguals
358(1)
Language Recovery in Bilingual Aphasia
358(2)
Factors Accounting for Differential Language Recovery
360(1)
Lateralization of Languages
361(1)
Implicit and Explicit Learning of Language
362(3)
Unexpected Recovery of L2
362(1)
Implicit and Explicit Memory Systems
363(1)
Memory Systems and Language Acquisition
364(1)
Sensitive Period for Language Acquisition
365(2)
Acquired Aphasia in Children
365(1)
Age of Language Acquisition
366(1)
Electrophysiological Studies
367(1)
Cortical Stimulation Studies
367(1)
Neuroimaging Studies in Bilinguals
368(4)
Word Processing
368(1)
Processing Sentences
369(1)
Processing Short Stories
370(1)
Age of Acquisition and Level of Proficiency in L2
371(1)
Selection of Languages in the Brain
372(1)
Brain Plasticity and Language Acquisition
372(1)
Conclusions
373(4)
References
373(4)
Child Second Language Acquisition
Usha Lakshmanan
Introduction
377(1)
What is Child Second Language Acquisition?
378(1)
Why Study Child L2 Acquisition?
379(3)
Theoretical Issues in Child SLA Research
382(3)
Methodological Issues in Child SLA Research
385(1)
Developmental Aspects of Child L2 Acquisition
386(9)
Child L2 Phonological Acquisition
387(1)
Child L2 Lexical Acquisition
388(2)
Child L2 Morphosyntactic Acquisition
390(5)
Conclusion
395(6)
References
395(6)
Age and the End State of Second Language Acquisition
David Birdsong
The L2A End State
401(2)
The Construct of End State
401(1)
Studying the L2A End State
402(1)
Operationalizing the End State
402(1)
The End State, the Initial State, and Age
403(1)
Sources of Age-Related Effects
404(3)
Neurobiology
404(1)
Neurocognition
405(1)
Cognitive Development
406(1)
L1 Entrenchment
406(1)
Discussion
407(1)
Studying AoA and the L2A End State
407(1)
The Native Speaker Standard
408(2)
Nativelike Attainment
410(6)
Pronunciation
410(1)
Perception
411(1)
Morphosyntax
411(1)
Multiple Domains
412(1)
Brain-Based Studies
413(1)
Discussion
413(3)
The AoA Function
416(4)
Is There a Critical Period for L2A?
416(1)
Are Critical Period Effects Maturational in Nature? (1)
417(1)
Are Critical Period Effects Maturational in Nature? (2)
417(1)
Approaches to Analysis (1)
418(1)
Approaches to Analysis (2)
419(1)
Conclusion
420(5)
References
420(5)
Multilingualism and Aging
Kees de Bot
Defining Multilingualism and Aging
425(1)
A DST Approach to Language and Aging
426(3)
Multilingualism and Healthy Aging
429(3)
Multilingualism and Dementia
432(3)
The Impact of Bilingualism on Cognitive Functioning in the Elderly
435(3)
Concluding Remarks
438(7)
Acknowledgment
439(1)
References
439(6)
V Modality and the Contribution of the Environment
Input and Second Language Processing
Kira Gor
Michael H. Long
Foreigner Talk, Negotiation for Meaning, and Input as Positive and Negative Evidence
445(1)
Input and Comprehension: Simplification and Elaboration
446(1)
Input and Acquisition: The Interaction Hypothesis
447(3)
Negative Feedback: Recasts and SLA
450(2)
Frequencies and Probabilities in L2 Processing: The Role of Input
452(1)
The Debates Between Nativists and Constructivists
453(1)
Dual-System and Single-System Theories of Linguistic Processing
454(3)
Frequencies and Probabilities in SLA
457(2)
Frequencies and Probabilities in the Processing of Russian Verbal Morphology
459(7)
Connecting Input and Processing
466(1)
Conclusions
466(7)
Acknowledgment
467(1)
References
467(6)
Second Language Acquisition in the Instructional Environment
Teresa Pica
Introduction
473(1)
Historical Perspectives on the IE in L2 Learning and Research
473(2)
Contributions and Concerns
475(1)
Input, Evidence, and SLA in Instructional Perspective
476(2)
Modified Interaction as a Source of Evidence
478(1)
Recasts: Variation Across the IE
479(2)
Form-Focused Instruction
481(1)
Processing Instruction
482(1)
Output Production and Advancement in SLA
482(1)
L2 Teachability and Learner Readiness
483(2)
Tasks as Instruments for L2 Teaching, Learning, and Research
485(9)
Tasks and Classrooms: Expanding their Role in SLA Research
494(9)
References
495(8)
Untutored Second Language Acquisition
Wolfgang Klein
Christine Dimroth
Introduction
503(1)
Two Views on Second Language Acquisition
504(2)
Tutored Versus Untutored
506(3)
Learning Conditions
507(1)
Outcome
508(1)
The Structure of Learner Varieties
509(10)
Utterance Structure
510(4)
The BV at Work
514(5)
Concluding Remarks
519(4)
References
519(4)
The Interlanguage Development of Deaf and Hearing Learners of L2 English: Parallelism via Minimalism
Gerald P. Berent
A Broader Context for Second Language Acquisition
523(1)
Defining a Deaf Learner of L2 English
524(3)
Early Restricted Access to English Input
524(1)
Characteristics of Deaf Learner Interlanguage
525(2)
An Input Model Incorporating Visual Compensation
527(1)
A Minimalist Account of Interlanguage Parallels
528(12)
Interpretation of English Universal Quantifier Sentences
528(4)
English Infinitive Complement Interpretation
532(5)
Resumptive Pronouns in English Relative Clauses
537(3)
Conclusion
540(5)
References
541(4)
Second Language Acquisition: Research and Application in the Information Age
Tej K. Bhatia
William C. Ritchie
Introduction
545(1)
New Language Learning Contexts and Conditions in the Information Age
546(2)
CALL: Research on Merits and Potentials
548(3)
Decreasing Negative Affect
549(1)
Providing a Naturalistic Environment
550(1)
CALL and SLA Research
551(7)
Implicit and Explicit Learning; Implicit and Explicit Knowledge
551(3)
Processing and Knowledge
554(1)
From Theory to Practice: SLA Research and CALL Pedagogy
554(1)
The Interface of SLA and CALL Research: Discourse-Oriented Studies
555(3)
Problems and Future Directions
558(3)
Methodological Problems
558(1)
Theoretical Issues
559(1)
Future Directions
560(1)
Conclusions
561(8)
References
561(8)
VI SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
Language Contact and Second Language Acquisition
Jeff Siegel
Introduction
569(1)
Contact-induced Language Change
569(3)
The Development of New Contact Varieties
572(12)
Types of Contact Varieties
572(2)
Simplification in Pidgin Development
574(2)
Simplification and Regularization in Creole Development
576(1)
Transfer
577(7)
New Dialects
584(1)
Fossilization and `Imperfect' Second Language Learning
584(2)
Conclusion
586(5)
References
586(5)
Language Mixing, Universal Grammar and Second Language Acquisition
Tej K. Bhatia
William C. Ritchie
Introduction
591(2)
Definitions of CM and CS, Borrowing, and Other Related Phenomena
593(4)
Matrix and Embedded Language
594(1)
Borrowing and CM/CS
595(1)
CM/CS and Pidgin and Creoles
596(1)
Constraints on CM
597(11)
Is CM a Random Phenomenon?
597(1)
The Search for Universals
598(1)
Formal Constraints on CM
598(3)
Theoretical Models and Constraints on CM
601(7)
Sociopsychological, Linguistic, and Pragmatic Motivations for CM/CS
608(4)
Participants' Roles and Relationships
609(1)
Situational Factors
610(1)
Message-Internal Factors
611(1)
Constraints on CM and Second Language Acquisition
612(3)
Problems
615(2)
Theoretical and Analytical Problems
615(1)
Methodological Problems
616(1)
Conclusion
617(6)
References
617(6)
Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition
Jean-Marc Dewaele
Introduction
623(1)
On Variance and Invariance
624(1)
Individual Differences Research in SLA: The Quest for the Holy Grail?
624(1)
Factors that have been Linked to IDs in SLA
625(12)
Learner-Internal Factors: Ability
625(1)
Learner-Internal Factors: Personality Traits
626(4)
Interaction of Learner-Internal and Learner-External Variables
630(7)
IDs Research in SLA: Obstacles and Difficulties
637(3)
IDs Research and Teaching Implications
637(1)
Learners are More than Bunches of Variables
637(1)
The Need for Context
638(1)
The Rejection of Static Categories
639(1)
The Danger of Oversimplification
639(1)
The Limitations of Comparing Group Averages
639(1)
Conclusion
640(8)
References
640(8)
Social Identity and Language Learning
Kimberly A. Noels
Howard Giles
Intergroup/Social Psychological Perspectives
648(6)
Identity and Additive and Subtractive Bilingualism
648(1)
Integrativeness and the Socioeducational Model
649(1)
Contact, Confidence, and the Sociocontextual Model
650(2)
Social Identity, Ethnolinguistic Vitality, and the Intergroup Model
652(1)
The Acculturation Model
653(1)
Critique of the Intergroup/Social Psychological Perspectives
654(2)
Sociocultural Perspectives
656(5)
Vygotskian Sociohistorical Theory
657(1)
Language Socialization and Situated Learning: Participation, Apprenticeship, and Power
658(1)
Bakhtin and Dialogism: Appropriation and Voice
659(1)
Critical Theory: Imagined Communities, Investments, and Agency
660(1)
Some Points of Convergence
661(1)
Future Directions
662(2)
Importance of a Comparative Perspective
662(1)
Multiple/Mixed Methods and Triangulation
663(1)
Conclusion
664(7)
Acknowledgment
665(1)
References
665(6)
Glossary 671(12)
Author Index 683(18)
Subject Index 701