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Introduction to the Nervous System |
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1 | (36) |
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The nervous system has central and peripheral parts |
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1 | (1) |
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The principal cellular elements of the nervous system are neurons and glial cells |
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2 | (35) |
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Development of the Nervous System |
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37 | (16) |
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The neural tube and neural crest give rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems |
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37 | (12) |
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Adverse events during development can cause congenital malformations of the nervous system |
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49 | (4) |
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Gross Anatomy and General Organization of the Central Nervous System |
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53 | (27) |
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The long axis of the CNS bends at the cephalic flexure |
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54 | (1) |
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Hemisecting a brain reveals parts of the diencephalon, brainstem, and ventricular system |
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54 | (1) |
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Humans, relative to other animals, have large brains |
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55 | (1) |
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Named sulci and gyri cover the cerebral surface |
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55 | (9) |
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The diencephalon includes the thalamus and hypothalamus |
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64 | (1) |
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Most cranial nerves are attached to the brainstem |
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65 | (2) |
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The cerebellum includes a vermis and two hemispheres |
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67 | (1) |
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Sections of the cerebrum reveal the basal ganglia and limbic structures |
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67 | (1) |
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Parts of the nervous system are interconnected in systematic ways |
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68 | (12) |
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Meningeal Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord |
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80 | (19) |
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There are three meningeal layers: the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater |
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80 | (2) |
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The dura mater provides mechanical strength |
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82 | (4) |
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The dura mater has an arachnoid lining |
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86 | (4) |
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Pia mater covers the surface of the CNS |
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90 | (1) |
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The vertebral canal contains spinal epidural space |
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91 | (1) |
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Bleeding can open up potential meningeal spaces |
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92 | (1) |
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Parts of the CNS can herniate from one intracranial compartment into another |
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93 | (6) |
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Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid |
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99 | (23) |
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The brain contains four ventricles |
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99 | (4) |
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Choroid plexus is the source of most CSF |
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103 | (7) |
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Imaging techniques allow both the CNS and CSF to be visualized |
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110 | (7) |
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Disruption of CSF circulation can cause hydrocephalus |
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117 | (5) |
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Blood Supply of the Brain |
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122 | (27) |
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The internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries supply the brain |
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122 | (10) |
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Imaging techniques allow arteries and veins to be visualized |
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132 | (1) |
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Blood flow to the CNS is closely controlled |
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132 | (8) |
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A system of barriers partially separates the nervous system from the rest of the body |
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140 | (1) |
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Superficial and deep veins drain the brain |
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141 | (8) |
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Electrical Signaling by Neurons |
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149 | (28) |
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A lipid/protein membrane separates intracellular and extracellular fluids |
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150 | (6) |
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Inputs to neurons cause slow, local potential changes |
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156 | (3) |
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Action potentials convey information over long distances |
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159 | (14) |
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Appendix 7A: Resistors, Capacitors, and Neuronal Membranes |
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173 | (3) |
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Appendix 7B: Calculating the Membrane Potential |
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176 | (1) |
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Synaptic Transmission between Neurons |
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177 | (24) |
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There are five steps in conventional chemical synaptic transmission |
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178 | (3) |
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Synaptic transmission can be rapid and point-to-point, or slow and often diffuse |
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181 | (7) |
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Synaptic strength can be facilitated or depressed |
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188 | (2) |
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Most neurotransmitters are small amine molecules, amino acids, or neuropeptides |
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190 | (6) |
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Gap junctions mediate direct current flow from one neuron to another |
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196 | (5) |
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Sensory Receptors and the Peripheral Nervous System |
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201 | (26) |
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Receptors encode the nature, location, intensity, and duration of stimuli |
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202 | (4) |
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Somatosensory receptors detect mechanical, chemical, or thermal changes |
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206 | (15) |
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Peripheral nerves convey information to and from the CNS |
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221 | (6) |
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227 | (39) |
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The spinal cord is segmented |
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228 | (4) |
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All levels of the spinal cord have a similar cross-sectional structure |
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232 | (1) |
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The spinal cord is involved in sensory processing, motor outflow, and reflexes |
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233 | (1) |
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Spinal gray matter is regionally specialized |
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234 | (4) |
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Reflex circuitry is built into the spinal cord |
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238 | (4) |
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Ascending and descending pathways have defined locations in the spinal white matter |
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242 | (10) |
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The autonomic nervous system monitors and controls visceral activity |
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252 | (6) |
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A longitudianl network of arteries supplies the spinal cord |
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258 | (1) |
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Spinal cord damage causes predictable deficits |
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259 | (7) |
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Organization of the Brainstem |
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266 | (29) |
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The brainstem has conduit, cranial nerve, and integrative functions |
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267 | (1) |
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The medulla, pons, and midbrain have characteristic gross anatomical features |
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268 | (3) |
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The internal structure of the brainstem reflects surface features and the position of long tracts |
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271 | (9) |
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The reticular core of the brainstem is involved in multiple functions |
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280 | (3) |
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Some brainstem nuclei have distinctive neurochemical signatures |
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283 | (6) |
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The brainstem is supplied by the vertebral-basilar system |
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289 | (6) |
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Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei |
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295 | (28) |
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Cranial nerve nuclei have a generally predictable arrangement |
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295 | (4) |
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Cranial nerves III, IV, VI, and XII contain somatic motor fibers |
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299 | (6) |
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Branchiomeric nerves contain axons from multiple categories |
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305 | (14) |
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Brainstem damage commonly causes deficts on one side of the head and the opposite side of the body |
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319 | (4) |
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The Chemical Senses of Taste and Smell |
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323 | (19) |
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The perception of flavor involves gustatory, olfactory, trigeminal, and other inputs |
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324 | (1) |
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Taste is mediated by receptors in taste buds innervated by cranial nerves VII, IX, and X |
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324 | (6) |
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Olfaction is mediated by receptors that project directly to the telencephalon |
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330 | (12) |
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Hearing and Balance: The Eight Cranial Nerve |
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342 | (36) |
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Auditory and vestibular receptor cells are located in the walls of the membranous labyrinth |
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343 | (6) |
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The cochlear division of the eighth nerve conveys information about sound |
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349 | (14) |
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The vestibular division of the eigtht nerve conveys information about linear and angular acceleration of the head |
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363 | (15) |
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Atlas of the Human Brainstem |
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378 | (12) |
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The Thalamus and Internal Capsule: Getting to and from the Cerebral Cortex |
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390 | (25) |
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The diencephalon includes the epithalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and thalamus |
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391 | (3) |
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The thalamus is the gateway to the cerebral cortex |
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394 | (13) |
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Interconnections between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures travel through the internal capsule |
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407 | (8) |
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415 | (42) |
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The eye has three concentric tissue layers and a lens |
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416 | (4) |
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The retina contains five major neuronal cell types |
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420 | (5) |
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Retinal neurons translate patterns of light into patterns of contrast |
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425 | (12) |
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Half of the visual field of each eye is mapped systematically in the contralateral cerebral hemisphere |
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437 | (11) |
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Primary visual cortex sorts visual information and distributes it to other cortical areas |
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448 | (4) |
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Early experience has permanent effects on the visual system |
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452 | (1) |
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Reflex circuits adjust the size of the pupil and the focal length of the lens |
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452 | (5) |
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Overview of Motor Systems |
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457 | (17) |
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Each lower motor neuron innervates a group of muscle fibers, forming a motor unit |
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457 | (4) |
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Motor control systems involve both hierarchical and parallel connections |
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461 | (3) |
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The corticospinal tract has multiple origins and terminations |
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464 | (10) |
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474 | (20) |
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The basal ganglia include five major nuclei |
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475 | (4) |
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Basal ganglia circuitry involves multiple parallel loops that modulate cortical output |
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479 | (1) |
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Interconnections of the basal ganglia determine the pattern of their outputs |
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480 | (6) |
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Penetrating branches from the circle of Wills supply the basal ganglia |
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486 | (1) |
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Many basal ganglia disorders result in abnormalities of movement |
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487 | (7) |
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494 | (30) |
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The cerebellum can be divided into both transverse and longitudianl zones |
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495 | (4) |
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All parts of the cerebellum share common organizational principles |
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499 | (8) |
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Cerebellar cortex receives multiple inputs |
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507 | (6) |
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Each longitudinal zone has a distinctive output |
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513 | (1) |
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Patterns of connections indicate the functions of longitudinal zones |
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514 | (6) |
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Clinical syndromes correspond to functional zones |
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520 | (4) |
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524 | (17) |
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Six extraocular muscles move the eye in the orbit |
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526 | (3) |
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There are fast and slow conjugate eye movements |
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529 | (5) |
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Changes in object distance require vergence movements |
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534 | (2) |
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The basal ganglia and cerebellum participate in eye movement control |
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536 | (5) |
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541 | (39) |
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Most cerebral cortex is neocortex |
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542 | (7) |
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Neocortical areas are specialized for different functions |
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549 | (20) |
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The corpus callosum unites the two cerebral hemispheres |
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569 | (2) |
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Consciousness and sleep are active processes |
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571 | (9) |
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Drives and Emotions: The Hypothalamus and Limbic System |
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580 | (28) |
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The hypothalamus coordinates drive-related behaviors |
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581 | (13) |
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Limbic structures are interposed between the hypothalamus and neocortex |
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594 | (14) |
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Formation, Modification, and Repair of Neuronal Connections |
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608 | (30) |
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Both neurons and connections are produced in excess during development |
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609 | (7) |
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Synaptic connections are adjusted throughout life |
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616 | (12) |
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PNS repair is more effective than CNS repair |
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628 | (10) |
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Atlas of the Human Forebrain |
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638 | (20) |
| Glossary |
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658 | (33) |
| Index |
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691 | |
